EP0535319A1 - Vacuum furnace for plasma carburization of metallic workpieces - Google Patents

Vacuum furnace for plasma carburization of metallic workpieces Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0535319A1
EP0535319A1 EP92112630A EP92112630A EP0535319A1 EP 0535319 A1 EP0535319 A1 EP 0535319A1 EP 92112630 A EP92112630 A EP 92112630A EP 92112630 A EP92112630 A EP 92112630A EP 0535319 A1 EP0535319 A1 EP 0535319A1
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Prior art keywords
vacuum furnace
heating chamber
batch
vacuum
gas
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EP92112630A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0535319B1 (en
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Bernd Dr. Edenhofer
Albert Fleiter
Jürgen Schröder
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Ipsen International GmbH
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Ipsen International GmbH
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C8/00Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C8/06Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
    • C23C8/36Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases using ionised gases, e.g. ionitriding
    • C23C8/38Treatment of ferrous surfaces

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a vacuum furnace for the plasma carburization of metallic workpieces in an artificially generated electric field by means of a carbon-containing gas with an electric heating device, a vacuum pump for generating a vacuum in the heating chamber and gas inlet openings by means of which cooling gas of the batch conveyed by a blower and guided via a heat exchanger is fed.
  • Vacuum furnaces for the plasma carburization of metallic workpieces using a carbon-containing gas, for example methane or propane, are known.
  • the batch is heated in the vacuum furnace to a temperature between approximately 800 and 1050 ° C.
  • the carbon-containing process gas is then passed into the furnace chamber and an electric field is applied to the batch.
  • the batch is electrically connected to an external power supply and forms the cathode, while the furnace housing takes over the function of the anode.
  • the batch is therefore placed at a high negative potential with respect to the furnace chamber, this furnace chamber usually being at earth potential.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a vacuum furnace for plasma carburizing metallic workpieces, which is much smaller than known carburizing furnaces of this type in a similar application.
  • the furnace housing designed as a pressure vessel is designed for a pressure of at least 10 bar with regard to its permissible pressure load and the drive of the blower with regard to the gas pressure achievable during cooling of the batch, and the gas inlet openings carrying the cooling gas are arranged in the heating chamber and are aligned with the batch.
  • the batch is cooled during hardening by the batch flowing through the cooling gas emerging from the gas inlet openings.
  • the heat removed from the charge by the movement of the cooling gas is not sufficient.
  • the furnace housing as a pressure vessel and also to design the drive of the fan so that the vacuum furnace can be operated at a pressure of at least 10 bar.
  • the resulting density of the cooling gas which corresponds to a multiple of the density at conventional pressures, leads to a significantly improved heat transfer and thus to a higher cooling capacity during hardening.
  • nozzles are provided as gas inlet openings on all sides around the heating chamber, the outlet openings of which are aligned with the batch. This results in a uniform cooling of the batch and thus an even hardening result.
  • the heating chamber is surrounded on all sides by heating elements of the electrical heating device.
  • the heating elements are advantageously arranged in a ring around the heating chamber.
  • a distribution chamber which surrounds the heating chamber in an annular manner for supplying the cooling gas to the gas inlet openings is proposed.
  • the cooling gas flow is distributed particularly uniformly over the preferably nozzle-shaped gas inlet openings.
  • the distribution chamber be enclosed by a jacket arranged in the furnace housing, an annular space for returning the cooling gas being located between the jacket and the furnace housing.
  • a jacket arranged in the furnace housing, an annular space for returning the cooling gas being located between the jacket and the furnace housing.
  • batch supports penetrating the casing are fastened to the inner wall of the furnace housing, the batch supports being electrically insulated from the casing.
  • the jacket also acts as an anode, so that only the batch and parts of the batch supports form the cathode of the electric field generated.
  • the cathode-side electrical connection be made through at least one of the batch supports. This simplifies the construction of the vacuum furnace, since no separate bushings through the jacket and the wall of the heating chamber are required for the cathode cable.
  • the furnace housing be connected via a line to a buffer container which contains helium as the cooling gas at a pressure of at least 10 bar.
  • a buffer container which contains helium as the cooling gas at a pressure of at least 10 bar.
  • the vacuum furnace for carburizing plasma in FIG. 1 consists of a furnace housing 1, which can be closed on one side by a furnace door 2 in a pressure-tight manner. On the opposite end of the furnace housing 1, a powerful electric drive 4 is arranged within a pressure-resistant cap 3. Furnace housing 1, furnace door 2 and cap 3 as well as all flanges and other connecting parts are designed to be pressure-resistant in the vacuum furnace according to the exemplary embodiment and designed for an operating pressure of at least 20 bar.
  • Fig. 1 shows in connection with Fig. 2 that in the heating chamber wall 5 a plurality of gas inlet openings in the form of nozzles 9 is embedded.
  • the nozzles allow the passage of cooling gas from a distribution chamber 10 enclosing the heating chamber wall 5 into the heating chamber 6.
  • the nozzles 9 are distributed over the entire circumference of the heating chamber 6 and are each aligned such that the cooling air jet emerging from the nozzles 9 directly onto the charge 7 reached.
  • the heating chamber can also be designed differently, with the cooling gas crossing the batch in vertical or horizontal directions via open hatches in the heating chamber.
  • Each heating element 11 consists of a strip of graphite which is bent several times and thus takes the form of an almost closed polygon.
  • the heating elements 11 are connected to a common power supply 12.
  • a total of four heating elements 11 are provided which, due to their ring-like shape which surrounds the charge 7 on all sides, enable uniform radiation heating of the charge 7.
  • the vacuum furnace is provided for the carburizing of metal workpieces and is connected to a generator 15 via current conductors 13, 14.
  • the current conductor 13 forms the positive connection and is connected directly to the furnace housing 1 and thus to the earth potential.
  • the current conductor 14 is passed through one of the batch supports 8 in an insulated manner and makes direct electrical contact with a metallic batch carrier 16 on which the batch 7 rests.
  • Insulations 17 on the batch supports 8 prevent metallic contact and thus short circuits between the negatively charged batch supports 8 and the positively charged furnace housing 1 as well as a likewise positively charged metallic jacket 18 surrounding the distribution chamber 10.
  • the batch 7 is first placed on the batch supports 8 or the batch carrier 16.
  • the heating elements 11 are operated via the power supply 12. This takes place as a function of signals from a central controller 19.
  • a carbon-containing gas for example methane or propane, is introduced into the vacuum furnace via a connection 20.
  • the generator 15 is switched on via the controller 19, so that the electric field forms in the heating chamber 6 and the plasma carburization begins.
  • the power supply 12 and the generator 15 are switched off and the carbon-containing atmosphere is broken down.
  • a cooling gas is then introduced into the furnace housing 1 and the electric drive 4 is put into operation.
  • Helium is used as the cooling gas in the embodiment shown in the drawing.
  • Helium shows very good heat transfer coefficients, which at a cooling gas pressure of 20 bar are approximately three times the values of nitrogen at a cooling gas pressure of 6 bar.
  • the helium is located in a buffer container 21 designed for a pressure of at least 10 bar and reaches the interior of the furnace housing 1 via a line 23 that can be controlled by a valve 22 Pressures designed fan 25 out.
  • the cooling gas conveyed by the blower 25 is distributed within the distribution chamber 10 to the individual nozzles 9 and flows with cooling effect directly to the batch 7.
  • the cooling gas is returned to the heat exchanger 24 via an annular space 26 between the jacket 18 and the furnace housing 1.
  • the pressure of the cooling gas prevailing in the interior of the furnace is 10 to 20 bar, but can be adapted to further increase the cooling effect as a result of a corresponding design adjustment can also be raised to values well above 20 bar.
  • nozzles 9 are arranged in a common radial plane which is axially offset from the radial plane defined by a heating element 11.
  • the area available on the inside of the heating chamber wall 5 is optimally used.

Abstract

A vacuum furnace for plasma carburisation of metallic workpieces in an artificially generated electric field by means of a carbon-containing gas comprises an electric heating device (11), a vacuum pump (24) for producing a vacuum in the heating chamber (6) and gas inlet orifices (9) by means of which a cooling gas delivered by a fan (22) and passed through a heat exchanger (21) is fed to the charge (7). To obtain a vacuum furnace of smaller constructional size than that of known vacuum furnaces, the furnace casing (1) in the form of a pressure vessel is designed with respect to its permissible pressure loading for a pressure of at least 10 bar, as is the drive (4) of the fan (22) with respect to the gas pressure which can be reached on cooling of the charge (7). In addition, the gas inlet orifices (9) bearing the cooling gas are located in the heating chamber (6) and point to the charge (7). <IMAGE>

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Vakuumofen zur Plasmaaufkohlung metallischer Werkstücke in einem künstlich erzeugten elektrischen Feld mittels eines kohlenstoffhaltigen Gases mit einer elektrischen Heizeinrichtung, einer Vakuumpumpe zur Erzeugung eines Vakuums in der Heizkammer sowie Gaseinlaßöffnungen, mittels derer von einem Gebläse gefördertes und über einen Wärmetauscher geführtes Kühlgas der Charge zugeführt wird.The invention relates to a vacuum furnace for the plasma carburization of metallic workpieces in an artificially generated electric field by means of a carbon-containing gas with an electric heating device, a vacuum pump for generating a vacuum in the heating chamber and gas inlet openings by means of which cooling gas of the batch conveyed by a blower and guided via a heat exchanger is fed.

Vakuumöfen zur Plasmaaufkohlung metallischer Werkstücke mittels eines kohlenstoffhaltigen Gases, beispielsweise Methan oder Propan, sind bekannt. Bei der Plasmaaufkohlung wird die Charge in dem Vakuumofen auf eine Temperatur zwischen etwa 800 und 1050°C erhitzt. Anschließend wird das kohlenstoffhaltige Prozeßgas in die Ofenkammer geleitet und ein elektrisches Feld an die Charge angelegt. Hierzu wird die Charge elektrisch mit einer externen Spannungsversorgung verbunden und bildet die Kathode, während das Ofengehäuse die Funktion der Anode übernimmt. Die Charge wird also auf ein hohes negatives Potential bezüglich der Ofenkammer gelegt, wobei sich diese Ofenkammer üblicherweise auf Erdpotential befindet. Durch den Einfluß des elektrischen Feldes ionisiert das kohlenstoffhaltige Gas, wobei sich die positiv geladenen Kohlenstoffionen auf der kathodischen, also negativ geladenen Charge absetzen. Durch diesen Effekt wird die Aufkohlungsgeschwindigkeit im Vergleich zu rein thermischen Aufkohlungsverfahren wesentlich erhöht. Da die Diffusion der Kohlenstoffatome in das Werkstückgefüge wesentlich schneller abläuft, wird die gewünschte Aufkohlungstiefe in kürzerer Zeit als bei den bekannten Aufkohlungsverfahren erreicht.Vacuum furnaces for the plasma carburization of metallic workpieces using a carbon-containing gas, for example methane or propane, are known. In plasma carburizing, the batch is heated in the vacuum furnace to a temperature between approximately 800 and 1050 ° C. The carbon-containing process gas is then passed into the furnace chamber and an electric field is applied to the batch. For this purpose, the batch is electrically connected to an external power supply and forms the cathode, while the furnace housing takes over the function of the anode. The batch is therefore placed at a high negative potential with respect to the furnace chamber, this furnace chamber usually being at earth potential. Due to the influence of the electric field, the carbon-containing gas ionizes, whereby the positively charged carbon ions on the cathodic, so put off a negatively charged batch. This effect significantly increases the carburizing speed compared to purely thermal carburizing processes. Since the diffusion of the carbon atoms into the workpiece structure proceeds much faster, the desired carburization depth is achieved in a shorter time than in the known carburization processes.

Ein solcher Vakuumofen zur Plasmaaufkohlung ist in dem Beitrag "Plasma Carburizing - Facility Design and Operating Data" von Graham Legge in der Zeitschrift Industrial Heating, März 1988, Seiten 26 ff. beschrieben. Dieser bekannte Aufkohlungsofen besteht aus insgesamt zwei Kammern, wobei die erste Kammer die Heizkammer zur Plasmaaufkohlung bildet, während die zweite Kammer der Abkühlung der Charge dient und zu diesem Zweck ein Öl-Abschreckbad enthält. Beide Kammern sind über eine vakuumdicht verschließbare Tür miteinander verbunden. Nachteilig bei diesem Aufkohlungsofen ist, daß dieser teuer im Aufbau ist und sehr viel Raum zu seiner Aufstellung erfordert.Such a vacuum furnace for plasma carburizing is described in the article "Plasma Carburizing - Facility Design and Operating Data" by Graham Legge in the magazine Industrial Heating, March 1988, pages 26 ff. This known carburizing furnace consists of a total of two chambers, the first chamber forming the heating chamber for plasma carburizing, while the second chamber serves to cool the batch and contains an oil quenching bath for this purpose. Both chambers are connected to each other via a door that can be closed in a vacuum-tight manner. The disadvantage of this carburizing furnace is that it is expensive to set up and requires a lot of space for its installation.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, einen Vakuumofen zur Plasmaaufkohlung metallischer Werkstücke zu schaffen, der bei ähnlichem Einsatzbereich wesentlich kleiner baut als bekannte Aufkohlungsöfen dieser Art.The invention has for its object to provide a vacuum furnace for plasma carburizing metallic workpieces, which is much smaller than known carburizing furnaces of this type in a similar application.

Zur Lösung dieser Aufgabenstellung wird vorgeschlagen, daß das als Druckbehälter ausgebildete Ofengehäuse hinsichtlich seiner zulässigen Druckbelastung sowie der Antrieb des Gebläses hinsichtlich des beim Kühlen der Charge erreichbaren Gasdrucks auf einen Druck von mindestens 10 bar ausgelegt sind und die das Kühlgas führenden Gaseinlaßöffnungen in der Heizkammer angeordnet und auf die Charge ausgerichtet sind.To solve this problem, it is proposed that the furnace housing designed as a pressure vessel is designed for a pressure of at least 10 bar with regard to its permissible pressure load and the drive of the blower with regard to the gas pressure achievable during cooling of the batch, and the gas inlet openings carrying the cooling gas are arranged in the heating chamber and are aligned with the batch.

Mit einem solcherart ausgebildeten Vakuumofen zur Plasmaaufkohlung ist es möglich, die aufgekohlte Charge zur Vervollständigung des Wärmebehandlungsprozesses zu härten, ohne daß die Charge hierzu aus der Heizkammer entnommen werden muß. Sämtliche Schritte des Wärmebehandlungsverfahrens lassen sich ausschließlich innerhalb der Heizkammer durchführen, so daß weitere Kammern zur Wärmebehandlung sowie Einrichtungen zur Überführung der Charge zwischen diesen Kammern entfallen. Der Vakuumofen ist daher nicht nur einfach aufgebaut, sondern weist im Vergleich zu bekannten Aufkohlungsöfen auch eine wesentlich geringere Baugröße auf.With such a vacuum furnace for plasma carburizing, it is possible to harden the carburized batch to complete the heat treatment process without the batch having to be removed from the heating chamber for this purpose. All steps of the heat treatment process can only be carried out within the heating chamber, so that further chambers for heat treatment and devices for transferring the batch between these chambers are omitted. The vacuum furnace is therefore not only simple, but also has a significantly smaller size compared to known carburizing furnaces.

Die Abkühlung der Charge beim Härten erfolgt durch ein Anströmen der Charge durch das aus den Gaseinlaßöffnungen austretende Kühlgas. Allerdings ist allein die durch die Bewegung des Kühlgases von der Charge abgeführte Wärme nicht ausreichend. Mit der Erfindung wird daher vorgeschlagen, das Ofengehäuse als Druckbehälter auszubilden und weiterhin den Antrieb des Gebläses so auszulegen, daß der Vakuumofen bei einem Druck von mindestens 10 bar betrieben werden kann. Die sich dabei einstellende Dichte des Kühlgases, die dem mehrfachen der bei herkömmlichen Drücken vorliegenden Dichte entspricht, führt zu einem wesentlich verbesserten Wärmeübergang und damit zu einer höheren Kühlleistung während des Härtens.The batch is cooled during hardening by the batch flowing through the cooling gas emerging from the gas inlet openings. However, the heat removed from the charge by the movement of the cooling gas is not sufficient. With the invention it is therefore proposed to design the furnace housing as a pressure vessel and also to design the drive of the fan so that the vacuum furnace can be operated at a pressure of at least 10 bar. The resulting density of the cooling gas, which corresponds to a multiple of the density at conventional pressures, leads to a significantly improved heat transfer and thus to a higher cooling capacity during hardening.

Bei einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung sind als Gaseinlaßöffnungen allseitig um die Heizkammer herum angeordnete Düsen vorgesehen, deren Austrittsöffnungen auf die Charge ausgerichtet sind. Dadurch entsteht eine gleichmäßige Abkühlung der Charge und damit ein gleichmäßiges Härteergebnis.In a preferred embodiment of the invention, nozzles are provided as gas inlet openings on all sides around the heating chamber, the outlet openings of which are aligned with the batch. This results in a uniform cooling of the batch and thus an even hardening result.

Von Vorteil ist ferner, zusätzliche Düsen vorzusehen, welche stirnseitig in der Heizkammer angeordnet sind und das Kühlgas axial in die Heizkammer einleiten.It is also advantageous to provide additional nozzles which are arranged on the end face in the heating chamber and introduce the cooling gas axially into the heating chamber.

Bei einer Ausgestaltung des Vakuumofens ist die Heizkammer allseitig von Heizelementen der elektrischen Heizeinrichtung umgeben. Die Heizelemente sind vorteilhaft jeweils ringförmig um die Heizkammer herum angeordnet.In one embodiment of the vacuum furnace, the heating chamber is surrounded on all sides by heating elements of the electrical heating device. The heating elements are advantageously arranged in a ring around the heating chamber.

Um trotz der begrenzten Platzverhältnisse innerhalb der Heizkammer eine möglichst gleichmäßige Erhitzung und Abkühlung der Charge zu gewährleisten, wird mit einer Weiterbildung des Vakuumofens vorgeschlagen, daß jeweils mehrere Düsen in einer gemeinsamen radialen Ebene angeordnet sind, die zu der durch jeweils ein Heizelement definierten radialen Ebene axial versetzt ist.In order to ensure that the batch is heated and cooled as uniformly as possible despite the limited space available within the heating chamber, it is proposed with a further development of the vacuum furnace that several nozzles are arranged in a common radial plane which is axial to the radial plane defined by a heating element is offset.

Ferner wird eine die Heizkammer ringförmig umschließende Verteilerkammer zur Zuführung des Kühlgases zu den Gaseinlaßöffnungen vorgeschlagen. Dadurch wird der Kühlgasstrom besonders gleichmäßig auf die vorzugsweise düsenförmigen Gaseinlaßöffnungen verteilt.Furthermore, a distribution chamber which surrounds the heating chamber in an annular manner for supplying the cooling gas to the gas inlet openings is proposed. As a result, the cooling gas flow is distributed particularly uniformly over the preferably nozzle-shaped gas inlet openings.

Zur Erzielung einer kompakten Bauweise des Vakuumofens wird ferner vorgeschlagen, daß die Verteilerkammer von einem in dem Ofengehäuse angeordneten Mantel umschlossen ist, wobei sich zwischen Mantel und Ofengehäuse ein Ringraum zur Rückführung des Kühlgases befindet. In diesem Fall ist bei einer bevorzugten Ausgestaltung vorgesehen, daß an der Innenwand des Ofengehäuses den Mantel durchdringende Chargenstützen befestigt sind, wobei die Chargenstützen zum Mantel hin elektrisch isoliert sind. Auf diese Weise wirkt auch der Mantel als Anode, so daß lediglich die Charge sowie Teile der Chargenstützen die Kathode des erzeugten elektrischen Feldes bilden.To achieve a compact design of the vacuum furnace, it is also proposed that the distribution chamber be enclosed by a jacket arranged in the furnace housing, an annular space for returning the cooling gas being located between the jacket and the furnace housing. In this case, it is provided in a preferred embodiment that batch supports penetrating the casing are fastened to the inner wall of the furnace housing, the batch supports being electrically insulated from the casing. In this way, the jacket also acts as an anode, so that only the batch and parts of the batch supports form the cathode of the electric field generated.

Ferner wird vorgeschlagen, daß der kathodenseitige elektrische Anschluß durch mindestens eine der Chargenstützen hindurch erfolgt. Hierdurch vereinfacht sich der Aufbau des Vakuumofens, da für das Kathodenkabel keine gesonderten Durchführungen durch den Mantel sowie die Wand der Heizkammer hindurch erforderlich sind.It is further proposed that the cathode-side electrical connection be made through at least one of the batch supports. This simplifies the construction of the vacuum furnace, since no separate bushings through the jacket and the wall of the heating chamber are required for the cathode cable.

Schließlich wird vorgeschlagen, daß das Ofengehäuse über eine Leitung mit einem Pufferbehälter in Verbindung steht, der als Kühlgas Helium mit einem Druck von mindestens 10 bar enthält. Bei Verwendung von Helium als Kühlgas lassen sich Wärmeübergangswerte und damit Abkühlgeschwindigkeiten erreichen, die über den entsprechenden Werten bei Verwendung von Stickstoff als Kühlgas liegen. Versuche haben gezeigt, daß die Wärmeübergangszahlen unter Verwendung von Helium mit einem Kühlgasdruck von 20 bar etwa das dreifache der bei Stickstoff mit 6 bar erzielbaren Werte betragen.Finally, it is proposed that the furnace housing be connected via a line to a buffer container which contains helium as the cooling gas at a pressure of at least 10 bar. When using helium as the cooling gas, heat transfer values and thus cooling rates can be achieved which are higher than the corresponding values when using nitrogen as the cooling gas. Experiments have shown that the heat transfer coefficients using helium with a cooling gas pressure of 20 bar are about three times the values that can be achieved with nitrogen at 6 bar.

Ein Ausführungsbeispiel eines erfindungsgemäßen Vakuumofens zur Plasmaaufkohlung metallischer Werkstücke in einem künstlich erzeugten elektrischen Feld wird nachfolgend anhand der schematischen Zeichnungen beschrieben. In diesen zeigt:

Fig. 1
einen Längsschnitt durch einen Vakuumofen und
Fig. 2
einen Querschnitt durch den Vakuumofen nach Fig. 1.
An exemplary embodiment of a vacuum furnace according to the invention for plasma carburizing metallic workpieces in an artificially generated electrical field is described below with reference to the schematic drawings. In these shows:
Fig. 1
a longitudinal section through a vacuum oven and
Fig. 2
2 shows a cross section through the vacuum furnace according to FIG. 1.

Der Vakuumofen zur Plasmaaufkohlung in Fig. 1 besteht aus einem Ofengehäuse 1, welches auf einer Seite durch eine Ofentür 2 druckdicht verschließbar ist. An der gegenüberliegenden Stirnseite des Ofengehäuses 1 ist innerhalb einer druckfesten Kappe 3 ein leistungsstarker Elektroantrieb 4 angeordnet. Ofengehäuse 1, Ofentür 2 und Kappe 3 sowie alle Flansche und sonstigen Verbindungsteile sind bei dem Vakuumofen nach den Ausführungsbeispiel druckfest ausgeführt und auf einen Betriebsdruck von mindestens 20 bar ausgelegt.The vacuum furnace for carburizing plasma in FIG. 1 consists of a furnace housing 1, which can be closed on one side by a furnace door 2 in a pressure-tight manner. On the opposite end of the furnace housing 1, a powerful electric drive 4 is arranged within a pressure-resistant cap 3. Furnace housing 1, furnace door 2 and cap 3 as well as all flanges and other connecting parts are designed to be pressure-resistant in the vacuum furnace according to the exemplary embodiment and designed for an operating pressure of at least 20 bar.

Innerhalb des Ofengehäuses 1 ist eine allseits von einer Heizkammerwand 5 umschlossene Heizkammer 6 angeordnet. Innerhalb der Heizkammer 6 befindet sich eine aufzukohlende Charge 7. Dabei liegt die Charge 7 auf Chargenstützen 8 auf, welche die Heizkammer 5 durchdringen und an der Innenwand des zylindrischen Ofengehäuses 1 befestigt sind.A heating chamber 6, which is surrounded on all sides by a heating chamber wall 5, is arranged inside the furnace housing 1. Within there is a batch 7 to be carburized in the heating chamber 6. The batch 7 rests on batch supports 8 which penetrate the heating chamber 5 and are fastened to the inner wall of the cylindrical furnace housing 1.

Fig. 1 läßt in Verbindung mit Fig. 2 erkennen, daß in die Heizkammerwand 5 eine Vielzahl an Gaseinlaßöffnungen in Gestalt von Düsen 9 eingelassen ist. Die Düsen ermöglichen den Durchtritt von Kühlgas aus einer die Heizkammerwand 5 umschließenden Verteilerkammer 10 in die Heizkammer 6. Die Düsen 9 sind über den gesamten Umfang der Heizkammer 6 verteilt und jeweils so ausgerichtet, daß der aus den Düsen 9 austretende Kühlluftstrahl unmittelbar auf die Charge 7 gelangt. Jedoch läßt sich die Heizkammer auch anders ausführen, wobei das Kühlgas über geöffnete Luken in der Heizkammer in vertikaler oder horizontaler Richtung die Charge durchstreicht.Fig. 1 shows in connection with Fig. 2 that in the heating chamber wall 5 a plurality of gas inlet openings in the form of nozzles 9 is embedded. The nozzles allow the passage of cooling gas from a distribution chamber 10 enclosing the heating chamber wall 5 into the heating chamber 6. The nozzles 9 are distributed over the entire circumference of the heating chamber 6 and are each aligned such that the cooling air jet emerging from the nozzles 9 directly onto the charge 7 reached. However, the heating chamber can also be designed differently, with the cooling gas crossing the batch in vertical or horizontal directions via open hatches in the heating chamber.

Knapp innerhalb der Heizkammerwand 5 befinden sich außerdem mehrere Heizelemente 11. Jedes Heizelement 11 besteht aus einem mehrfach abgeknickten und dadurch die Gestalt eines nahezu geschlossenen Vielecks einnehmenden Band aus Graphit. Die Heizelemente 11 sind an eine gemeinsame Stromversorgung 12 angeschlossen. Beim Ausführungsbeispiel sind insgesamt vier Heizelemente 11 vorgesehen, die aufgrund ihrer die Charge 7 allseitig umschließenden, ringähnlichen Gestalt eine gleichmäßige Strahlungserwärmung der Charge 7 ermöglichen.There are also several heating elements 11 just inside the heating chamber wall 5. Each heating element 11 consists of a strip of graphite which is bent several times and thus takes the form of an almost closed polygon. The heating elements 11 are connected to a common power supply 12. In the exemplary embodiment, a total of four heating elements 11 are provided which, due to their ring-like shape which surrounds the charge 7 on all sides, enable uniform radiation heating of the charge 7.

Der Vakuumofen ist zur Plasmaaufkohlung metallischer Werkstücke vorgesehen und ist hierzu über Stromleiter 13,14 an einen Generator 15 angeschlossen. Der Stromleiter 13 bildet den positiven Anschluß und ist unmittelbar an das Ofengehäuse 1 und damit an das Erdpotential angeschlossen. Der Stromleiter 14 ist in isolierter Art und Weise durch eine der Chargenstützen 8 hindurchgeführt und stellt den unmittelbaren elektrischen Kontakt zu einem metallischen Chargenträger 16 her, auf dem die Charge 7 aufliegt. Bei Betrieb des Generators 15 wird in der Heizkammer 6 ein elektrisches Feld generiert, wo bei die Charge 7 die Kathode und die die Charge 7 umgebenden Bauteile die Anode dieses elektrischen Feldes bilden. Isolierungen 17 an den Chargenstützen 8 verhindern einen metallischen Kontakt und damit Kurzschlüsse zwischen den negativ geladenen Chargenstützen 8 und dem positiv geladenen Ofengehäuse 1 sowie einem ebenfalls positiv geladenen, die Verteilerkammer 10 umschließenden metallischen Mantel 18.The vacuum furnace is provided for the carburizing of metal workpieces and is connected to a generator 15 via current conductors 13, 14. The current conductor 13 forms the positive connection and is connected directly to the furnace housing 1 and thus to the earth potential. The current conductor 14 is passed through one of the batch supports 8 in an insulated manner and makes direct electrical contact with a metallic batch carrier 16 on which the batch 7 rests. When the generator 15 is in operation, an electric field is generated in the heating chamber 6, where in charge 7 form the cathode and the components surrounding charge 7 form the anode of this electrical field. Insulations 17 on the batch supports 8 prevent metallic contact and thus short circuits between the negatively charged batch supports 8 and the positively charged furnace housing 1 as well as a likewise positively charged metallic jacket 18 surrounding the distribution chamber 10.

Beim Betrieb des Vakuumofens wird zunächst die Charge 7 auf den Chargenstützen 8 bzw. dem Chargenträger 16 abgesetzt. Nach druckdichtem Verschließen der Ofentür 2 werden die Heizelemente 11 über die Stromversorgung 12 betrieben. Dies erfolgt in Abhängigkeit von Signalen einer zentralen Steuerung 19. Nach Erreichen der Betriebstemperatur zwischen 800° und 1050° wird über einen Anschluß 20 ein kohlenstoffhaltiges Gas, beispielsweise Methan oder Propan, in den Vakuumofen eingeleitet. Zugleich wird über die Steuerung 19 der Generator 15 eingeschaltet, so daß sich in der Heizkammer 6 das elektrische Feld ausbildet und die Plasmaaufkohlung einsetzt. Nach Abschluß der in der Regel intervallmäßig betriebenen Plasmaaufkohlung werden die Stromversorgung 12 sowie der Generator 15 abgeschaltet und die kohlenstoffhaltige Atmosphäre abgebaut. Anschließend wird ein Kühlgas in das Ofengehäuse 1 eingeleitet und der Elektroantrieb 4 in Betrieb gesetzt. Als Kühlgas findet bei der in der Zeichnung dargestellten Ausführungsform Helium Verwendung. Helium zeigt sehr gute Wärmeübergangszahlen, die bei einem Kühlgasdruck von 20 bar in etwa das dreifache der Werte von Stickstoff bei einem Kühlgasdruck von 6 bar betragen. Das Helium befindet sich in einem auf einen Druck von mindestens 10 bar ausgelegten Pufferbehälter 21 und gelangt über eine durch ein Ventil 22 kontrollierbare Leitung 23 in das Innere des Ofengehäuses 1. Von dort wird das Kühlgas über einen ringförmigen Wärmetauscher 24 auf die Saugseite eines für hohe Drücke ausgelegten Gebläses 25 geführt. Das von dem Gebläse 25 geförderte Kühlgas wird innerhalb der Verteilerkammer 10 auf die einzelnen Düsen 9 verteilt und strömt unter Kühlwirkung unmittelbar auf die Charge 7. Die Rückführung des Kühlgases zum Wärmetauscher 24 erfolgt über einen Ringraum 26 zwischen Mantel 18 und Ofengehäuse 1. Der hierbei im Ofeninneren herrschende Druck des Kühlgases beträgt 10 bis 20 bar, kann infolge entsprechender konstruktiver Anpassung zur weiteren Erhöhung der Abkühlwirkung aber auch auf Werte deutlich oberhalb 20 bar angehoben werden.When the vacuum furnace is in operation, the batch 7 is first placed on the batch supports 8 or the batch carrier 16. After the oven door 2 has been closed in a pressure-tight manner, the heating elements 11 are operated via the power supply 12. This takes place as a function of signals from a central controller 19. After the operating temperature has reached between 800 ° and 1050 °, a carbon-containing gas, for example methane or propane, is introduced into the vacuum furnace via a connection 20. At the same time, the generator 15 is switched on via the controller 19, so that the electric field forms in the heating chamber 6 and the plasma carburization begins. After the plasma carburization, which is usually operated at intervals, is completed, the power supply 12 and the generator 15 are switched off and the carbon-containing atmosphere is broken down. A cooling gas is then introduced into the furnace housing 1 and the electric drive 4 is put into operation. Helium is used as the cooling gas in the embodiment shown in the drawing. Helium shows very good heat transfer coefficients, which at a cooling gas pressure of 20 bar are approximately three times the values of nitrogen at a cooling gas pressure of 6 bar. The helium is located in a buffer container 21 designed for a pressure of at least 10 bar and reaches the interior of the furnace housing 1 via a line 23 that can be controlled by a valve 22 Pressures designed fan 25 out. The cooling gas conveyed by the blower 25 is distributed within the distribution chamber 10 to the individual nozzles 9 and flows with cooling effect directly to the batch 7. The cooling gas is returned to the heat exchanger 24 via an annular space 26 between the jacket 18 and the furnace housing 1. The pressure of the cooling gas prevailing in the interior of the furnace is 10 to 20 bar, but can be adapted to further increase the cooling effect as a result of a corresponding design adjustment can also be raised to values well above 20 bar.

Aus Fig. 1 ist erkennbar, daß jeweils mehrere Düsen 9 in einer gemeinsamen radialen Ebene angeordnet sind, die zu der durch jeweils ein Heizelement 11 definierten radialen Ebene axial versetzt ist. Dadurch wird die auf der Innenseite der Heizkammerwand 5 zur Verfügung stehende Fläche optimal ausgenutzt.From Fig. 1 it can be seen that in each case a plurality of nozzles 9 are arranged in a common radial plane which is axially offset from the radial plane defined by a heating element 11. As a result, the area available on the inside of the heating chamber wall 5 is optimally used.

BezugszeichenlisteReference symbol list

11
OfengehäuseFurnace housing
22nd
OfentürOven door
33rd
Kappecap
44th
ElektroantriebElectric drive
55
HeizkammerwandHeating chamber wall
66
HeizkammerHeating chamber
77
ChargeBatch
88th
ChargenstützeBatch support
99
Düsejet
1010th
VerteilerkammerDistribution chamber
1111
HeizelementHeating element
1212
StromversorgungPower supply
1313
StromleiterConductor
1414
StromleiterConductor
1515
Generatorgenerator
1616
ChargenträgerBatch carriers
1717th
Isolierunginsulation
1818th
Mantelcoat
1919th
Steuerungcontrol
2020th
AnschlußConnection
2121
PufferbehälterBuffer tank
2222
VentilValve
2323
Leitungmanagement
2424th
WärmetauscherHeat exchanger
2525th
Gebläsefan
2626
RingraumAnnulus
2727
VakuumpumpeVacuum pump

Claims (11)

Vakuumofen zur Plasmaaufkohlung metallischer Werkstücke in einem künstlich erzeugten elektrischen Feld mittels eines kohlenstoffhaltigen Gases mit einer elektrischen Heizeinrichtung, einer Vakuumpumpe zur Erzeugung eines Vakuums in der Heizkammer sowie Gaseinlaßöffnungen, mittels derer von einem Gebläse gefördertes und über einen Wärmetauscher geführtes Kühlgas der Charge zugeführt wird,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß das als Druckbehälter ausgebildete Ofengehäuse (1) hinsichtlich seiner zulässigen Druckbelastung sowie der Antrieb (4) des Gebläses (25) hinsichtlich des beim Kühlen der Charge (7) erreichbaren Gasdrucks auf einen Druck von mindestens 10 bar ausgelegt sind und die das Kühlgas führenden Gaseinlaßöffnungen (9) in der Heizkammer (6) angeordnet und auf die Charge (7) ausgerichtet sind.
Vacuum furnace for the carburization of metallic workpieces in an artificially generated electric field by means of a carbon-containing gas with an electric heating device, a vacuum pump for creating a vacuum in the heating chamber and gas inlet openings, by means of which cooling gas conveyed by a blower and passed through a heat exchanger is fed to the batch.
characterized,
that the furnace housing (1), which is designed as a pressure vessel, is designed for a pressure of at least 10 bar with regard to its permissible pressure load and the drive (4) of the blower (25) for the gas pressure achievable when cooling the batch (7), and the gas inlet openings carrying the cooling gas (9) arranged in the heating chamber (6) and aligned with the batch (7).
Vakuumofen nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß als Gaseinlaßöffnungen allseitig um die Heizkammer herum angeordnete Düsen (9) vorgesehen sind, deren Austrittsöffnungen auf die Charge (7) ausgerichtet sind.Vacuum furnace according to claim 1, characterized in that nozzles (9) are provided as gas inlet openings on all sides around the heating chamber, the outlet openings of which are aligned with the charge (7). Vakuumofen nach Anspruch 2, gekennzeichnet durch zusätzliche, stirnseitig in der Heizkammer (6) angeordnete Düsen (9) zur axialen Einleitung des Kühlgases in die Heizkammer (6).Vacuum furnace according to claim 2, characterized by additional nozzles (9) arranged at the end in the heating chamber (6) for the axial introduction of the cooling gas into the heating chamber (6). Vakuumofen nach Anspruch 1 oder Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Heizkammer (6) allseitig von Heizelementen (11) der elektrischen Heizeinrichtung umgeben ist.Vacuum furnace according to claim 1 or claim 2, characterized in that the heating chamber (6) is surrounded on all sides by heating elements (11) of the electrical heating device. Vakuumofen nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Heizelemente (11) jeweils ringförmig um die Heizkammer (6) herum angeordnet sind.Vacuum furnace according to claim 4, characterized in that the heating elements (11) are each arranged in a ring around the heating chamber (6). Vakuumofen nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß jeweils mehrere Düsen (9) in einer gemeinsamen radialen Ebene angeordnet sind, die zu der durch jeweils ein Heizelement (11) definierten radialen Ebene axial versetzt ist.Vacuum furnace according to claim 5, characterized in that in each case a plurality of nozzles (9) are arranged in a common radial plane which is axially offset from the radial plane defined by a heating element (11) in each case. Vakuumofen nach Anspruch 1, gekennzeichnet durch eine die Heizkammer (6) ringförmig umschließende Verteilerkammer (10) zur Zuführung des Kühlgases zu den Gaseinlaßöffnungen (9).Vacuum furnace according to Claim 1, characterized by a distributor chamber (10) which surrounds the heating chamber (6) in a ring shape for supplying the cooling gas to the gas inlet openings (9). Vakuumofen nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Verteilerkammer (10) von einem in dem Ofengehäuse (1) engeordneten Mantel (18) umschlossen ist, wobei sich zwischen Mantel (18) und Ofengehäuse (1) ein Ringraum (26) zur Rückführung des Kühlgases befindet.Vacuum furnace according to claim 7, characterized in that the distributor chamber (10) is enclosed by a casing (18) arranged in the furnace housing (1), an annular space (26) for returning the .movement between the casing (18) and the furnace housing (1) Cooling gas is located. Vakuumofen nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß an der Innenwand des Ofengehäuses (1) den Mantel (18) durchdringende Chargenstützen (8) befestigt sind, wobei die Chargenstützen (8) zum Mantel (18) hin elektrisch isoliert sind.Vacuum furnace according to claim 8, characterized in that batch supports (8) penetrating the casing (18) are fastened to the inner wall of the furnace housing (1), the batch supports (8) being electrically insulated from the casing (18). Vakuumofen nach Anspruch 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der kathodenseitige elektrische Anschluß durch mindestens eine der Chargenstützen (8) hindurch erfolgt.Vacuum furnace according to claim 9, characterized in that the cathode-side electrical connection is made through at least one of the batch supports (8). Vakuumofen nach einen der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Ofengehäuse (1) über eine Leitung (23) mit einem Pufferbehälter (21) in Verbindung steht, der als Kühlgas Helium mit einem Druck von mindestens 10 bar enthält.Vacuum furnace according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the furnace housing (1) is connected via a line (23) to a buffer container (21) which contains helium as cooling gas at a pressure of at least 10 bar.
EP92112630A 1991-10-01 1992-07-23 Vacuum furnace for plasma carburization of metallic workpieces Revoked EP0535319B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4132712 1991-10-01
DE4132712A DE4132712C2 (en) 1991-10-01 1991-10-01 Vacuum furnace for plasma carburizing metallic workpieces

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EP0535319A1 true EP0535319A1 (en) 1993-04-07
EP0535319B1 EP0535319B1 (en) 1995-06-14

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AT (1) ATE123820T1 (en)
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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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EP0778463A1 (en) * 1995-12-08 1997-06-11 The Perkin-Elmer Corporation Calorimeter having rapid cooling of a heating vessel therein
EP0869189A1 (en) * 1997-03-11 1998-10-07 Linde Aktiengesellschaft Process for gas quenching metallic workpieces
EP1318696A1 (en) * 2001-11-28 2003-06-11 Ipsen International GmbH Method for electrically heating a furnace for thermal treatment of metallic workpieces
CN103557710A (en) * 2013-10-28 2014-02-05 北京泰科诺科技有限公司 Rapid circulation air cooling vacuum furnace
CN104296524A (en) * 2013-07-16 2015-01-21 东阳市和顺磁业有限公司 A high vacuum sintering furnace
KR20180077729A (en) 2016-12-29 2018-07-09 정원기 Quenching apparatus
CN108870983A (en) * 2018-07-11 2018-11-23 昆山金美创机械有限公司 A kind of vacuum drying oven of optional intake method
KR20190112541A (en) 2018-03-26 2019-10-07 정원기 Quenching apparatus

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DE10157840C1 (en) * 2001-11-24 2002-10-24 Ald Vacuum Techn Ag Vacuum furnace used for heat treating metallic workpieces comprises a cylindrical housing with a door on one end with a flange-like rim on the annular front side of the housing and a lid which slides on the door
US10196730B2 (en) 2009-09-10 2019-02-05 Ald Vacuum Technologies Gmbh Method and device for hardening workpieces, and workpieces hardened according to the method
DE102009041041B4 (en) 2009-09-10 2011-07-14 ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH, 63450 Method and apparatus for hardening workpieces, as well as work hardened workpieces
DE102020114053B4 (en) 2020-05-26 2022-07-14 Audi Aktiengesellschaft Process arrangement for the production of a hot-formed and press-hardened sheet steel component

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Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0778463A1 (en) * 1995-12-08 1997-06-11 The Perkin-Elmer Corporation Calorimeter having rapid cooling of a heating vessel therein
US5876118A (en) * 1995-12-08 1999-03-02 The Perkin-Elmer Corporation Calorimeter having rapid cooling of a heating vessel therein
EP0869189A1 (en) * 1997-03-11 1998-10-07 Linde Aktiengesellschaft Process for gas quenching metallic workpieces
EP1318696A1 (en) * 2001-11-28 2003-06-11 Ipsen International GmbH Method for electrically heating a furnace for thermal treatment of metallic workpieces
US6794618B2 (en) 2001-11-28 2004-09-21 Ipsen International Gmbh Method for electrical heating of furnaces for heat treatment of metallic workpieces
CN104296524A (en) * 2013-07-16 2015-01-21 东阳市和顺磁业有限公司 A high vacuum sintering furnace
CN103557710A (en) * 2013-10-28 2014-02-05 北京泰科诺科技有限公司 Rapid circulation air cooling vacuum furnace
CN103557710B (en) * 2013-10-28 2016-06-15 北京泰科诺科技有限公司 A kind of Rapid Circulation air-cooling vacuum furnace
KR20180077729A (en) 2016-12-29 2018-07-09 정원기 Quenching apparatus
KR20190112541A (en) 2018-03-26 2019-10-07 정원기 Quenching apparatus
CN108870983A (en) * 2018-07-11 2018-11-23 昆山金美创机械有限公司 A kind of vacuum drying oven of optional intake method

Also Published As

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DE59202520D1 (en) 1995-07-20
ATE123820T1 (en) 1995-06-15
EP0535319B1 (en) 1995-06-14
DE4132712C2 (en) 1995-06-29
DE4132712A1 (en) 1993-04-08
ES2074773T3 (en) 1995-09-16

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