EP0529942B1 - A process for reducing atmospheric pollution - Google Patents
A process for reducing atmospheric pollution Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0529942B1 EP0529942B1 EP19920307609 EP92307609A EP0529942B1 EP 0529942 B1 EP0529942 B1 EP 0529942B1 EP 19920307609 EP19920307609 EP 19920307609 EP 92307609 A EP92307609 A EP 92307609A EP 0529942 B1 EP0529942 B1 EP 0529942B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- gasoline
- formulated
- process according
- base stock
- manganese tricarbonyl
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/10—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving the octane number
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/30—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes)
- C10L1/305—Organic compounds compounds not mentioned before (complexes) organo-metallic compounds (containing a metal to carbon bond)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
Definitions
- This invention relates to a process for reducing atmospheric pollution when gasoline is formulated to a target octane number.
- EP-A-466511 discloses gasoline fuels which are said to be environmentally friendly and processes for the production, distribution and dispensation of such fuels.
- the fuels have a Reid vapor pressure of 58.6 kPa according to ASTM D-323 and contain up to 1/32 gram of manganese per gallon as a cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compound.
- EP-A-466512 discloses a method of providing and using gasolines of suitable octane values while at the same time reducing atmospheric pollution caused by exhaust products when the gasoline is ignited.
- the method involves blending a base fuel with a cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compound.
- W087/01384 discloses fuel compositions comprising as an antiknock compound a cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compound in combination with a solvent selected from C 1-6 aliphatic alcohols and a non-leaded gasoline base.
- the fuel compositions are said to provide improvements with respect to hydrocarbon emissions.
- gasoline properties octane quality, volatility, stability, distillation characteristics
- these key gasoline properties must be provided within the capabilities and production capacities of the petroleum refining industry.
- this invention provides a process for increasing refinery capacity and decreasing refinery emissions by providing an efficacious means for formulating gasoline with a target octane number.
- This invention is deemed to provide a most effective and efficient way of providing gasolines of suitable octane values while concomitantly reducing the potential for ground ozone formation, smog formation, and other grievous consequences of atmospheric pollution.
- a process for reducing atmospheric pollution when gasoline is formulated to a target octane number which process comprises:
- the gasoline-type hydrocarbon fuels used in forming the gasoline will generally comprise saturates, olefins and aromatics.
- Oxygenated fuel blending components such as hydrocarbyl ethers, are also suitable for use.
- the fuels contain limitations on the content of aromatic gasoline hydrocarbons, inasmuch as aromatics are capable of providing exhaust product species of relatively high reactivity.
- a benefit associated with this invention is the ability of a refiner to decrease the severity of reformer operations in the production of gasoline.
- the reduction in reformer severity is due in part to the obtainment of the target octane numbers by using an amount of at least one cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compound in lieu of an amount of one or more aromatic gasoline hydrocarbons required to achieve the same target octane number.
- a refiner is able to decrease the amount of fuel oil required for reformer operation - which in turn results in a decrease in the amount of emissions of NO x , CO, particulates, SO x , and CO 2 from the reformer furnace stack.
- a refinery having a rated crude capacity of about 50,000 barrels per stream day (MBPSD), wherein about 50% of the rated capacity is utilized in the production of gasoline will use at least one cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compound in an amount equivalent up to about 33 kg, for example from 10 to 33 kg, of manganese per stream day, preferably from 15 to 33 kg of manganese per stream day, and most preferably from 25 to 33 kg of manganese per 25,000 barrels of formulated gasoline per stream day.
- the gasolines produced using the process of the invention are lead-free in the sense that no organolead antiknock agent is blended into the fuel. If any trace amounts of lead are present, such amounts are due exclusively to contamination in the system in which the fuels are formed, blended, stored, transported or dispensed.
- the hydrocarbonaceous gasoline base stocks that can be used in forming the gasoline blends include straight run stocks, light naphtha fractions, cracked gasoline stocks obtained from thermal or catalytic cracking, hydrocracking, or similar methods, reformate obtained by catalytic reformation or like processes, polymer gasolines formed via polymerization of olefins, alkylates obtained by addition of olefins to isobutane or other hydrocarbons by alkylation processes, isomerates formed by isomerization of lower straight chain paraffins such as a n-hexane, n-heptane, and the like, and other hydrocarbons of the gasoline boiling range formed by suitable refinery processing operations.
- Suitable amounts of appropriate hydrocarbons formed by other methods such as production from coal, shale or tar sands can be included, if desired.
- reformates based on liquid fuels formed by the Fischer-Tropsch process can be included in the blends.
- the resultant gasoline must satisfy the reduced total toxic compounds and the maximum reactivity tailpipe hydrocarbon emission requirements of this invention and additionally will possess the distillation characteristics typical of conventional regular, midgrade, premium, or super-premium unleaded gasolines.
- the motor gasolines are generally within the parameters of ASTM D 4814 and typically have initial boiling points in the range of about 20 to about 46°C and final boiling points in the range of about 185 to about 225°C as measured by the standard ASTM distillation procedure (ASTM D 86).
- the hydrocarbon composition of gasolines according to volume percentages of saturates, olefins, and aromatics is typically determined by ASTM test procedure D 1319.
- the base gasoline will be a blend of stocks obtained from several refinery processes.
- the final blend may also contain hydrocarbons made by other procedures such as alkylates made by the reaction of C 4 olefins and butanes using an acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid or hydrofluoric acid, and aromatics made from a reformer.
- the saturated gasoline components comprise paraffins and naphthenates. These saturates are generally obtained from: (1) virgin crude oil by distillation (straight run gasoline), (2) alkylation processes (alkylates), and (3) isomerization procedures (conversion of normal paraffins to branched chain paraffins of greater octane quality). Saturated gasoline components also occur in so-called natural gasolines. In addition to the foregoing, thermally cracked stocks, catalytically cracked stocks and catalytic reformates contain some quantities of saturated components. In accordance with preferred embodiments of this invention, the base gasoline blend contains a major proportion of saturated gasoline components. Generally speaking, the higher the content of saturates consistent with producing a fuel of requisite octane quality and distillation characteristics, the better.
- Olefinic gasoline components are usually formed by use of such procedures as thermal cracking, and catalytic cracking. Dehydrogenation of paraffins to olefins can supplement the gaseous olefins occurring in the refinery to produce feed material for either polymerization or alkylation processes.
- the olefins if used in the fuel blends, should be substantially straight chain 1-olefins such as 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene, 1-decene, and the like. Olefins of this type are known to exhibit excellent antiknock response to cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyls -- see Brown and Lovell, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Volume 50, No. 10, October 1958, pages 1547-50.
- the gasoline base stock blends with which the cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl additive is blended pursuant to this invention will generally contain 40 to 90 volume % of saturates, up to 30 (and preferably less than 10 and more preferably less than 5) volume % olefins, and up to about 45 volume % aromatics.
- Preferred gasoline base stock blends for use in the practice of this invention are those containing no more than 40% by volume of aromatics, more preferably no more than 30% by volume of aromatics, still more preferably no more than 28% by volume of aromatics, and most preferably no more than 25% by volume of aromatics.
- the overall fuel blend will contain no more than 1% by volume and most preferably no more than 0.8% by volume of benzene.
- Particularly preferred unleaded gasolines produced in the practice of this invention not only meet the emission reactivity criteria of this invention, but in addition, are characterized by having (1) a maximum sulfur content of 300 ppm, (2) a maximum bromine number of 20, (3) a maximum aromatic content of 20% by volume, (4) a maximum content of benzene of 1% by volume, and (5) a minimum content of contained oxygen of 2% by weight in the form of at least one monoether or polyether, such gasoline having dissolved therein up to about 0.03 gram of manganese per gallon as methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl.
- Gasolines of this type not containing the manganese additive are sometimes referred to as reformulated gasolines. See for example Oil & Gas Journal, April 9, 1990, pages 43-48.
- the preferred gasoline base stock blends are those having an octane rating of (R + M)/2 ranging from 78-95.
- cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compounds Any of a variety of cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compounds can be used in the practice of this invention. Reference may be had, for example, to U.S.P. 2,818,417 for a description of suitable cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compounds and their preparation.
- the preferred compounds or mixtures of compounds are those which are in the liquid state of aggregation at ordinary ambient temperatures, such as methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, ethylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, liquid mixtures of cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl and methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, mixtures of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl and ethylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl.
- the most preferred compound because of its commercial availability and its excellent combination of properties and effectiveness is methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl.
- the invention provides a process for increasing refinery capacity which comprises :
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
Description
This invention relates to a process for reducing
atmospheric pollution when gasoline is formulated to a
target octane number.
Recent studies of EPA regulations provide guidelines
for reformulated gasolines which will provide a reduction
in toxic compounds, e.g. benzene, butadiene, formaldehyde,
and acetaldehyde in the tailpipe exhaust gases from
automobiles.
EP-A-466511 discloses gasoline fuels which are said to
be environmentally friendly and processes for the
production, distribution and dispensation of such fuels.
The fuels have a Reid vapor pressure of 58.6 kPa according
to ASTM D-323 and contain up to 1/32 gram of manganese per
gallon as a cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl
compound.
EP-A-466512 discloses a method of providing and using
gasolines of suitable octane values while at the same time
reducing atmospheric pollution caused by exhaust products
when the gasoline is ignited. The method involves blending
a base fuel with a cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl
compound.
W087/01384 discloses fuel compositions comprising as
an antiknock compound a cyclopentadienyl manganese
tricarbonyl compound in combination with a solvent selected
from C1-6 aliphatic alcohols and a non-leaded gasoline base.
The fuel compositions are said to provide improvements with
respect to hydrocarbon emissions.
The attainment of lower toxic emissions is however not
without penalty. Generally, the target octane number must
be lowered and refinery capacity must be adjusted to obtain
these lower toxic emissions. These solutions are not
completely acceptable due to the higher octane requirement
of today's automobile engines and the need to conserve
crude oil resources.
In addition, gasoline properties (octane quality,
volatility, stability, distillation characteristics) must
be provided on an economical basis and without excessively
or prematurely depleting natural resources such as the
world's supply of petroleum. Moreover, these key gasoline
properties must be provided within the capabilities and
production capacities of the petroleum refining industry.
Accordingly, this invention provides a process for
increasing refinery capacity and decreasing refinery
emissions by providing an efficacious means for formulating
gasoline with a target octane number. This invention is
deemed to provide a most effective and efficient way of
providing gasolines of suitable octane values while
concomitantly reducing the potential for ground ozone
formation, smog formation, and other grievous consequences
of atmospheric pollution.
In one embodiment of the present invention there is
provided a process for reducing atmospheric pollution when
gasoline is formulated to a target octane number which
process comprises:
The gasoline-type hydrocarbon fuels used in forming
the gasoline will generally comprise saturates, olefins and
aromatics. Oxygenated fuel blending components, such as
hydrocarbyl ethers, are also suitable for use. In other
preferred embodiments of this invention, the fuels contain
limitations on the content of aromatic gasoline
hydrocarbons, inasmuch as aromatics are capable of
providing exhaust product species of relatively high
reactivity. Likewise, it is desirable to form or utilize
in gasolines containing at most relatively small quantities
of olefinic hydrocarbons (e.g. less than 10%, and more
preferably less than 5% by volume), as these substances
tend to produce exhaust product species of high reactivity.
At the present time the most widely used method of
increasing the octane quality of pool gasoline is to
utilize aromatic gasoline hydrocarbons in the base blends.
This results from the fact that existing refinery capacity
is biased toward production of highly aromatic gasolines in
order to satisfy the octane demands imposed upon them by
the higher performance vehicles desired and used by the
motoring public.
A benefit associated with this invention is the
ability of a refiner to decrease the severity of reformer
operations in the production of gasoline. The reduction in
reformer severity is due in part to the obtainment of the
target octane numbers by using an amount of at least one
cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compound in lieu of
an amount of one or more aromatic gasoline hydrocarbons
required to achieve the same target octane number. By
reducing the severity of the reformer operation, a refiner
is able to decrease the amount of fuel oil required for
reformer operation - which in turn results in a decrease in
the amount of emissions of NOx, CO, particulates, SOx, and
CO2 from the reformer furnace stack. In turn, the use of
at least one cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl
compound in lieu of an amount of aromatic gasoline
hydrocarbons to achieve the same target octane number thus
provides reduced refinery emissions (as well as a reduction
in automobile toxic emissions).
To achieve the same target octane number in refinery
formulated gasoline, a refinery having a rated crude
capacity of about 50,000 barrels per stream day (MBPSD),
wherein about 50% of the rated capacity is utilized in the
production of gasoline, will use at least one
cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compound in an
amount equivalent up to about 33 kg, for example from 10 to
33 kg, of manganese per stream day, preferably from 15 to
33 kg of manganese per stream day, and most preferably from
25 to 33 kg of manganese per 25,000 barrels of formulated
gasoline per stream day.
The gasolines produced using the process of the
invention are lead-free in the sense that no organolead
antiknock agent is blended into the fuel. If any trace
amounts of lead are present, such amounts are due
exclusively to contamination in the system in which the
fuels are formed, blended, stored, transported or
dispensed.
The hydrocarbonaceous gasoline base stocks that can be
used in forming the gasoline blends include straight run stocks,
light naphtha fractions, cracked gasoline stocks obtained from
thermal or catalytic cracking, hydrocracking, or similar methods,
reformate obtained by catalytic reformation or like processes,
polymer gasolines formed via polymerization of olefins, alkylates
obtained by addition of olefins to isobutane or other hydrocarbons
by alkylation processes, isomerates formed by isomerization
of lower straight chain paraffins such as a n-hexane,
n-heptane, and the like, and other hydrocarbons of the gasoline
boiling range formed by suitable refinery processing operations.
Suitable amounts of appropriate hydrocarbons formed by other
methods such as production from coal, shale or tar sands can be
included, if desired. For example reformates based on liquid
fuels formed by the Fischer-Tropsch process can be included in
the blends. In all cases however, the resultant gasoline must
satisfy the reduced total toxic compounds and the maximum
reactivity tailpipe hydrocarbon emission requirements of this
invention and additionally will possess the distillation
characteristics typical of conventional regular, midgrade,
premium, or super-premium unleaded gasolines. For example, the
motor gasolines are generally within the parameters of ASTM D
4814 and typically have initial boiling points in the range of
about 20 to about 46°C and final boiling points in the range of
about 185 to about 225°C as measured by the standard ASTM
distillation procedure (ASTM D 86). The hydrocarbon composition
of gasolines according to volume percentages of saturates,
olefins, and aromatics is typically determined by ASTM test
procedure D 1319.
Generally, the base gasoline will be a blend of stocks
obtained from several refinery processes. The final blend may
also contain hydrocarbons made by other procedures such as alkylates
made by the reaction of C4 olefins and butanes using an
acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid or hydrofluoric acid, and
aromatics made from a reformer.
The saturated gasoline components comprise paraffins and
naphthenates. These saturates are generally obtained from: (1)
virgin crude oil by distillation (straight run gasoline), (2) alkylation
processes (alkylates), and (3) isomerization procedures
(conversion of normal paraffins to branched chain paraffins of
greater octane quality). Saturated gasoline components also
occur in so-called natural gasolines. In addition to the foregoing,
thermally cracked stocks, catalytically cracked stocks and
catalytic reformates contain some quantities of saturated
components. In accordance with preferred embodiments of this
invention, the base gasoline blend contains a major proportion of
saturated gasoline components. Generally speaking, the higher
the content of saturates consistent with producing a fuel of
requisite octane quality and distillation characteristics, the
better.
Olefinic gasoline components are usually formed by use of
such procedures as thermal cracking, and catalytic cracking.
Dehydrogenation of paraffins to olefins can supplement the gaseous
olefins occurring in the refinery to produce feed material
for either polymerization or alkylation processes. In order to
achieve the greatest octane response to the addition of the
cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl antiknock compound, the
olefins, if used in the fuel blends, should be substantially
straight chain 1-olefins such as 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene,
1-decene, and the like. Olefins of this type are known to
exhibit excellent antiknock response to cyclopentadienyl
manganese tricarbonyls -- see Brown and Lovell, Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry, Volume 50, No. 10, October 1958, pages
1547-50.
The gasoline base stock blends with which the cyclopentadienyl
manganese tricarbonyl additive is blended pursuant to
this invention will generally contain 40 to 90 volume % of
saturates, up to 30 (and preferably less than 10 and more preferably
less than 5) volume % olefins, and up to about 45 volume %
aromatics. Preferred gasoline base stock blends for use in the
practice of this invention are those containing no more than 40%
by volume of aromatics, more preferably no more than 30% by
volume of aromatics, still more preferably no more than 28% by
volume of aromatics, and most preferably no more than 25% by
volume of aromatics. Preferably, the overall fuel blend will
contain no more than 1% by volume and most preferably no more
than 0.8% by volume of benzene.
Particularly preferred unleaded gasolines produced
in the practice of this invention not only meet the
emission reactivity criteria of this invention, but in addition,
are characterized by having (1) a maximum sulfur content of 300
ppm, (2) a maximum bromine number of 20, (3) a maximum aromatic
content of 20% by volume, (4) a maximum content of benzene of 1%
by volume, and (5) a minimum content of contained oxygen of 2% by
weight in the form of at least one monoether or polyether, such
gasoline having dissolved therein up to about 0.03 gram of manganese
per gallon as methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl.
Gasolines of this type not containing the manganese additive are
sometimes referred to as reformulated gasolines. See for example
Oil & Gas Journal, April 9, 1990, pages 43-48.
From the standpoint of octane quality, the preferred
gasoline base stock blends are those having an octane rating of
(R + M)/2 ranging from 78-95.
Any of a variety of cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl
compounds can be used in the practice of this invention.
Reference may be had, for example, to U.S.P. 2,818,417 for a
description of suitable cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl
compounds and their preparation. Illustrative examples of the
manganese compounds which can be utilized in accordance with this
invention include cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, methylcyclopentadienyl
manganese tricarbonyl, dimethylcyclopentadienyl
manganese tricarbonyl, trimethylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl,
tetramethylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl,
pentamethylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, ethylcyclopentadienyl
manganese tricarbonyl, diethylcyclopentadienyl manganese
tricarbonyl, propylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl,
isopropylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, tert-butylcyclopentadienyl
manganese tricarbonyl, octylcyclopentadienyl manganese
tricarbonyl, dodecylcyclo-pentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl,
ethylmethylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl and indenyl
manganese tricarbonyl, including mixtures of two or more
such compounds. Generally speaking, the preferred compounds or
mixtures of compounds are those which are in the liquid state of
aggregation at ordinary ambient temperatures, such as methylcyclopentadienyl
manganese tricarbonyl, ethylcyclopentadienyl
manganese tricarbonyl, liquid mixtures of cyclopentadienyl
manganese tricarbonyl and methylcyclopentadienyl manganese
tricarbonyl, mixtures of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese
tricarbonyl and ethylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl.
The most preferred compound because of its commercial
availability and its excellent combination of properties and
effectiveness is methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl.
In another embodiment, the invention provides a
process for increasing refinery capacity which comprises :
Claims (12)
- A process for reducing atmospheric pollution when gasoline is formulated to a target octane number which process comprises:a) reducing furnace emissions of NOx, CO, particulates, SOx and CO2 from a refinery having a reformer and a rated crude capacity of more than about 7950m3 (about 50,000 barrels) per stream day at least 50% of the rated capacity being utilized in the production of gasoline by operating the reformer at reduced severity when compared with the reformer severity required to achieve the target octane number for a formulated gasoline consisting of base fuel blending components and an amount of one or more aromatic gasoline hydrocarbons, to produce a gasoline base stock; andb) formulating gasoline to the target octane number by blending the gasoline base stock produced in a) with at least one cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compound in an amount equivalent up to about 33 kg of manganese per 3975 m3 (25,000 barrels) of formulated gasoline per stream day.
- A process according to claim 1, wherein the gasoline base stock contains 40 to 90 volume % of saturates, up to 30 volume % olefins and up to about 45% aromatics.
- A process according to claim 2, wherein the gasoline base stock contains up to about 30 volume % aromatics.
- A process according to claim 3, wherein the gasoline base stock contains up to about 25 volume % aromatics.
- A process according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the formulated gasoline contains no more than 1 volume % benzene.
- A process according to claim 5, wherein the formulated gasoline contains no more than 0.8 volume % benzene.
- A process according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the gasoline base stock has an octane rating of from 78 to 95.
- A process according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compound is methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl.
- A process for increasing the capacity of a refinery when gasoline is formulated to a target octane number, which comprises:a) reducing furnace emissions of NOx, CO, particulates, SOx and CO2 from a refinery having a reformer and a rated crude capacity of more than about 7950m3 (about 50,000 barrels) per stream day at least 50% of the rated capacity being utilized in the production of gasoline by operating the reformer at reduced severity when compared with the reformer severity required to achieve the target octane number for a formulated gasoline consisting of base fuel blending components and an amount of one or more aromatic gasoline hydrocarbons, to produce a gasoline base stock; andb) formulating gasoline to the target octane number by blending the gasoline base stock produced in (a) with at least one cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compound in an amount equivalent up to about 33 kg of manganese per 3975 m3 (25,000 barrels) of formulated gasoline per stream day.
- A process according to claim 9 wherein the gasoline base stock is as defined in claim 2, 3, 4 or 7.
- A process according to claim 9 or 10, wherein the formulated gasoline is as defined in claim 5 or 6.
- A process according to claim 9, 10 or 11, wherein the cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compound is methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US74910191A | 1991-08-23 | 1991-08-23 | |
| US749101 | 1991-08-23 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0529942A1 EP0529942A1 (en) | 1993-03-03 |
| EP0529942B1 true EP0529942B1 (en) | 1998-05-06 |
Family
ID=25012261
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP19920307609 Expired - Lifetime EP0529942B1 (en) | 1991-08-23 | 1992-08-20 | A process for reducing atmospheric pollution |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0529942B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH05209179A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU663876B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2076302C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69225364D1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR19990022557A (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1999-03-25 | 윌리엄 씨. 오어 | Steam phase combustion method and composition II |
| US9587190B2 (en) | 2014-10-17 | 2017-03-07 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Fuel composition and method of formulating a fuel composition to reduce real-world driving cycle particulate emissions |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2818417A (en) * | 1955-07-11 | 1957-12-31 | Ethyl Corp | Cyclomatic compounds |
| US2868816A (en) * | 1956-11-08 | 1959-01-13 | Ethyl Corp | Process for the preparation of cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compounds |
| FR2153782A6 (en) * | 1971-09-21 | 1973-05-04 | Trambouze Yves | Volatile organometallic gasoline additive - causing more complete combustion by in situ formation of catalytic oxide |
| US4508618A (en) * | 1984-06-04 | 1985-04-02 | El Paso Products Company | Increasing the octane number of natural gasoline with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid |
| AU6377586A (en) * | 1985-08-28 | 1987-03-24 | Orr, W.C. | Nonleaded fuel composition |
| CA2045455C (en) * | 1990-07-13 | 2002-04-02 | John Vincent Hanlon | Motor fuels of enhanced properties |
| CA2045706C (en) * | 1990-07-13 | 2002-09-17 | Thomas Albert Leeper | Gasoline engine fuels of enhanced properties |
-
1992
- 1992-08-18 CA CA 2076302 patent/CA2076302C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-08-19 AU AU21112/92A patent/AU663876B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1992-08-20 EP EP19920307609 patent/EP0529942B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-08-20 DE DE69225364T patent/DE69225364D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-08-24 JP JP24733892A patent/JPH05209179A/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH05209179A (en) | 1993-08-20 |
| AU2111292A (en) | 1993-02-25 |
| CA2076302C (en) | 2003-05-27 |
| AU663876B2 (en) | 1995-10-26 |
| DE69225364D1 (en) | 1998-06-10 |
| CA2076302A1 (en) | 1993-02-24 |
| EP0529942A1 (en) | 1993-03-03 |
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