EP0524919A1 - Lining of tunnels or galleries - Google Patents

Abstract

In a lining for tunnels or galleries, lining sections (1) following one another in the longitudinal direction are each formed from a number of tubbing blocks (2 to 7), the abutting longitudinal boundary surfaces (8) of which are arranged at an incline relative to the parallel to the longitudinal axis of the gallery or tunnel and are provided with positive-locking joints (11, 12), e.g. tongue-and-groove joints, holding the circumferential surfaces (9, 10) of these blocks in alignment, further joining means (15) being provided for the front-face connection between the tubbing blocks and adjacent lining sections (1). For adaptation of the lining to the clear excavated section or the rock pressure at at least one part of the lining sections (1), their peripheral length determining the clear excavated section can be varied, for which purpose at least one tubbing block (2), at least at one front face of its lining section, is offset with its front-face boundary surface (14) relative to the front-face boundary surfaces of the adjacent tubbing blocks (3, 7) and/or is attached in such a way that it can be shifted out of the alignment position of the front-face boundary surfaces. <IMAGE>

Description

The invention relates to a tunnel or tunnel extension in which successive extension sections are formed in the longitudinal direction each from a number of segment stones, the abutting longitudinal interfaces of which are inclined with respect to the parallel to the tunnel or longitudinal axis of the tunnel and with positive connections holding the lateral surfaces of these stones in the alignment position, e.g. B. tongue and groove connections are provided, further connecting means being provided for the frontal connection with the segment stones of adjacent expansion sections.

Such an expansion is known from its own AT-PS 389 149. The individual expansion sections consist of tubbing rings and the tubbing stones each have oppositely inclined longitudinal interfaces which are determined in their central region by radial rays of the ring. The advantage of this expansion is that the tubbing stones that later complement each other to the tubbing rings can be attached to the last finished tubbing ring immediately in accordance with the progress of the outbreak, so that there are neither large temporal or spatial distances between excavation and expansion, and machines and personnel immediately largely through the Expansion to be protected. In this known expansion, the segmental stones are basically attached so that their end faces lie in common planes, but the two end boundary planes of a ring can be inclined to one another, which makes it possible to arrange them by means of an opposite or relatively twisted sequence such rings provide curvature of the tunnel or tunnel tube.

In this known expansion and also in other known segment extensions, the expansion forms an essentially rigid supporting body. It is known to anchor the mountains and to install flexible elements in the expansion in order to be able to carry the mountains along and to maintain a lower overall strength of the expansion. These have hitherto consisted of resilient elements made of built-in deformation bodies, which are attached between opposite longitudinal boundary surfaces of the rigid, rigid parts, mostly over a whole larger section of the expansion length. The load-bearing capacity of the individual tubbing rings must also be adapted to the rock pressure that is only effective in the ring itself in this type of expansion.

The object of the invention is to make adjustments to the outbreak lights in a tunnel or tunnel expansion of the type mentioned with simple means and using essentially constant elements, or to generate an installation pressure for the expansion on the mountains from the outset. One of the subtasks is to enable the flexibility of the expansion to be selected with simple means to better derive the rock pressure and to promote the self-supporting behavior of the rock.

The object is achieved in that in order to adapt the expansion to the outbreak lights or the rock pressure in at least some of the expansion sections, the circumferential length that determines the outbreak lights can be changed, for which purpose at least one segment stone on at least one end face of its expansion section with its frontal boundary surface offset from the frontal boundary surfaces of the neighboring segment stones and / or is adjustably attached from the aligned position of the end faces.

In principle, the concept of the invention can be realized both in tubular extensions in which the segment stones form segment rings, and in tunnel extensions which are open at the bottom and in which the segment stones form arches strung together. Although extensions made of similar segmental trapezoidal segments in the ring are preferred in the ring, extensions are also possible in which some of the segmental stones have the basic form of rectangles, rhomboids or trapezoids. Because of the existing inclined surfaces, you can either increase the diameter or reduce the diameter in the expansion section by aligning them with aligned faces or offset faces. It is only ever necessary to ensure that the gaps formed in the process towards the adjacent expansion section are properly filled. By increasing the diameter of the expansion sections with a corresponding offset of at least one segment stone, there is the possibility of bracing the expansion section against the mountains immediately upon completion in the eruption and thus absorbing part of the rock pressure or reducing the time between the first eruption and support of the mountains, which is particularly important is an advantage in poorly stable mountains However, as will be explained below, there is also the possibility of carrying out the expansion in such a way that it receives limited compliance with the rock pressure and thus has a more favorable carrying behavior.

According to a previously preferred embodiment, it is provided that, as is known per se, adjustable tubing stone having oppositely inclined longitudinal boundary surfaces, has a shorter length in the longitudinal direction of expansion than the stones adjacent in the removal section. In this version the tubbing stones, which are not adjustable in the longitudinal direction, can be attached with frontal boundary surfaces lying in common planes with one another.

In a further development of the invention, the at least staggered or adjustable attachable segmental brick with a gap spacing of its one end boundary surface from the adjacent expansion section can be attached and against an insert body arranged by the connections with the stones or connecting means adjacent in the expansion section with the following expansion section and / or in the gap defined resistance in the longitudinal direction can be adjusted to a limited extent.

This configuration also yields in the finished construction, whereby the forces acting in the sense of compressing the ring or arch have the possibility of adjusting the adjustable stone (s) in the lengthwise direction against a predetermined resistance. This simplifies and improves the force dissipation compared to all previously known systems, and it is also possible to avoid the compensation gaps that have been almost inevitable in the case of flexible expansion over the length of several expansion sections.

The adjustment behavior of the adjustable stone can be adapted to the respective needs with the aid of suitable means, and depending on the desired characteristic it can be provided that an adjustment of the stone is only possible after a predetermined resistance has been overcome and the force counteracting the adjustment of the stone also changes according to a desired characteristic. In the normal case, provision will be made for the force counteracting the adjustment to increase progressively with increasing adjustment travel, until finally the further adjustment of the stone is offered by the adjacent expansion section becomes. Various means can be used individually or in combination to achieve the desired characteristic of the resistance opposing the adjustment. A simple embodiment is that the gap receives an elastically or plastically compressible filling or insert, which can also be a seal for the gap. Among other things, deformable metal elements, springs accommodated in housings, compressible containers containing a liquid or a deformable mass, which allow the contents to escape against the resistance of a valve, are possible here.

It is preferably provided that the form-fitting connections of the adjustable segment stone consist of spring bodies made of plastic material inserted into longitudinal grooves of the longitudinal boundary surfaces, preferably having a round cross-section. If one thickens such spring bodies in the adjustment direction or provides that the mutually facing grooves receiving them become shallower towards the side facing away from the possible adjustment direction, the shape of the stone and the deformation of the spring-like insert bodies result in progressively increasing resistance when the stone is adjusted .

According to another possibility, the surfaces sliding on one another in the area of the longitudinal boundary surfaces or form-fitting connections during the adjustment of the segment stone have an increase in the coefficient of friction after the adjustment direction resulting in a reduction in the circumferential length of the expansion section.

In order to enable relative changes in diameter of successive ring-shaped or arch-shaped expansion sections, the end-side connecting means of the expansion sections can be flexible in the circumferential direction to a limited extent, in particular as an elongated hole-pin or elongated hole dowel connection be trained.

A largely uniform load of all stones in a section of expansion due to the rock pressure while avoiding local stress peaks and the possibility of providing a significantly reduced overall strength of the stones compared to rigid expansion is achieved in that the gap between excavation and removal is filled with plastically deformable material. Bitumen material can also be used here, which at the same time ensures adequate sealing of the tunnel or tunnel tube with respect to the mountains. A largely incompressible material is used. For the reduction of peak loads and to have to convert only part of the rock pressure into a diameter reduction of the expansion, derivations or receptacles can be provided for the plastically deformable filler material, so that the gap between excavation and expansion can decrease under the rock pressure. For the absorption of the material, inserts made of compressible material, e.g. B. rigid foam, may be provided, the rigid foam yielding from a certain pressure load and leaving a space for material absorption. If the inserts are provided in the longitudinal direction of the stones, guide grooves for the stone adjustment can be formed in the case of the adjustable stone. A transverse arrangement of the deposits results in transverse grooves which inhibit the adjustment of the stone and can thus contribute to the generation of the resistance opposed to the stone adjustment.

The described flexible expansion can be supplemented by holding at least some of the segmental stones, preferably the longitudinally non-adjustable segmental stones, in the segmentally variable length of the segment by means of flexible anchorages on the mountains.

According to a further development, it is finally provided that for the removal of the tunnels or tunnel sole in the case of an expansion of tubbing ring-forming sections, precast elements are provided in the form of slidably supported with their longitudinal edges on the inner wall of the lining, which can be connected at the longitudinal ends by connecting means at the ends.

With such prefabricated elements, in particular when designing the extension in the form of a tunnel tube, a floor part that can be walked on and driven over can be created together with the extension, under which, if it has the basic shape of a plate, drainage channels for the mountain water and later expansion shafts for laying of cables, lines or for which water and air supply and disposal can be attached. In the case of the present construction, sole stones have the advantage over an in-situ concrete or fill installation that a relative adjustment to the respective rings is possible by using suitable supports, so that when the diameter of the segment ring changes, the sole stone moves accordingly or the play between the sole stones and changes to the ring and so that the diameter change of the ring is not hindered by the sole expansion.

A preferred embodiment consists in that the base stones are designed as continuous base plates dividing a floor segment of the tunnel or tunnel tube from the rest of the cross-section of the pine tree, which have at least on the longitudinal edges intended for contact on opposite tube sides and with these downward thickening or longitudinal members Longitudinal edges are slidably supported so that they can rise or fall when the tube changes in diameter.

Further details and advantages of the subject matter of the invention can be found in the following description of the drawing.

• Fig. 1 in schematisch vereinfachter Darstellungsweise einen als Tübbingring ausgebildeten Ausbauabschnitt in Vorderansicht,
• Fig. 2 zur Erläuterung der Funktionsweise einen Teil des Tübbingringes nach Fig. 1 in abgewickelter Darstellung von außen gesehen,
• Fig. 3 eine entsprechende Darstellung zweier aufeinanderfolgender Tübbingringe,
• Fig. 4 eine Ausführungsvariante zum rechten Tübbingring der Fig. 3,
• Fig. 5 in kleinerem Maßstab eine Teilansicht mehrerer aufeinanderfolgender Tübbingringe ebenfalls in abgewickelter Darstellung von außen gesehen,
• Fig. 6 eine Ausführungsvariante eines Tübbingringes in abgewickelter Darstellung,
• Fig. 7 in größerem Maßstab die Nut-Federverbindung zwischen zwei im Ring aufeinanderfolgenden Steinen im Querschnitt und
• Fig. 8 ein Teilstück eines Tunnelausbaues im Schnitt durch das Gebirge.

The subject matter of the invention is illustrated in the drawing, for example. Show it

• 1 in a schematically simplified representation, an expansion section designed as a segment ring in a front view,
• 2 to explain the mode of operation, a part of the segment ring according to FIG. 1 seen in a developed view from the outside,
• 3 shows a corresponding representation of two successive segment rings,
• 4 shows a variant of the right segment ring of FIG. 3,
• 5 is a partial view on a smaller scale of several successive segment rings, also seen in a developed view from the outside,
• 6 shows a variant of a segment ring in a developed representation,
• Fig. 7 on a larger scale the tongue and groove connection between two successive stones in the ring in cross section and
• Fig. 8 shows a section of a tunnel expansion in section through the mountains.

The tunnel construction shown consists of construction sections 1 which each form a segment ring in the exemplary embodiment, but in another tunnel cross section can also be arch-shaped construction sections constructed from individual segment stones. 1 to 5 and 8, each segment ring 1 consists of six segment stones 2 to 7, the mutually facing longitudinal boundary surfaces 8 of which are inclined relative to the parallel to the tunnel or tunnel longitudinal axis, so that the stones 2 to 7 receive the basic shape of trapezoids, but of course they have a cylinder jacket. The inner and outer shell side was designated 9, 10.

The longitudinal boundary surfaces 8 are provided with grooves 11 running through their length, into which spring-like insert bodies 12 made of plastic material are inserted. The trapezoidal parallel sides 13, 14 are located on the end faces of the rings 1. For the end connection of successive rings 1, 2 to 7 insertion holes 15 are provided in the stones for receiving dowel-like connecting pieces, the insertion holes 15, as will be explained below can partially be formed as elongated holes parallel to the lateral surfaces in order to allow a small amount of relative rotation of successive tubbing rings if, as will be described later, the diameter of a ring is changed compared to the neighboring diameter.

As shown in FIGS. 2 to 4, at least the stone 2 has a shorter length than the neighboring stones 3 and 7 when viewed in the longitudinal direction of expansion. The stone 2 is first attached in such a way that its left end face is aligned with the end faces of the adjacent stones 3 and 7 is aligned, the diameter of the segment ring 1 can be increased by moving the stone to the right and thus the outer surface of the ring can be pressed against the mountains. If the stone is attached so that its right end face is flush with the end faces of stones 3 and 7, a gap 16 is formed on the other side of stone 2 to the adjacent ring. In Fig. 2 the forces acting by the rock pressure have been illustrated by arrows 17. Because of the inclination of the surfaces 8, these forces cause a transverse force 18 in the direction of the arrows 17, which tends to displace the stone 2 while reducing the gap 16 on the end face 14. This transverse force is counteracted by the friction between the parts 8, 11, 12, the transverse force naturally also being dependent on the angle of inclination of the surfaces 8, which in any case has to be greater than the angle of friction resulting from the self-locking. If the stone 2 is adjusted to the left, the ring diameter is reduced by a corresponding amount.

To achieve an adjustment resistance, compressible inserts or a filling made of a compressible material can be provided in the gap 16. In Fig. 4 is a directly attached to the stone 2 attached and mountable with it, z. B. made of metal deformation body 19 illustrated.

In Fig. 5 it is shown that with a corresponding offset of the same length of successive stones in the ring and attachment of ring joints between the stones also changes in diameter of the tube compared to a tube with stones, the end faces of which can be aligned. Here, too, some stones can be made shorter and, in addition to the set diameter, a change in diameter caused by rock forces.

As shown in FIG. 6, not all stones of a ring, like stones 3, 4, have to be trapezoidal. Rhomboid-shaped stones 20, 21 can also be used in the basic form, in particular for the basic structure, but preferably the stones 2 which are adjustable under the rock pressure will again be trapezoidal.

In Fig. 8 it is shown that the gap between the tunnel lining formed from successive tubbing rings 1 and the breakout edge 22 of the rock 23 can be filled with a plastically deformable mass 24 in order to distribute the rock pressure evenly over the entire ring and thus over the entire ring Ensure tube. In the outer jacket 10 of the stones, which are usually made of reinforced concrete, deposits 25 are made of compressible material, for. B. Styrofoam, ^(R) attached, which are deformed with increasing mountain pressure and then release depressions in which a part of the filler 24 is accommodated.

As shown in FIG. 1, plate-shaped sole stones 26 are provided for the removal of the tunnel or tunnel sole Support with longitudinal edges thickened to beams 27 on the inner jacket 9 so that they still allow changes in the diameter of the rings 1. Under the plate 26, a space 28 remains free, which may be divided into several shafts by standing walls and can be used for mountain water drainage or in tunnel operation for water supply and discharge lines, for the exhaust air line and also for the passage of cables. The sole blocks 26 can pass through one or more rings and are connected to one another again by means of dowels which can be inserted into openings 29.

Claims (12)

Tunnel or tunnel expansion, in which successive expansion sections (1) are each formed from a number of segment stones (2-7, 20, 21), the abutting longitudinal boundary surfaces (8) of which are inclined with respect to the parallel to the tunnel or tunnel longitudinal axis and with the lateral surfaces (9, 10) of these stones in the positive position holding positive connections, for. B. tongue and groove connections (11, 12) are provided, further connection means (15) being provided for the frontal connection to the segment stones of adjacent expansion sections, characterized in that for adapting the expansion to the outbreak lights or the rock pressure in at least one part the extension sections (1) can be changed in their circumferential length which determines the outbreak lights, for which purpose at least one segment stone (2) on at least one end face of its segment with its front boundary surface (14) is offset from the front boundary surfaces of the neighboring segment stones (3, 7) and / or is adjustably attached from the aligned position of the end faces. Tunnel or tunnel construction according to claim 1, characterized in that, as is known per se, adjustable segmental stone (2) with oppositely inclined longitudinal boundary surfaces (8) has a shorter length in the longitudinal direction of construction than the stones (3, 7) adjacent in the construction section (1) ) having. Tunnel or tunnel construction according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the at least one is offset or adjustable attachable segment stone (2) with a gap distance between its one end face (14) of adjacent expansion section (1) and against one through the connections (11, 12) with the adjacent stones or connecting means (15) with the following Removal section and / or in the gap (16) insert body (19) defined resistance in the longitudinal extension direction is adjustable. Tunnel or tunnel construction according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the gap (16) receives an elastically or plastically compressible filling or insert (19). Tunnel or tunnel construction according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the positive connections of the adjustable segment stone (2) consist of plastic bodies inserted into longitudinal grooves (11) of the longitudinal boundary surfaces (8), preferably having a round cross section . Tunnel or tunnel construction according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the surfaces sliding on one another in the region of the longitudinal boundary surfaces (8) or form-fitting connections (11, 12) when the segment stone (2) is adjusted become less after the Have circumferential length of the expansion section (1) resulting adjustment towards increasing coefficient of friction. Tunnel or tunnel construction according to one of Claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the end-side connecting means (15) of the construction sections (1) are designed to be flexible in the circumferential direction to a limited extent, in particular as elongated hole-peg or elongated hole dowel connections. Tunnel or tunnel construction according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the gap between the excavation (22) and the construction (1) is filled with plastically deformable material (24). Tunnel or tunnel construction according to claim, characterized in that the tubbing stones in the outer jacket (10) (2) inserts (25) made of compressible material, e.g. B. rigid foam are provided. Tunnel or tunnel construction according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that at least some of the segmental stones are held in the extension sections which can be changed in their circumferential length via flexible anchors on the mountains. Tunnel or tunnel extension according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that for the extension of the tunnel or tunnel sole when removing segments of tubbing rings, sections (1) of prefabricated elements in the form of sole stones which are displaceable with their longitudinal edges are supported on the inside wall (9) of the extension (26) are provided, which can be connected at the longitudinal ends by end-side connecting means (29). Tunnel or tunnel construction according to claim 11, characterized in that the base stones (26) are designed as continuous base plates which divide a floor segment (28) of the tunnel or tunnel tube from the remaining tube cross section and which are intended at least on the sides of the tube which are opposite for the system Have longitudinal edges downward thickening or longitudinal beam (27) and are supported with these longitudinal edges so that they can rise or fall when the diameter of the tube changes.

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