Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
  • G01S3/00—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received
  • G01S3/78—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received using electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
  • G01S3/782—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction
  • G01S3/787—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction using rotating reticles producing a direction-dependent modulation characteristic

Definitions

• This invention relates to a method and apparatus for measurement of the direction, from a position at which the measurement is made, of an observed object or target, such measurement being thus comparable with directional measurements made by use of a theodolite.
• a conventional theodolite comprises a telescope, mounted to be rotatable about vertical and horizontal axes, and horizontal and vertical circular scales against which the angular position of the telescope can be measured, after It has been aligned on a remote target, to give a first reading related to the bearing or azimuthal direction of the target from the theodolite location and a second reading representing the elevatlonal angle of the target above or below the horizontal.
• Such a theodolite requires the co-operation of a human observer, both for aligning the telescope on the target and for reading the azimuthal and elevatlonal data from the circular scales.
• a "suitable" target for the purposes of the Invention, 1s one which is, effectively, a point source of electromagnetic radiation, preferably but not necessarily 1n the visible or 1R part of the spectrum. In practice, at a range in excess of about 3 metres even an ordinary torch bulb qualifies as a suitable target.
• a direction-measuring instrument for measuring the direction of a remote source of radiation
• the instrument comprising support means, a detector head rotatably mounted thereon for rotation about a fixed axis, and position-indicating means which provides an output signal Indicating the rotational position of the detector head
• the detector head being provided with detector means sensitive to radiation emitted by the remote source and with means for forming an image of the source which transits across the detector means as the detector head rotates
• the image-forming means being such that the image comprises two line-image components which extend transversely to the transit direction and which are oppositely inclined to that direction
• the detector means being arranged, in response to the transit across 1t of each line-image component, to cause the instantaneous angular position of the detector head as indicated by the position indicating means to be recorded
• computing means which derives two component measurements of the direction of the source from, respectively, the mean of the two recorded angular positions and the difference between them.
• the means for forming an image comprises a pair of elongate cylindrical lenses mounted with their long axes oppositely skewed relative to the axis of rotation of the detector head and forming, of a distant source, correspondingly oppositely skewed line Images which transit across the detector means as the detector head rotates.
• the means for forming an image comprises a pair of elongate concave cylindrical mirrors mounted with their long axes oppositely skewed relative to the axis of rotation of the detector head and forming, of a distant source, correspondingly oppositely skewed line images which transit across the detector means as the detector head rotates.
• a method of measuring the direction of a remote source of radiation comprising providing, in fixed relationship to one another and rotatable together about a fixed axis, detector means sensitive to radiation emitted by the source and image-forming means, forming by means of the image-forming means an image of the remote source, said image comprising two line-image components oppositely skewed with respect to said fixed axis, rotating the detector means and the image-forming means together about the said fixed axis and thereby causing the two I1ne-1mage components of the image to transit across the detector means, recording the two angular positions of the detector means and image-forming means at which the respective Une-image components transit across the detector means, and deriving two component measurements of the direction of the source from, respectively, the mean of the two recorded angular positions and the difference between them.
• Figure 1 is a diagrammatic perspective view of a stationary base or support and a rotatable sensor head of a direction measuring instrument 1n accordance with the Invention;
• Figure 2 is a diagrammatic horizontal sectional view of the sensor head shown 1n Figure 1, showing also a remote target In respect of which directional information is to be measured;
• Figures 3(1), (11) and (111) are diagrams relating to measurement of the elevatlonal direction of the target;
• Figure 4 illustrates a refinement In detector means of the instrument shown in Figures 1 and 2;
• Figure 5 is a representation of an output signal produced by detector means in accordance with Figure 4 incorporated In an instrument otherwise in accordance with Figures 1 and 2;
• Figure 6 is comparable with Figure 2 and Illustrates another embodiment of a sensor head of an instrument according to the invention.
• the sensor head represented In Figure 1 and indicated generally by reference numeral 10 comprises a cylindrical housing
• a tripod or other stationary support IT to be rotatable about an axis 1-1 of the housing, and the support is provided with adjustment means (not shown) for setting the axis 1-1 vertical.
• a circular angle-encoder scale 12 Secured to the base of the housing 11 for rotation therewith 1s a circular angle-encoder scale 12 which co-operates with a stationary reader device (not shown), mounted on the stationary support IT, to provide an electrical output signal indicative of the angular position of the head 10 at any given time.
• a pair of cylindrical lenses 13 and 14 Mounted in the cylindrical wall of the housing 11 are a pair of cylindrical lenses 13 and 14, of which the long axes are oppositely skewed relative to the axis 1-1 so that the two lenses are in a symmetrical 1nverted-V configuration.
• a photosensor 15 1s mounted with its sensitive surface directed towards a point midway between the midpoints of the two lenses, so that it is exposed to both lenses equally.
• the lenses are of such focal length that each will produce, from a remote point object aligned with the photosensor and the lens midpoint 13' or 14', a line image which extends, in space, parallel with the long axis of the respective lens and with its midpoint In focus on the photosensor.
• the diagrammatic sectional view of the head 10 shown in Figure 2 is taken in the horizontal plane which contains the photosensor 15 and the midpoints 13' and 14' of the two lenses, and shows a remote point source of light S which is also in that plane and is aligned with the photosensor 15 and the midpoint 13' of the lens 13.
• the sensor head 10 To take a directional measurement of the source S, the sensor head 10 is rotated, and as it rotates through the illustrated position the midpoint of the line image of the source S formed by the lens 13 transits across the photosensor 15 which therefore produces an electrical output pulse. After further rotation of the head 10 through an angle ⁇ , the angle subtended at the photosensor 15 between the midpoints 13' and 14' of the two lenses, the midpoint of the line image of the source S produced by the lens 14 similarly transits across the photosensor which therefore produces a further output pulse.
• Each output pulse is caused (by circuitry not shown) to trigger a read-out, at the Instant of Its peak value, of the Instantaneous value of the coded angular-position signal derived from the scale 12, and those read-out values are stored in a memory device (not shown).
• the mean of these two values gives the angular position of the head 10 as the line 16, which bisects the angle ⁇ defined by the lens midpoints 13' and 14', sweeps through the source S, and this mean value, computed automatically from the two read-out values stored 1n the memory device, measures the azimuthal position of the source S relative to some predetermined zero position.
• Figure 3(1) is a representation of the two line-image components, of the image of the source S formed by the lenses 13 and 14, which sweep across the photosensor 15 when the source S
• the azimuthal position of the source S 1s obtained as the mean of the two read-out values stored 1n the memory; and the elevation of the source S is derivable from the difference between these two values, automatically, by computer means (not shown ) comprised by the instrument.
• the invention enables both the azimuthal and elevatlonal components of the direction of a source object or target to be measured automatically, simply by rotating the sensor head of the instrument.
• the source S which is the equivalent of a surveyor's staff for use with a theodolite, may conveniently be a photoluminescent diode (LED) emitting radiation in the infra-red waveband, though a source radiating in any part of the electromagnetic spectrum may be used provided, of course, that it 1s one to which the photosensor 15 is responsive.
• the radiation output from the source S may be modulated, either to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the signals received and processed by the measuring instrument and/or to enable each of several sources S, modulated at different frequencies, to be Individually identified, measured and memorised by the instrument.
• the accuracy with which the transits of the image lines L and T across the photosensor can be sensed can be increased if, as shown in Figure 4, the single photosensor 15 is replaced by two photosensors 15a and 15b, one above the other, each with a photosensitive area bounded by edges which are parallel to the image lines L and T. If these photosensors have their outputs connected in opposition, then, as the image line L transits across first the photosensor 15b and then the photosensor 15a, the combined output is two opposite-going pulses, shown as (L) in Figure 5, with a zero-crossing point between them.
• the image line T which transits first across the photosensor 15a, gives rise to the pair of pulses shown as (T) in Figure 5 which are 1n the reverse order but also have a zero-crossing point between them.
• Using the zero-crossing points as the events which trigger read-outs from the angle encoder enables very accurate angle measurements to be obtained.
• this configuration of photocells effectively discriminates between the leading and trailing line Images L and T, with their different "pulse signatures", and enables a false initiation of a measurement, due to the trailing beam T arriving first at the sensors, to be prevented.
• the lenses 13 and 14 as described above are in a 1nverted-V configuration they may equally well diverge the other way, in an upr1ght-V configuration. Also, there 1s no requirement for their nearest-together ends to be closely spaced : the two lenses may be quite widely spaced apart around the circumference of the housing 11. Furthermore, as shown in Figure 6, mirrors may be employed Instead of the lenses 13 and 14. As shown 1n Figure 6, the photosensor 15 is mounted on the wall of the housing 11 at one end of a diameter 17, and faces along that diameter.
• the mirrors 18 and 19 are skewed In opposite senses with respect to the axis Z-Z, so that the line images which they form of a distant point light source are also skewed.
• the angle encoder from which read-outs of angular position of the detector head 10 are obtained may be of any suitable known kind.
• it may be a moire fringe digital angle encoder which produces an electrical pulse for each unit of angular rotation, with a double-width pulse or a missing pulse to mark the zero direction of the circular scale.
• Constant or accurately determined speed of rotation is not a requirement, and in a simple form of instrument suitable, for example, for simple surveying work, the sensor may be freely rotatable so that 1t may be spun manually to cause it to make at least one or two revolutions before co ing to rest.
• the sensor head may be motor driven, by means of a motor incorporated 1n the Instrument, so that in use the sensor head rotates continuously at substantially constant speed.
• a relatively coarse incremental angle encoder in combination with an electronic timer producing higher-frequency timing pulses which are used for time interpolation between the encoder pulses so as to yield the desired "fine" readings of angular position.
• a motor-driven and continuously operating instrument 1n accordance with the invention which may be physically small and portable, may be used to determine both the position and orientation, and movement, of a body in space.
• the body is provided for this purpose with a fixed and known array of point-source targets, and in a single sweep of the sensor head of the instrument the instantaneous direction from the instrument to each of these targets is determined.
• the full 3-D position and orientation of the array can be measured both rapidly and automatically. If the body is in motion, each revolution of the sensor head provides updated data as to its instantaneous position.
• a similar application of the invention exists in the spatial calibration of production robot end-effectors, obviating the need to take the robots off-line.
• the invention may also be applied in the remote guidance of vehicles which are required to follow pre-programmed trajectories, such as tunnel-boring machines, and 1n surveying where an array of targets on a staff or rod can be used to determine the 3-D position of Its 'foot', and thus enable a ground-feature map to be produced from an unattended instrument.

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• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Electromagnetism (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
• Remote Sensing (AREA)
• Length Measuring Devices By Optical Means (AREA)
• Measurement Of Radiation (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Publications (1)

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• 1990
  • 1990-07-20 GB GB909015945A patent/GB9015945D0/en active Pending
• 1991
  • 1991-07-19 EP EP91913367A patent/EP0540594A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 1991-07-19 WO PCT/GB1991/001213 patent/WO1992001949A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1991-07-19 US US07/966,198 patent/US5339088A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1991-07-19 JP JP91512560A patent/JPH05508921A/ja active Pending
• 1993
  • 1993-01-08 GB GB9300325A patent/GB2261564B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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