EP0525356B1 - Schraubenschlüssel - Google Patents

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Publication number
EP0525356B1
EP0525356B1 EP92110087A EP92110087A EP0525356B1 EP 0525356 B1 EP0525356 B1 EP 0525356B1 EP 92110087 A EP92110087 A EP 92110087A EP 92110087 A EP92110087 A EP 92110087A EP 0525356 B1 EP0525356 B1 EP 0525356B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
heads
tool
axis
opening
sized
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP92110087A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0525356A1 (de
Inventor
Josef Ruzicka
Petr O. Ruzicka
Milan Ruzicka
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
    • B25B—TOOLS OR BENCH DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, FOR FASTENING, CONNECTING, DISENGAGING OR HOLDING
    • B25B13/00—Spanners; Wrenches
    • B25B13/02—Spanners; Wrenches with rigid jaws
    • B25B13/06—Spanners; Wrenches with rigid jaws of socket type
    • B25B13/065—Spanners; Wrenches with rigid jaws of socket type characterised by the cross-section of the socket
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
    • B25B—TOOLS OR BENCH DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, FOR FASTENING, CONNECTING, DISENGAGING OR HOLDING
    • B25B13/00—Spanners; Wrenches
    • B25B13/02—Spanners; Wrenches with rigid jaws
    • B25B13/04—Spanners; Wrenches with rigid jaws of ring jaw type

Definitions

  • This invention relates to rotary tools of the type used in rotating or "wrenching" fasteners such as bolts and screws having polygonal (e.g., square or hexagonal) heads.
  • the invention particularly relates to tools capable of wrenching fastener heads designed, sized or marked in various measuring systems such as the metric system, the English or inch system such as the American fractional system (AF and SAE), and the British systems such as BA, BS and Whitworth (W).
  • the tools have a uniquely configured opening for receiving a polygonal head of a threaded member.
  • U.S.Patent 3 027 790 discloses a wrench having several moving parts as adaptors and does not appear to represent a practical solution to the problem, since professionals and serious amateurs appear to prefer solid one-piece wrenching tools with no extraneous parts.
  • US-A-3 125 910 discloses a wrench corresponding to the preamble of the appended Claim 1, and having an opening to receive a nut or other polygonal head, the opening consisting of inwardly and outwardly projecting lobes.
  • the wrench in use, applies pressure against flat faces of the nut by means of the inwardly extending lobes contacting the nut faces at specific locations.
  • a variance of more than 5° from that specific contact location has deleterious consequences.
  • Kavalar makes no reference or suggestion that the tool disclosed is of any value in meeting the requirement for a wrench for use with polygonal heads sized according to two or more measuring systems. The present invention now provides a means of satisfying that requirement.
  • the present invention provides a rotary wrenching tool having an opening for receiving a polygonal head of a threaded member, wherein:
  • R 1 desirably is larger than r 1 , and in the case where each second axis is angularly spaced from at least one next adjacent second axis by 60°, the ratio R 1 /r 1 desirably exceeds 1.5 and preferably exceeds 2.0. In this case also, R is equal to r. Also in this embodiment in which each second axis is angularly spaced by 60° from at least one next adjacent second axis, the adjacent arcuate surfaces preferably merge tangentially into one another.
  • arc and "arcuate” used herein refer to circles.
  • the second axes of the embodiments described above may, if desired, be spaced from one another by 45° or by 90° to thereby provide an opening accommodating square heads of threaded members. Inwardly convex arcuate surfaces of different sizes may be interspersed with one another.
  • the rotary wrenching tools of the invention preferably have head-contacting interiors sized to strongly and adequately grip polygonal fastener heads sized in two, preferably three, and up to six different nominal sizes.
  • the ratio (determined as described above) for tools accepting square heads ranges from 1.0001 to about 1.1430 and for tools accepting hexagonal heads ranges from 1.0001 to about 1.0600.
  • the wrench opening sizes are varied (for example Figure 16) the included angle between any adjacent flats preferably is also varied to better accommodate fastener heads sized in different sizing systems.
  • the wrenching tools of the invention are simple, single piece rotary wrenching tools having uniform interior configurations and no moving parts and which are specifically sized for turning fasteners (nuts, screws, bolts, etc.) having square, hexagonal or other polygonal heads such that one tool size is capable of strongly and adequately fitting polygonal heads nominally sized in at least two and up to six different nominal sizes and up to seven different system markings.
  • rotary tool By “rotary tool”, “spanner” or “wrench”, as used herein, reference is made to tools having openings which completely or partially encircle or encompass the polygonal beads of threaded fasteners such as bolts and screws to rotate the fasteners.
  • such tools may be of the socket variety in which the rotary tool opening completely encircles the head of the threaded member and is moved into such position axially of the threaded member, or may be of the spanner or open-end wrench variety in which the rotary tool opening only partially encircles the head of the threaded member and may be moved into its wrenching position in a direction generally normal to the axis of the threaded member.
  • Rotary tools include such tools as may commonly be referred to as socket wrenches, box-end spanners, ratcheting box-end, open end, nut drivers, flare-nut, lug-nut, crowfoot and combination wrenches, impact and power socket wrenches, flex-head wrenches, etc.
  • wrenching tools are adapted for use with threaded members having square heads and are so sized as to accommodate maximum and minimum sized square-headed members such that the maximum ratio of the nominal distance across opposing flats of such maximum and minimum square-headed members ranges from about 1.0053 to about 1.1430.
  • wrenching tools adapted for use with threaded members having hexagonal heads are so sized as to accommodate maximum and minimum sized hexagonal headed members such that the maximum ratio of the nominal distance across opposing flats of such maximum and minimum sized members ranges from about 1.0053 to about 1.0600.
  • Visible indicia are preferably carried adjacent each wrench opening, such indicia comprising at least two and preferably three or more specific but different nominal sizes in at least two different sizing systems.
  • the wrench (10) has wrench flats (11), (12) which are spaced apart a sufficient distance to loosely accommodate the confronting flat surfaces (13), (14) of a hexagonal bolt, shown in phantom lines. If the wrench is turned in the direction of arrow A, it will be understood that the wrench flats bear against the corners of the bolt head, rather than upon the flat surfaces of the bolt head; this is referred to as "corner contact", and use of wrenches of this type can readily score and round the corners of bolt heads, particularly hexagonal bolt heads.
  • the interior surface of the wrench opening makes contact not with the corners of the bolt head but rather at points (actually, lines) along the length of the flat bolt head edges.
  • the rounded lobes (15) of the wrench (16) initially make line contact with the bolt head, but as pressure is applied, the bolt head edges are deformed slightly so that contact between the lobes and the bolt head occurs over a broader surface.
  • such tools are characterized as having uniform interior configuration. That is, similarly configured interior surface elements (e.g., lobes) are radially spaced the same distance from the axis of the wrenching tool opening. For example, the lobes (15) depicted in Figure 7 are equally radially spaced from the axis X.
  • similarly configured interior surface elements e.g., lobes
  • the present invention provides rotary wrenching tools which have no moving parts and which are specifically sized for turning fasteners such as nuts, screws and bolts that have square, hexagonal or other polygonal heads.
  • These wrenching tools are characterized by being capable of strongly and adequately fitting polygonal heads nominally sized in at least two different systems such as, for example, the American Fractional standard ("AF") and the British Standards ("BS", for example), and carrying at least two and preferably three or more suitable size markings in different size systems. That is, the rotary wrenching tools of the invention fit polygonal fastener heads such that scoring or rounding of the heads does not occur even when substantial wrenching torque is applied thereto.
  • AF American Fractional standard
  • BS British Standards
  • Such strong and adequate fitting of the tool to the head of the fastener is such that the application of excessive substantial wrenching torque is more apt to cause physical breakage of the fastener head from the threaded stem of the fastener, or simply cause the deformation ("stripping") of the stem threads.
  • those wrenches which have head-confronting surfaces that are contoured to provide recesses opposite corners of the heads to thereby avoid contact with the head corners.
  • the head-confronting surfaces of the rotary tool are provided with inwardly protruding, rounded lobes positioned to encounter the head of a fastening member along flat surfaces of the head, rather than at its corners, the lobe, upon the application of substantial torque, tending to slightly deform the flat surfaces of the head to provide surface-to-surface contact between the wrench and head.
  • the driving heads of bolts and similar fastening members can be sized in the metric system (e.g., mm) and also in inches using American Fractional ("AF") standards (SAE, MIL, etc.) and British standards such as "BS”, “BA” and “W” (Whitworth) measurements.
  • the wrenches are sized so as strongly and adequately accommodate fastener heads of at least two different nominal sizes such that the ratio of the nominal distances across opposing head surfaces falls, in the case of square heads, within the range of 1.0053 to 1.1430, and, in the case of hexagonal heads, with the range of 1.0053 to 1.0600.
  • Table I set out below provides a non-inclusive, exemplary list of nominal head openings and size combinations for square and hexagonal head fasteners. Referring, for ease of explanation, to the first entry in the table, this entry describes a wrench which will fully and adequately engage the polygonal head of a threaded fastener that has the nominal dimensions of 1.5mm & 1/16 (AF, U.S. standard) & 16 BA (British standard). As shown in the table, 1/16 inches converts to 1.5875 millimeters. 16 BA, in the British standard, corresponds to 1.4224mm. 1.5mm, in the metric system, is, of course, 1.5mm.
  • the maximum ratio of the maximum nominal distance across flats (1.5875) to the minimum nominal distance across flats (1.4224) is 1.1161, and this is recorded in the final column of the table.
  • the last entry in the table refers to a fastener head having a nominal distance across opposing flats of 220mm.
  • the wrench of the invention suitably sized, also fully and adequately fits fastener heads sized in the U.S. American Fractional system as 8 5/8" & 8 3/4".
  • the latter nominal values correspond to 219.0731mm and 222.2481mm, respectively.
  • the maximum ratio of the maximum nominal size to the minimum nominal size hence is 222.2481/219.0731, or 1.0145.
  • the rotary wrenching tools of the invention carry visible markings identifying at least two different nominal sizes on at least two different sizing systems, for example visually readable markings indicating the at least two and preferably three different head sizes for which they were designed.
  • the first wrench appearing in Table I may be marked "1.5 mm & 1/16in. & 16 BA”.
  • the table has been computed using international (ISO) and many national standards and specifications from the United States (SAE, ANSI, MIL, ASTM), British (BS), German (DIN), France (FS), Yogoslavia (JUS), Japan (JS) and specifications from various manufacturers in the United States, England, France, Germany, Canada, Japan, Italy, Sweden, Spain, Czechoslavakia, Yugoslavia, Taiwan, China, Brazil, etc.
  • each figure shows positions of a bolt head within the gripping opening of a rotary wrenching tool, the bolt head positions shown in phantom lines referring to the smallest bolt head that can be fully and adequately gripped by the tool.
  • Certain of the Figures also show a wrenching tool in both a socket form (wherein a full circle in either solid or dotted lines appears about the bolt head) or in open-ended wrench form.
  • a socket is shown in dotted lines as (17), the open-ended wrenching tool version being shown in solid lines as (18).
  • the socket embodiment is shown in solid lines as (20) and the open-ended embodiment is shown in phantom lines as (22).
  • alternate positions for the ends of the open-ended embodiments may be varied, and several positions are shown, for example, in Figure 14.
  • socket and open-end rotary wrenching tools shown generally at (20) and (22) are sized so as to strongly and adequately grip the hexagonal heads of threaded fasteners sized 4 mm & 5/32" & 8 BA, giving a ratio of 1.0363.
  • the wrench of Figure 15, as shown from the drawing, has an axis of rotation X that extends normal to the plane of the paper and has an opening for receiving the polygonal head of a threaded member, in this case, a hexagonal head shown as "H".
  • the opening has an inner, head-confronting surface comprising a series of arcuate first surfaces (24) concave to the axis of the opening and spaced about the circumference of the opening.
  • Each such first surface is defined generally as the locus of points falling a given radial distance r from a first axis "a" that is itself spaced a distance r 1 from, but parallel to, the axis X of the opening.
  • a series of arcuate second surfaces (26) which are convex to the axis of the opening and are spaced about its circumference, each such second arcuate surface being defined general as the locus of points falling a radial distance R from a second axis A which is itself spaced a distance R 1 from, but parallel to, the axis X of the opening.
  • R 1 preferably is larger than r 1 , and the ratio R 1 /r 1 desirably exceeds 1.5 and preferably exceeds 2.0.
  • Each second axis A is angularly spaced from at least one next adjacent second axis A by 60°.
  • rotary wrenching tools of this general configuration may be manufactured as socket, box-end, open-end, flare nut, nut driver and crowfoot wrenches, sized for receiving hexagonal fastener heads nominally sized as follows:
  • rotary wrenching tools configured as shown in Figure 15 may be designed as socket, box-end and crowfoot wrenches, sized to accommodate hexagonal fastener heads nominally sized as 28 mm & 27 mm & 1 1/16" (AF) & 1 1/8" (AF) & 5/8 W & 11/16 BS, the wrench having a ratio, as defined above, of 1.0588.
  • Other wrenching tools configured as shown in Figure 15 may be provided as socket and box-end tools sized to receive hexagonal fastener heads nominally sized as 32 mm & 33 mm & 1 5/16" (AF) & 1 1/4" (AF) & 3/4 W & 7/8 BS, the wrench having a ratio of 1.0500.
  • Yet another wrench configured as shown in Figure 15 may be provided as a socket wrench sized to receive hexagonal fastener heads nominally sized as 220 mm & 8 5/8" (AF) & 8 3/4" (AF), the ratio of which is 1.0145.
  • Socket and Box-End rotary wrenching tools of the invention can be sized to receive hexagonal heads of threaded members nominally sized 35 mm & 34 mm & 1 3/8" (AF) & 1 5/16" (AF) & 13/16W & 15/16 BS, the tool having a ratio, as defined above, of 1.0591.
  • socket wrenches nay be designed to receive hexagonal heads of threaded fasteners nominally sized as follows:
  • FIG. 15 If the wrenching tool shown in Figure 15 in which R is equal to r is modified so that R 1 is approximately equal to r 1 , then tools of the general type shown in Figures 16, 17 and 18 are obtained. Referring to Figure 16, eight contact points or lobes (26) are provided. This wrenching tool is particularly adapted for receiving square heads of threaded fasteners.
  • the inner surface of the tool includes portions designated (30) which are generally flat surfaces and that extend between the arcuate first and second surfaces. Such flat surfaces (30) may be oriented so as to come into generally surface-to-surface contact with the flats of a threaded member head, as shown in Figure 16, the angular dimensions appearing in Figure 16 being adapted to promote such surface-to-surface contact.
  • Figure 17 and 18 show tools somewhat similar to that shown in Figure 16, except that the tool of Figure 17 has its lobes angularly spaced 20° apart and the tool of Figure 18 has its lobes spaced angularly 15° apart. Note is made that the spacing between adjacent second axes A of the embodiments of Figures 16, 17 and 18 are generally less than 3R in which R is as described above in connection with Figure 15.
  • Socket and box-end rotary wrenching tools may be designed and manufactured in the configuration shown in Figure 16 and specifically sized in accordance with the invention to receive square heads of threaded fasteners nominally sized 13 mm & 1/2" (AF) & 1/4 W & 5/16 BS, and having a ratio of 1.0500.
  • socket, box-end and open-end wrenching tools may be designed and manufactured in accordance with the configuration of Figure 16 and sized for receiving square-headed fasteners nominally sized 16 mm & 5/8", and having a ratio of 1.0079.
  • the same socket and box-end tools may be designed and manufactured in accordance with the configurations of Figures 17 and 18 and sized to receive hexagonal fastener heads nominally sized 16 mm & 5/8" (AF), the tools having a ratio of 1.0079.
  • the visible markings carried by the tools of this invention are conveniently adjacent the tool opening, identifying at least two and preferably three or more different fastener head sizes. Exemplary markings are shown in Figure 15, the markings (4 mm & 5/32 AF & 8 BA) being stamped, in this example, onto or into the handle of the tool. Rotary wrenching tools in the form of sockets would normally have markings on the outer socket surfaces.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Details Of Spanners, Wrenches, And Screw Drivers And Accessories (AREA)
  • Dowels (AREA)
  • Dental Preparations (AREA)
  • Dental Tools And Instruments Or Auxiliary Dental Instruments (AREA)

Claims (6)

  1. Schraubenschlüssel mit einer Öffnung zum Aufnehmen eines polygonalen Kopfes eines Gewindegliedes, bei welchem:
    die Öffnung eine Drehachse (X) und eine Innenfläche mit einer Reihe von ersten Flächen (24) aufweist, welche konkav zu der Drehachse sind und über den Umfang der Öffnung verteilt liegen, und eine Reihe von zweiten Flächen (26), welche konvex zu der Drehachse sind und über den Umfang der Öffnung verteilt liegen, wobei aufeinander folgende der ersten Flächen (24) zwischen aufeinander folgenden der zweiten Flächen (26) über den Umfang angeordnet sind;
    jede der ersten Flächen (24) gewölbt und so als geometrischer Ort von Punkten definiert ist, welche in einen vorgegebenen radialen Abstand "r" von der ersten Achse "a", welche selbst einen Abstand "r1" von der Drehachse (X) hat, jedoch parallel zu dieser liegt, fallen;
    jede der zweiten Flächen (26) gewölbt und so als geometrischer Ort von Punkten definiert ist, welche in einen radialen Abstand "R" von einer zweiten Achse "A", welche selbst einen Abstand "R1" von der Drehachse (X) hat, jedoch parallel zu dieser liegt, fallen;
    die Abmessungen und Anordnungen der zweiten Flächen (26) derart sind, daß bei Benutzung die von dem Schraubenschlüssel mit dem polygonalen Kopf hergestellte Berührung eine Berührung zwischen den gewölbten zweiten Flächen und den Seiten des polygonalen Kopfes des Gewindegliedes ist;
    die radiale Entfernung r der radialen Entfernung R gleicht; und
    das Werkzeug keine ebenen Flächen zwischen den ersten und zweiten Flächen und keine tangential in diese übergehenden Flächen enthält;
       dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß:
    (a) jede Fläche, welche einen Teil der Innenfläche der Öffnung darstellt und an eine gewölbte Fläche angrenzt, tangen-tial in die gewölbte Fläche übergeht;
    (b) das Werkzeug so bemessen ist, daß es die Köpfe von Gewindegliedern, welche in mindestens zwei unterschiedlichen Nominalgrößen vorliegen, in mindestens zwei unterschiedlichen Maßsystemen aufnimmt, so daß das Verhältnis von Maximum zu Minimum der Nominalgrößen für quadratische Köpfe zwischen 1,0053 bis 1,1430 und für hexagonale Köpfe zwischen 1,0053 bis 1,0600 liegt; und
    (c) das Werkzeug sichtbare Markierungen trägt, welche mindestens zwei verschiedene Nominalgrößen identifizieren.
  2. Werkzeug nach Anspruch 1, welches eine innere Oberfläche hat, welche so gestaltet ist, daß sie bei Benutzung Aussparungen gegenüber Ecken der Köpfe der Gewindeglieder vorsieht, um eine Berührung mit den Ecken zu vermeiden.
  3. Werkzeug nach Anspruch 1, welches speziell so bemessen ist, daß es Köpfe von Gewindegliedern aufnehmen kann, welche eine nominelle Bemessung gemäß irgendeinem beliebigen Eintrag aus der folgenden Tabelle aufweisen:
    Figure 00430001
    Figure 00440001
    Figure 00450001
    Figure 00460001
    Figure 00470001
    Figure 00480001
    Figure 00490001
  4. Werkzeug nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei welchem es sich um ein einstückiges Werkzeug handelt.
  5. Werkzeug nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei welchem die sichtbaren Markierungen mindestens zwei spezifische, jedoch unterschiedliche nominelle Bemessungen, in mindestens zwei unterschiedlichen Maßsystemen enthalten.
  6. Werkzeug nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, bei welchem die sichtbaren Markierungen an der Öffnung liegen.
EP92110087A 1985-12-18 1986-12-16 Schraubenschlüssel Expired - Lifetime EP0525356B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US81025385A 1985-12-18 1985-12-18
US810253 1985-12-18
EP86309812A EP0236630B1 (de) 1985-12-18 1986-12-16 Schraubwerkzeug
CA000542405A CA1327464C (en) 1985-12-18 1987-07-17 Rotary wrenching tool

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP86309812.5 Division 1986-12-16

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0525356A1 EP0525356A1 (de) 1993-02-03
EP0525356B1 true EP0525356B1 (de) 1998-10-21

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EP92110087A Expired - Lifetime EP0525356B1 (de) 1985-12-18 1986-12-16 Schraubenschlüssel
EP86309812A Expired - Lifetime EP0236630B1 (de) 1985-12-18 1986-12-16 Schraubwerkzeug

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AT (1) ATE111006T1 (de)
CA (1) CA1327464C (de)
DE (1) DE3650060T2 (de)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5131312A (en) * 1989-09-18 1992-07-21 Macor Richard J Surface conforming, torque enhancing wrench
GB9011788D0 (en) * 1990-05-25 1990-07-18 Sandvik Hard Materials Limited Socket tools
FR2714321B1 (fr) * 1993-12-24 1996-03-15 Facom Accouplement séparable entre deux pièces d'un outil, et outil correspondant pour l'entraînement de vis ou d'écrous.
FR2730530B1 (fr) 1995-02-14 1997-04-30 Facom Accouplement separable, et outil correspondant
US6354175B1 (en) 1999-02-08 2002-03-12 Black & Decker Inc. Nutsetter
DE20208816U1 (de) * 2002-06-06 2002-08-22 Hsien, Chih-Ching, Feng Yuan, Taichung Schlüsselkopf mit einer Profilausnehmung
GB0625111D0 (en) * 2006-12-16 2007-01-24 Rolls Royce Plc A forcing tool
US11554470B2 (en) * 2017-12-13 2023-01-17 Apex Brands, Inc. Extractor socket with bidirectional driving capability and corresponding extraction set with intermediate sizes
TWI817808B (zh) * 2022-11-02 2023-10-01 明欣國際有限公司 手工具及其製法

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1088437B (de) * 1951-03-12 1960-09-01 Fritz Diebold Gabelschluessel fuer verschraubbare Mehrkantkoerper
US3495485A (en) * 1966-09-14 1970-02-17 Snap On Tools Corp Wrench sockets,socket drives and similar couplers
US4100824A (en) * 1975-03-03 1978-07-18 Surelab Superior Research Laboratories, Inc. Rotary tool for driving English and metric threaded members
GB1464808A (en) * 1975-12-01 1977-02-16 Tin Wah Cheung Open ended spanners
US4512220A (en) * 1982-04-01 1985-04-23 Snap-On Tools Corporation Fast lead socket wrench
FR2560099B1 (fr) * 1984-02-24 1986-10-24 Facom Outil de serrage pour boulonnerie
US4598616A (en) * 1985-09-18 1986-07-08 Colvin David S Wrench opening

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Publication number Publication date
EP0236630A1 (de) 1987-09-16
DE3650060T2 (de) 1995-03-02
ATE111006T1 (de) 1994-09-15
EP0525356A1 (de) 1993-02-03
CA1327464C (en) 1994-03-08
EP0236630B1 (de) 1994-09-07
DE3650060D1 (de) 1994-10-13

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