EP0542683B1 - Tool for impact drilling and chuck for impact drilling tools - Google Patents

Tool for impact drilling and chuck for impact drilling tools Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0542683B1
EP0542683B1 EP92810850A EP92810850A EP0542683B1 EP 0542683 B1 EP0542683 B1 EP 0542683B1 EP 92810850 A EP92810850 A EP 92810850A EP 92810850 A EP92810850 A EP 92810850A EP 0542683 B1 EP0542683 B1 EP 0542683B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
tool
cross
grooves
locking
rotary
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP92810850A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0542683A1 (en
Inventor
Christian Kleine
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hilti AG
Original Assignee
Hilti AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Hilti AG filed Critical Hilti AG
Publication of EP0542683A1 publication Critical patent/EP0542683A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0542683B1 publication Critical patent/EP0542683B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B25HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
    • B25DPERCUSSIVE TOOLS
    • B25D17/00Details of, or accessories for, portable power-driven percussive tools
    • B25D17/08Means for retaining and guiding the tool bit, e.g. chucks allowing axial oscillation of the tool bit
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B25HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
    • B25DPERCUSSIVE TOOLS
    • B25D17/00Details of, or accessories for, portable power-driven percussive tools
    • B25D17/08Means for retaining and guiding the tool bit, e.g. chucks allowing axial oscillation of the tool bit
    • B25D17/084Rotating chucks or sockets
    • B25D17/088Rotating chucks or sockets with radial movable locking elements co-operating with bit shafts specially adapted therefor
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B25HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
    • B25DPERCUSSIVE TOOLS
    • B25D2217/00Details of, or accessories for, portable power-driven percussive tools
    • B25D2217/003Details relating to chucks with radially movable locking elements
    • B25D2217/0034Details of shank profiles
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T279/00Chucks or sockets
    • Y10T279/17Socket type
    • Y10T279/17042Lost motion
    • Y10T279/17076Spreading elements
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T408/00Cutting by use of rotating axially moving tool
    • Y10T408/89Tool or Tool with support
    • Y10T408/907Tool or Tool with support including detailed shank
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T408/00Cutting by use of rotating axially moving tool
    • Y10T408/94Tool-support
    • Y10T408/95Tool-support with tool-retaining means

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Percussive Tools And Related Accessories (AREA)
  • Gripping On Spindles (AREA)
  • Drilling Tools (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Werkzeug, das zum Einsetzen in eine Werkzeugaufnahme einer für das Schlagbohren vorgesehenen Handwerkzeugmaschine einen im wesentlichen kreisrunden Einspannschaft aufweist, der versehen ist mit mindestens zwei Drehmitnahmenuten, deren beim Bohren belastete seitliche Flanken einander nicht diametral gegenüberliegen und die für das axiale Einführen von Drehmitnehmern der Werkzeugaufnahme in die freie Endfläche des Einspannschaftes münden und zwei Verriegelungsnuten, die für die Aufnahme mindestens eines Verriegelungskörpers der Werkzeugaufnahme mindestens an ihren der Endfläche des Einspannschaftes benachbarten Enden zur Begrenzung der Axialbewegung des Werkzeugs geschlossen oder im Querschnitt reduziert sind.The invention relates to a tool which has a substantially circular clamping shaft for insertion into a tool holder of a hand-held power tool intended for impact drilling, which is provided with at least two rotary driving grooves, the lateral flanks of which are loaded when drilling are not diametrically opposed to one another and which are used for the axial insertion of Rotary drivers of the tool holder open into the free end face of the clamping shank and two locking grooves which are closed for receiving at least one locking body of the tool holder at least at their ends adjacent to the end face of the clamping shank to limit the axial movement of the tool or are reduced in cross section.

Werkzeuge dieser Art sind beispielsweise durch die DE-PS 3716915 und die D-PA 3941646 bekannt. Werkzeuge dieser Art sind so ausgebildet, daß sie nur in einer ganz bestimmten Winkelstellung in eine Werkzeugaufnahme eingeführt werden können.Tools of this type are known for example from DE-PS 3716915 and D-PA 3941646. Tools of this type are designed so that they can only be inserted into a tool holder in a very specific angular position.

Als nachteilig hat sich jedoch herausgestellt, daß der bei derartigen Werkzeugen zwischen den Drehmitnehmern verbleibende Raum zur Unterbringung der Verriegelungsnuten unterschiedliche Größe hat. Im rauhen Baustellenbetrieb bleibt es nicht aus, daß die Drehmitnahmenuten nach längerem Gebrauch des Werkzeuges in einem solchen Maß ausgeschlagen sind, daS die verbleibende Restwandstärke zwischen einer Drehmitnahmenut und der Verriegelungsnut so klein wird, daß von dieser Stelle aus die entstehenden Spannungsspitzen zu Dauerbrüchen führen. Da dieser Bruch innerhalb der Werkzeugaufnahme der Maschine stattfindet, fällt bei einem derartigen Schaden nicht nur der Bohrer aus, sondern auch die Maschine muss repariert werden, indem das in ihrer Aufnahme befindliche Einsteckende mit hohen Kosten entfernt wird. Durch die ungleiche Ausbildung des Einspannschaftesquerschnitts kann diese Bruchgefahr auch schon bei neuwertigen Werkzeugen auftreten.It has been found to be disadvantageous, however, that the space remaining in such tools between the rotary drivers for accommodating the locking grooves has different sizes. In rough construction site operation it does not fail that the rotary driving grooves are knocked out to such an extent after long use of the tool that the remaining wall thickness between a rotary driving groove and the locking groove becomes so small that the resulting voltage peaks lead to permanent breaks from this point. Because of this If a breakage occurs within the tool holder of the machine, not only does the drill fail in the event of such damage, but the machine must also be repaired by removing the insertion end in its holder at high cost. Due to the uneven design of the clamping shank cross section, this risk of breakage can also occur with new tools.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, Werkzeuge nach der Gattung des Hauptanspruches so auszubilden, dass der Einspannschaft durch die notwendigen Verriegelungsnuten und Drehmitnahmenuten weniger geschwächt wird.The invention has for its object to design tools according to the type of the main claim so that the clamping shank is weakened less by the necessary locking grooves and rotary driving grooves.

Diese Aufgabe ist gemäss der Erfindung bei einem eingangs genannten Werkzeug dadurch gelöst, dass die beiden Verriegelungsnuten zur gleichmässigeren Aufteilung der Querschnittsflache einander nicht diametral gegenüberliegen. Vorteilhafterweise schliessen die beiden Verriegelungsnuten bei Drehmitnahmenuten unterschiedlichen Querschnitts hierbei die kleineren der Drehmitnahmenuten in einem Winkel kleiner 180° ein. Durch diese Ausbildung werden die beim Schlagbohren entstehenden Spannungsspitzen innerhalb des Querschnitts des Einspannschaftes reduziert.This object is achieved according to the invention in a tool mentioned in the introduction in that the two locking grooves are not diametrically opposed to one another in order to distribute the cross-sectional area more uniformly. In the case of rotary driving grooves of different cross-section, the two locking grooves advantageously enclose the smaller of the rotary driving grooves at an angle of less than 180 °. This design reduces the stress peaks that occur during impact drilling within the cross section of the clamping shank.

Eine weitere Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, den Einspannschaft des Werkzeuges so auszubilden, dass die Werkzeugaufnahme der Maschine mit nur einem Verriegelungskörper eine dauerhafte und sichere Verriegelung bewirkt. Hierbei ist zu beachten, dass das Werkzeug so ausgebildet sein muss, dass es auch in dem weltweit meist verbreiteten schweren Bohrhammer eingesetzt werden kann. Dieser Hammer weist zwei diametral gegenüberliegende Verriegelungskörper in Form von zylindrischen Walzen auf, die zugleich auch der Drehmomentübertragung auf das Werkzeug dienen. Diese doppelte Aufgabe ist gemäss der Erfindung bei einem eingangs genannten Werkzeug dadurch gelöst, dass die Verriegelungsnuten unterschiedliche Querschnitte haben und in einer vorteilhaften Ausführung die beim Bohren voreilenden und an den kreisrunden Einspannschaft angrenzenden Bereiche der Verriegelungsnuten mindestens über einen Teil der Querschnittsfläche annähernd punktsymmetrisch zueinander verlaufen. Die größere der beiden Verriegelungsnuten weist hierbei vorzugsweise eine Querschnittsform auf, die nicht Teil eines Kreises ist.
Das erfindungsgemäße Werkzeug mit der vergrößerten Querschnittsfläche kann somit in einem neu entwickelten, modernen Bohrhammer mit der kostensparenden Lösung nur eines Verriegelungskörpers ausreichend sicher verriegelt werden und trotzdem in den vorgenannten, im Harkt häufig anzutreffenden Bohrhämmern eingesetzt werden.
Another object of the invention is to design the clamping shank of the tool in such a way that the tool holder of the machine effects permanent and secure locking with only one locking body. It should be noted here that the tool must be designed in such a way that it can also be used in the most widely used heavy rotary hammer. This hammer has two diametrically opposite locking bodies in the form of cylindrical rollers, which also serve to transmit torque to the tool. This double task is achieved according to the invention in a tool mentioned at the outset in that the locking grooves have different cross-sections and, in an advantageous embodiment, the regions of the leading edge during drilling and adjacent to the circular clamping shank Locking grooves extend approximately point-symmetrically to one another over at least part of the cross-sectional area. The larger of the two locking grooves preferably has a cross-sectional shape that is not part of a circle.
The tool according to the invention with the enlarged cross-sectional area can thus be locked sufficiently securely in a newly developed, modern rotary hammer with the cost-saving solution of only one locking body and nevertheless be used in the aforementioned rotary hammers which are frequently found in the harp.

Die Erfindung bezieht sich daher auch auf eine Werkzeugaufnahme für schlagbohrende Werkzeuge mit zwei diametral gegenüberliegenden Drehmitnehmern unterschiedlichen Querschnitts, die für das axiale Einführen in Drehmitnahmenuten von Werkzeugen vorgesehen sind und mit mindestens einem Verriegelungskörper, der in einer Aussparung der Werkzeugaufnahme geführt ist und der zum Einführen in eine der beiden Verriegelungsnuten des Werkzeuges vorgesehen ist.The invention therefore also relates to a tool holder for percussion drilling tools with two diametrically opposite rotary drivers of different cross-section, which are provided for the axial insertion in rotary driver grooves of tools and with at least one locking body which is guided in a recess in the tool holder and which is for insertion into one of the two locking grooves of the tool is provided.

Diese Aufgabe ist bei der o. g. Werkzeugaufnahme gemäß der Erfindung dadurch gelöst, daß eine auf der Sekante der zum Werkzeug gerichteten Öffnungsfläche der Aussparung für den Verriegelungskörper errichteten Mittelsenkrechten mit der auf der Sekante des kleineren Drehmitnehmers errichteten Mittelsenkrechten ein Winkel kleiner 90° bildet.This task is at the o. G. The tool holder according to the invention is achieved in that an intermediate perpendicular created on the secant of the opening surface of the recess for the locking body directed towards the tool forms an angle of less than 90 ° with the perpendicular created on the secant of the smaller rotary driver.

Weitere Merkmale der Erfindung sind in der folgenden Beschreibung von in der Zeichnung dargestellten Ausführungsbeispielen im einzelnen erläutert. Es zeigen:

  • FIG. 1, 3, 5:
    Seitenansichten von drei verschiedenen Ausführungsbeispielen des abgebrochen dargestellten Einspannschaftes von drei verschiedenen Werkzeugen und
  • FIG. 2, 4, 6:
    Querschnitte der Einspannschäfte nach den FIG. 1 bzw. 3, 5.
  • FIG. 7:
    Einen Querschnitt durch einen an einem Bohrhammer befindliche Werkzeugaufnahme mit dem in dieser Werkzeugaufnahme befindlichen Einspannschaft des Werkzeuges.
Further features of the invention are explained in detail in the following description of exemplary embodiments shown in the drawing. Show it:
  • FIG. 1, 3, 5 :
    Side views of three different embodiments of the clamping shank of three different tools and shown broken
  • FIG. 2, 4, 6 :
    Cross sections of the clamping shafts according to FIG. 1 or 3, 5.
  • FIG. 7:
    A cross section through a tool holder located on a hammer drill with the clamping shank of the tool located in this tool holder.

Der in den FIG. 1 und 2 dargestellte Einspannschaft 11 weist zwei diametral einander gegenüberliegende Drehmitnahmenuten 14, 15 auf mit den belasteten Flanken 16, 17 der Drehmitnahmenuten 14, 15 sowie den dazu versetzt angeordneten zwei Verriegelungsnuten 12, 13. Die beiden Verriegelungsnuten 12, 13 liegen sich nicht diametral gegenüber. Die auf den Sekanten der Verriegelungsnuten 12, 13 errichteten Mittelsenkrechten schliessen die kleinere der beiden Drehmitnahmenuten 15 in einem Winkel α der kleiner als 180° ist, ein. Wie aus FIG. 1 ersichtlich ist, münden die Drehmitnahmenuten 14, 15 in die freie Endfläche 18 des Einspannschaftes, so dass der Werkzeugschaft axial in die eine Werkzeugaufnahme einführbar ist, die den Nuten 14, 15 angepasste, leistenförmige Drehmitnehmer aufweist. Es ist offensichtlich, dass auch bei grössten Belastungen und starken Abnutzungen die abgebildete Anordnung der Verriegelungsnuten 12, 13 zu einer gleichmässigeren Aufteilung der Querschnittsfläche und damit zu einer Verringerung der Spannungsspitzen und der Dauerbruchgefahr führt.The in the FIG. 1 and 2 shown clamping shaft 11 has two diametrically opposed rotary driving grooves 14, 15 with the loaded flanks 16, 17 of the rotary driving grooves 14, 15 and the two locking grooves 12, 13 arranged offset thereto. The two locking grooves 12, 13 are not diametrically opposed . The central perpendiculars erected on the secants of the locking grooves 12, 13 enclose the smaller of the two rotary driving grooves 15 at an angle α that is less than 180 °. As shown in FIG. 1 can be seen, the rotary driving grooves 14, 15 open into the free end surface 18 of the clamping shaft, so that the tool shaft can be axially inserted into a tool holder which has strip-shaped rotary drivers adapted to the grooves 14, 15. It is obvious that even with the greatest loads and heavy wear, the arrangement of the locking grooves 12, 13 shown leads to a more uniform distribution of the cross-sectional area and thus to a reduction in the voltage peaks and the risk of fatigue failure.

Das in FIG. 3 und 4 dargestellte Ausführungsbeispiel unterscheidet sich von dem ersten Ausführungsbeispiel dadurch, dass die Verriegelungsnut 22 gegenüber der Verriegelungsnut 23 eine grössere Querschnittsfläche hat.The in FIG. The exemplary embodiment shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 differs from the first exemplary embodiment in that the locking groove 22 has a larger cross-sectional area than the locking groove 23.

Das in FIG. 5 und 6 dargestellte Ausführungsbeispiel unterscheidet sich von den in FIG. 1-4 dargestellten Ausführungsbeispielen dadurch, dass die Verriegelungsnut 32 eine Querschnittskontur 39 aufweist, die nicht Teil eines Kreises ist, und deren an den kreisrunden Einspannschaft angrenzenden Bereiche 37, 38 der Verriegelungsnuten 32, 33 mindestens über einen Teil der Querschnittsfläche annähernd punktsymmetrisch zueinander verlaufen, so dass dieses Werkzeug auch bei einer bekannten Bohrhammermaschine eingesetzt werden kann, bei der die Drehmomentübertragung lediglich durch zwei zylindrische Walzen erfolgen kann, wie dies durch die in FIG. 6 durch die angedeuteten Kreise ersichtlich ist.The in FIG. 5 and 6 shown embodiment differs from that shown in FIG. 1-4 illustrated embodiments in that the locking groove 32 has a cross-sectional contour 39 which is not part of a circle, and whose regions 37, 38 of the locking grooves 32, 33 adjoining the circular clamping shaft run approximately point-symmetrically to one another at least over part of the cross-sectional area, so that this tool can also be used in a known hammer drill machine in which the torque transmission can only take place by means of two cylindrical rollers, as is shown in FIG. 6 can be seen from the circles indicated.

In FIG. 7 ist die Werkzeugaufnahme 40 eines Bohrhammers im Querschnitt dargestellt. Sie weist die den Drehmitnahmenuten 34, 35 des Werkzeuges angepaßten Drehmitnehmer 44, 45 auf. Der Verriegelungskörper 49 ist in der Aussparung 41 der Werkzeugaufnahme 40 geführt und greift in die Verriegelungsnut 32 des Werkzeuges ein. In dem Ausführungsbeispiel ist der Verriegelungskörper um einen Winkel β der kleiner als 90° ist, gegenüber dem kleineren Drehmitnehmer versetzt.In FIG. 7 shows the tool holder 40 of a rotary hammer in cross section. It has the rotary drivers 44, 45 adapted to the rotary driving grooves 34, 35 of the tool. The locking body 49 is guided in the recess 41 of the tool holder 40 and engages in the locking groove 32 of the tool. In the exemplary embodiment, the locking body is offset by an angle β which is less than 90 ° with respect to the smaller rotary driver.

Die erfindungsgemäßen Werkzeuge können bei gleichzeitig größerer Dauerwechselfestigkeit ohne Mehrkosten auf den vorhandenen Produktionseinrichtungen gefertigt werden, während bei der Werkzeugaufnahme sogar die Fertigungskosten durch nur einen Verriegelungskörper und dementsprechend auch nur einen Durchbruch in der Werkzeugaufnahme für den Verriegelungskörper verringert worden sind.The tools according to the invention can be manufactured at the same time with greater fatigue strength at no additional cost on the existing production facilities, while in the tool holder even the manufacturing costs have been reduced by only one locking body and accordingly only one breakthrough in the tool holder for the locking body.

Claims (6)

  1. A tool comprising an essentially circular clamping shaft, for insertion into a tool chuck of a hand tool for percussion drilling, which is provided with at least two rotary pickup grooves (14, 15, 34, 35), the side flanks (16, 17) of which, which are loaded during drilling, are not diametrically opposite each other and terminate in the free end surface (18) of the clamping shaft (11) for the purpose of axial insertion of rotary pickups of the tool chuck, and two locking grooves (12, 13, 22, 23, 32, 22) which are, for the purpose of accommodating at least one locking element (49) of the tool chuck, closed at least at the ends adjacent the end surface (18) of the clamping shaft (11) so as to define the axial movement of the tool, or cross-sectionally reduced, characterized in that the locking grooves (12, 13, 22, 23, 32, 33) for more even spacing of the cross-sectional surface are not diametrically opposite each other.
  2. A tool according to claim 1, characterized in that with rotary pickup grooves (14, 15, 34, 35) of different cross-section the rotary pickup groove (15, 35) of smaller cross-section is positioned at an angle α of less than 180°, formed by the two centre verticals established on the secants of the locking grooves (12, 13, 22, 23, 32, 33).
  3. A tool according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the locking grooves (22, 23, 32, 33) have different cross-sections.
  4. A tool according to one of the above claims, characterized in that the areas (37, 38) of the locking grooves (32, 33) which lead during drilling and are adjacent the circular clamping shaft (11) extend virtually spot-symmetrically over at least a portion of the cross-sectional surface.
  5. A tool according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that the locking groove (32) of larger cross-section comprises a cross-sectional form (39) which is not part of a circle.
  6. A tool chuck for percussion drilling tools with two diametrically opposite rotary pickups (44, 45) of different cross-section, provided for axial insertion into rotary pickup grooves (34, 35) of tools, and with at least one locking element (49) which is guided in a cutout (41) of the tool chuck and provided for insertion into one of the two locking grooves (32) of the tool, characterized in that a mid vertical established on the secant of the opening surface of the cutout (41) for the locking element (49) oriented towards the tool and the mid vertical established on the secant of the smaller rotary pickup (45) form an angle β of less than 90°.
EP92810850A 1991-11-12 1992-11-04 Tool for impact drilling and chuck for impact drilling tools Expired - Lifetime EP0542683B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4137120A DE4137120A1 (en) 1991-11-12 1991-11-12 IMPACT DRILLING TOOL AND TOOL ADAPTER FOR IMPACT DRILLING TOOLS
DE4137120 1991-11-12

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0542683A1 EP0542683A1 (en) 1993-05-19
EP0542683B1 true EP0542683B1 (en) 1995-07-19

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP92810850A Expired - Lifetime EP0542683B1 (en) 1991-11-12 1992-11-04 Tool for impact drilling and chuck for impact drilling tools

Country Status (7)

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US (1) US5286145A (en)
EP (1) EP0542683B1 (en)
JP (1) JP3119954B2 (en)
KR (1) KR100201177B1 (en)
DE (2) DE4137120A1 (en)
DK (1) DK0542683T3 (en)
FI (1) FI97705C (en)

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0542683A1 (en) 1993-05-19
FI925110A (en) 1993-05-13
KR930009716A (en) 1993-06-21
JP3119954B2 (en) 2000-12-25
JPH05277820A (en) 1993-10-26
DK0542683T3 (en) 1995-11-27
US5286145A (en) 1994-02-15
FI97705C (en) 1997-02-10
KR100201177B1 (en) 1999-06-15
DE59202948D1 (en) 1995-08-24
FI97705B (en) 1996-10-31
DE4137120A1 (en) 1993-05-13
FI925110A0 (en) 1992-11-11

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