EP0516962B1 - Mechanical valve tappet for an internal combustion engine - Google Patents

Mechanical valve tappet for an internal combustion engine Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0516962B1
EP0516962B1 EP92106907A EP92106907A EP0516962B1 EP 0516962 B1 EP0516962 B1 EP 0516962B1 EP 92106907 A EP92106907 A EP 92106907A EP 92106907 A EP92106907 A EP 92106907A EP 0516962 B1 EP0516962 B1 EP 0516962B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
adjusting element
valve tappet
outer peripheral
peripheral surface
hub
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP92106907A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0516962A1 (en
Inventor
Walter Dipl.-Ing. Speil
Dieter Schmidt
Michael Dipl.-Ing. Zipprath
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
INA Waelzlager Schaeffler OHG
Original Assignee
INA Waelzlager Schaeffler OHG
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Publication date
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Publication of EP0516962A1 publication Critical patent/EP0516962A1/en
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Publication of EP0516962B1 publication Critical patent/EP0516962B1/en
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Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01LCYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L1/00Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
    • F01L1/12Transmitting gear between valve drive and valve
    • F01L1/14Tappets; Push rods
    • F01L1/143Tappets; Push rods for use with overhead camshafts
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01LCYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L1/00Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
    • F01L1/20Adjusting or compensating clearance
    • F01L1/205Adjusting or compensating clearance by means of shims or the like
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00Metal working
    • Y10T29/49Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49229Prime mover or fluid pump making
    • Y10T29/49298Poppet or I.C. engine valve or valve seat making
    • Y10T29/49304Valve tappet making

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a mechanical valve tappet which is arranged in a guide bore of a cylinder head of an internal combustion engine, which valve tappet consists of a cup-shaped housing which comprises a hollow cylindrical wall which is closed at one end by a base against which a control cam runs from the outside. While on the inside of the bottom there is an adjusting element with a flat end face, which is in contact with the end of a valve stem of a gas exchange valve with a plane-parallel end face, the adjusting element being designed as a solid component with a cylindrical outer surface and one inside the cup-shaped housing the hollow cylindrical wall is arranged concentric hub, the bore of which corresponds at least approximately to the outer diameter of the outer surface of the adjusting element.
  • a solution is known to the experts from FR-A 12 35 954, in which the setting element is fixed by means of a holder connected to the plunger.
  • the holder is designed here as a flat, cross-sectionally M-shaped component, which rests with its outer legs on an outer jacket of the tappet in question.
  • the wall must disadvantageously have an opening through which the outer legs are brought into contact with the wall of the plunger.
  • this fastening of the adjusting element proves to be relatively complex in terms of production technology, since an additional opening is provided in the wall of the plunger.
  • the opening weakens the rigidity of the plunger forming the generic term cited here, so that its wall may have to be made stronger.
  • Axial movement of the plunger is limited by the holder projecting radially beyond the wall of the plunger.
  • recesses are provided in the cylinder head in the area of the tappet, into which the holder can engage.
  • the clamping force of the holder is no longer sufficient, so that the adjusting element can become detached undesirably.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a valve tappet of the type mentioned, in which the disadvantages shown are eliminated and in particular in which a simple, secure and interchangeable attachment of its adjusting element is created, which should form an installation unit with the valve tappet.
  • This object is achieved by the fact that the position of the adjusting element in the interior of the valve tappet is achieved on the one hand via a separate thin-walled fastening element or a hub, which (s) on the other hand optionally only with respect to an inside of the closed wall or a lateral surface of a different one Bottom of the bottom in the axial direction extending central projection is set.
  • a separate thin-walled fastening element or a hub which (s) on the other hand optionally only with respect to an inside of the closed wall or a lateral surface of a different one Bottom of the bottom in the axial direction extending central projection is set.
  • the measures according to the invention guarantee a secure positional fixation of the adjusting element over the service life of the internal combustion engine, the interchangeability of the adjusting element also being provided.
  • the measures can be implemented on already existing, mechanically acting plungers, so that no subsequent changes, as shown in the prior art, are necessary, especially since the plunger according to the invention, which is present here, is advantageous with regard to the introduction of force by a start-up due to its fully symmetrical design Represents control cam.
  • the valve lifter shown in Figure 1 consists of the hollow cylindrical wall 1, which is closed at its upper end by the bottom 2, against which a control cam runs during operation.
  • the disc 3 bears against the base 2 and is formed in its center to form a hub 4.
  • This hub 4 receives the adjusting element 5, which is held in it under radial prestress.
  • the embodiment according to FIG. 2 differs from that according to FIG. 1 in that the hub 4 is provided at several circumferential locations with radially inwardly directed knobs 6 which bear against the adjusting element 5 with a prestress.
  • the hub 4 is provided at its end with a plurality of longitudinal slots 7 such that resilient tongues 8 result which hold the setting element - not shown in this figure - non-positively.
  • the embodiment according to FIG. 4 is similar to that according to FIG. 2, but differs from it in that the knobs 6 engage in a circumferential groove 9 of the setting element 5 and thus bring about a form-fitting mounting of the setting element 5.
  • the hub which holds the adjusting element under prestress is formed by a separate hollow cylindrical component 11 which, on the other hand, sits with prestress on a cylindrical projection which is made in one piece with the base 2.
  • FIG. 7 shows a variant in which a disk 13, which is connected to the hollow cylindrical wall 1 at a distance from the bottom 2, has an attachment 14 in its center, which engages in a positive manner in a groove 15 in the adjusting element 5.
  • FIGS. 8 and 9 finally show an embodiment in which a resilient component 16 is provided in the bore of the hollow cylindrical wall, which rests at three points 17 on the adjusting element 5 under tension and thus holds it in position.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Valve-Gear Or Valve Arrangements (AREA)
  • Valve Device For Special Equipments (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen mechanischen Ventilstößel, der in einer Führungsbohrung eines Zylinderkopfes einer Brennkraftmaschine angeordnet ist, welcher Ventilstößel aus einem tassenförmigen Gehäuse besteht, das eine hohlzylindrische Wandung umfaßt, die am einen Ende durch einen Boden verschlossen ist, gegen den von außen ein Steuernocken anläuft, während an der Innenseite des Bodens ein Einstellelement mit einer planen Stirnfläche anliegt, welches mit einer dazu planparallelen Stirnfläche in Kontakt mit dem Ende eines Ventilschaftes eines Gaswechselventils steht, wobei das Einstellelement als massives Bauteil mit zylindrischer Mantelfläche ausgebildet ist und im Inneren des tassenförmigen Gehäuses eine zu der hohlzylindrischen Wandung konzentrische Nabe angeordnet ist, deren Bohrung wenigstens annähernd dem Außendurchmesser der Mantelfläche des Einstellelements entspricht.The invention relates to a mechanical valve tappet which is arranged in a guide bore of a cylinder head of an internal combustion engine, which valve tappet consists of a cup-shaped housing which comprises a hollow cylindrical wall which is closed at one end by a base against which a control cam runs from the outside. While on the inside of the bottom there is an adjusting element with a flat end face, which is in contact with the end of a valve stem of a gas exchange valve with a plane-parallel end face, the adjusting element being designed as a solid component with a cylindrical outer surface and one inside the cup-shaped housing the hollow cylindrical wall is arranged concentric hub, the bore of which corresponds at least approximately to the outer diameter of the outer surface of the adjusting element.

Der Fachwelt ist aus der FR-A 12 35 954 eine Lösung vorbekannt, bei der das Einstellelement über eine mit dem Stößel verbundene Halterung fixiert ist. Die Halterung ist hier als flaches, im Querschnitt M-förmiges Bauteil ausgebildet, welches mit seinen Außenschenkeln an einem Außenmantel des betreffenden Stößels anliegt. Hierzu muß die Wandung nachteilig eine Durchbrechung aufweisen, durch die die Außenschenkel zur Anlage an die Wandung des Stößels gebracht sind. Diese Befestigung des Einstellelements erweist sich zum einen fertigungstechnisch als relativ aufwendig, da eine zusätzliche Durchbrechung in der Wandung des Stößels vorgesehen ist. Die Durchbrechung schwächt zum anderen die Steifigkeit des hier zitierten, oberbegriffsbildenden Stößels, so daß dessen Wandung ggf. stärker ausgebildet werden muß. Durch die die Wandung des Stößels radial überragende Halterung ist eine Axialbewegung des Stößels begrenzt. Um diese zu garantieren, sind bei der vorbekannten Lösung Aussparungen im Zylinderkopf im Bereich des Stößels vorgesehen, in welche die Halterung eingreifen kann. Zudem ist bei hohen Drehzahlen der jeweiligen Brennkraftmaschine damit zu rechnen, daß die Klemmkraft der Halterung nicht mehr ausreicht, so daß das Einstellelement sich unerwünscht lösen kann.A solution is known to the experts from FR-A 12 35 954, in which the setting element is fixed by means of a holder connected to the plunger. The holder is designed here as a flat, cross-sectionally M-shaped component, which rests with its outer legs on an outer jacket of the tappet in question. For this purpose, the wall must disadvantageously have an opening through which the outer legs are brought into contact with the wall of the plunger. On the one hand, this fastening of the adjusting element proves to be relatively complex in terms of production technology, since an additional opening is provided in the wall of the plunger. On the other hand, the opening weakens the rigidity of the plunger forming the generic term cited here, so that its wall may have to be made stronger. Axial movement of the plunger is limited by the holder projecting radially beyond the wall of the plunger. To guarantee this are in the known solution, recesses are provided in the cylinder head in the area of the tappet, into which the holder can engage. In addition, at high speeds of the respective internal combustion engine, it can be expected that the clamping force of the holder is no longer sufficient, so that the adjusting element can become detached undesirably.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, einen Ventilstößel der eingangs genannten Art zu schaffen, bei dem die aufgezeigten Nachteile beseitigt sind und bei dem insbesondere eine einfache, sichere und auswechselbare Befestigung seines Einstellelements geschaffen ist, wobei dieses mit dem Ventilstößel eine Einbaueinheit bilden soll.The object of the invention is to provide a valve tappet of the type mentioned, in which the disadvantages shown are eliminated and in particular in which a simple, secure and interchangeable attachment of its adjusting element is created, which should form an installation unit with the valve tappet.

Diese Aufgabe löst die Erfindung dadurch, daß eine Lagefixierung des Einstellelements im Inneren des Ventilstößels einerseits über ein gesondertes dünnwandiges Befestigungselement bzw. eine Nabe erfolgt, welche(s) andererseits wahlweise ausschließlich gegenüber einer Innenseite der geschlossen ausgebildeten Wandung bzw. einer Mantelfläche eines sich von einer Unterseite des Bodens in Axialrichtung erstreckenden zentrischen Vorsprungs festgelegt ist. Durch eine solche Ausbildung ist es möglich, Einstellelemente unterschiedlicher Längensortierung vorrätig zu halten, die vor der Motorenmontage mit dem Ventilstößel zu einer Baueinheit zusammengefügt werden. Diese Ausbildung wird zugleich mit nur geringem Fertigungsaufwand erzielt, wobei eine ausreichend genaue Fixierung des Einstellelements in bezug auf das anlaufende Gaswechselventil geschaffen ist. Die erfindungsgemäßen Maßnahmen garantieren eine sichere Lagebefestigung des Einstellelements über die Lebensdauer der Brennkraftmaschine hinweg, wobei auch eine Austauschbarkeit des Einstellelements vorgesehen ist. Die Maßnahmen können an bereits vorliegenden, mechanisch wirkenden Stößeln realisiert werden, so daß keine nachträglichen Änderungen, wie beim Stand der Technik aufgezeigt, an diesen erforderlich sind, zumal der hier vorliegende, erfindungsgemäße Stößel durch seine vollsymmetrische Ausbildung sich günstig hinsichtlich einer Krafteinleitung durch einen anlaufenden Steuernocken darstellt. Durch die Lagefixierung des dünnwandigen Befestigungselements gegenüber einer Innenseite der Wandung, welche hier geschlossen ausgebildet ist, wird eine unnötige Schwächung der Wandung durch die beim Stand der Technik vorliegende Aussparung vermieden. Zugleich kann auf separate Aussparungen in der Bohrung des Zylinderkopfes für die beim Stand der Technik am Außenmantel der Wandung anliegende Befestigungsklammer verzichtet werden.This object is achieved by the fact that the position of the adjusting element in the interior of the valve tappet is achieved on the one hand via a separate thin-walled fastening element or a hub, which (s) on the other hand optionally only with respect to an inside of the closed wall or a lateral surface of a different one Bottom of the bottom in the axial direction extending central projection is set. Such a design makes it possible to keep setting elements of different length sorting in stock, which are assembled into a structural unit with the valve tappet prior to the motor assembly. This design is at the same time achieved with little manufacturing effort, with a sufficiently precise fixing of the adjusting element in relation to the starting gas exchange valve being created. The measures according to the invention guarantee a secure positional fixation of the adjusting element over the service life of the internal combustion engine, the interchangeability of the adjusting element also being provided. The measures can be implemented on already existing, mechanically acting plungers, so that no subsequent changes, as shown in the prior art, are necessary, especially since the plunger according to the invention, which is present here, is advantageous with regard to the introduction of force by a start-up due to its fully symmetrical design Represents control cam. By fixing the position of the thin-walled fastening element in relation to an inside of the wall, which is designed here closed, unnecessary weakening of the wall is avoided by the recess present in the prior art. At the same time, there is no need for separate cutouts in the bore of the cylinder head for the fastening clip which is in contact with the outer jacket of the wall in the prior art.

Besonders vorteilhafte Ausführungsformen des erfindungsgemäßen Ventilstößels sind in den Unteransprüchen beschrieben.Particularly advantageous embodiments of the valve lifter according to the invention are described in the subclaims.

In den Zeichnungen (keine Figur 5) sind Längsschnitte durch unterschiedliche Ausführungen des erfindungsgemäßen Ventilstößels dargestellt. Figur 9 zeigt einen Querschnitt nach Linie IX-IX der Figur 8.In the drawings (no figure 5) longitudinal sections through different designs of the valve lifter according to the invention are shown. Figure 9 shows a cross section along line IX-IX of Figure 8.

Der in Figur 1 dargestellte Ventilstößel besteht aus der hohlzylindrischen Wandung 1, die an ihrem oberen Ende durch den Boden 2 verschlossen ist, gegen den im Betrieb ein Steuernocken anläuft. Im Stößelinneren liegt gegen den Boden 2 die Scheibe 3 an, die in ihrer Mitte zu einer Nabe 4 ausgeformt ist. Diese Nabe 4 nimmt das Einstellelement 5 auf, welches in ihr unter radialer Vorspannung gehalten ist.The valve lifter shown in Figure 1 consists of the hollow cylindrical wall 1, which is closed at its upper end by the bottom 2, against which a control cam runs during operation. In the interior of the tappet, the disc 3 bears against the base 2 and is formed in its center to form a hub 4. This hub 4 receives the adjusting element 5, which is held in it under radial prestress.

Die Ausführung nach Figur 2 unterscheidet sich von der nach Figur 1 dadurch, daß die Nabe 4 an mehreren Umfangsstellen mit radial nach innen gerichteten Noppen 6 versehen ist, die mit Vorspannung an dem Einstellelement 5 anliegen.The embodiment according to FIG. 2 differs from that according to FIG. 1 in that the hub 4 is provided at several circumferential locations with radially inwardly directed knobs 6 which bear against the adjusting element 5 with a prestress.

Nach Figur 3 ist die Nabe 4 an ihrem Ende mit mehreren Längsschlitzen 7 derart versehen, daß sich federnde Zungen 8 ergeben, die das - in dieser Figur nicht dargestellte - Einstellelement kraftschlüssig halten.According to Figure 3, the hub 4 is provided at its end with a plurality of longitudinal slots 7 such that resilient tongues 8 result which hold the setting element - not shown in this figure - non-positively.

Die Ausführung nach Figur 4 hat Ähnlichkeit mit der nach Figur 2, unterscheidet sich von dieser jedoch dadurch, daß die Noppen 6 in eine Umfangsrille 9 des Einstellelementes 5 eingreifen und so eine formschlüssige Halterung des Einstellelementes 5 bewirken.The embodiment according to FIG. 4 is similar to that according to FIG. 2, but differs from it in that the knobs 6 engage in a circumferential groove 9 of the setting element 5 and thus bring about a form-fitting mounting of the setting element 5.

Nach Figur 6 wird die Nabe, die das Einstellelement unter Vorspannung hält, durch ein separates hohlzylindrisches Bauteil 11 gebildet, welches andererseits mit Vorspannung auf einem zylindrischen Vorsprung sitzt, der einstückig mit dem Boden 2 hergestellt ist.According to FIG. 6, the hub which holds the adjusting element under prestress is formed by a separate hollow cylindrical component 11 which, on the other hand, sits with prestress on a cylindrical projection which is made in one piece with the base 2.

In Figur 7 ist eine Variante dargestellt bei der eine Scheibe 13, die im Abstand vom Boden 2 mit der hohlzylindrischen Wandung 1 verbunden ist, in ihrer Mitte einen Ansatz 14 aufweist, der formschlüssig in eine Rille 15 des Einstellelementes 5 eingreift.FIG. 7 shows a variant in which a disk 13, which is connected to the hollow cylindrical wall 1 at a distance from the bottom 2, has an attachment 14 in its center, which engages in a positive manner in a groove 15 in the adjusting element 5.

Die Figuren 8 und 9 zeigen schließlich eine Ausführung, bei der in der Bohrung der hohlzylindrischen Wandung ein federndes Bauteil 16 vorgesehen ist, welches an drei Punkten 17 an dem Einstellelement 5 unter Vorspannung anliegt und dieses damit in seiner Position hält.FIGS. 8 and 9 finally show an embodiment in which a resilient component 16 is provided in the bore of the hollow cylindrical wall, which rests at three points 17 on the adjusting element 5 under tension and thus holds it in position.

Zur Befestigung der Scheiben 3 oder 13, bzw. des federnden Bauteiles 16 an dem Ventilstößel sagen die Zeichnungen absichtlich nichts aus, denn es sind in diesem Zusammenhang alle denkbaren Befestigungsarten, wie z. B. Schweißen, Löten, Kleben oder Verprägen durch spanlose Verformung denkbar.For the purpose of fastening the disks 3 or 13, or the resilient component 16 to the valve tappet, the drawings intentionally say nothing, because in this connection all conceivable types of fastening, such as, for example, B. conceivable welding, soldering, gluing or stamping by non-cutting deformation.

Claims (7)

  1. Mechanical valve tappet arranged in a guide bore of a cylinder head of an internal combustion engine, which valve tappet comprises a cup-shaped housing with a hollow cylindrical wall (1) closed at one end by a bottom (2) against which a control cam runs from the outside while an adjusting element (5) bears against the inner surface of the bottom by a first flat end face and is in contact with the end of a valve stem of a gas exchange valve by a second end face which is parallel to the first end face, the adjusting element (5) being made as a solid component with a cylindrical outer peripheral surface, and there being arranged within the cup-shaped housing, a hub which is concentric with the hollow cylindrical wall (1) and has a bore corresponding at least approximately to the outer diameter of the outer peripheral surface of the adjusting element (5), characterized in that a positional fixing of the adjusting element (5) within the valve tappet is effected by a separate thin-walled fixing element or hub (3, 4; 11; 16) which is optionally fixed exclusively relative to an inner surface of the closed wall (1) or relative to an outer peripheral surface of a cylindrical projection (12) extending in an axial direction from an underface of the bottom (2).
  2. Valve tappet according to claim 1, characterized in that the fixing element (3, 4) within the housing is formed by a radially extending, rotationally symmetrical disc (3, 13) which is supported at least indirectly on an underface of the bottom (2) and extends upto the wall (1), while a radially inner portion of the disc (3, 13) extends in an axial direction to form the hub (4) (Figs. 1 to 4, 7).
  3. Valve tappet according to claim 2, characterized in that at some peripheral points of the hub (4) there are formed inwardly projecting knobs (6) which can also be configured in the form of a circumferential neck (14), and the knobs (6), or the neck (14), bear under resilient pre-tension against the outer peripheral surface of the adjusting element (5) (Figs. 2, 4, 7).
  4. Valve tappet according to claim 3, characterized in that in the outer peripheral surface of the adjusting element (5) there are provided recesses (9, 15) which interlock with the knobs (6) of the hub (4) or with the neck (14) (Figs. 4, 7).
  5. Valve tappet according to claim 2, characterized in that over a part of its length, the hub (4) is divided by longitudinal slits (7) into resilient tongues (8) which bear under pre-tension against the outer peripheral surface of the adjusting element (5) (Fig. 3).
  6. Valve tappet according to claim 1, characterized in that the projection (12) extending in an axial direction from the underface of the bottom (2) has a solid cylindrical configuration and the fixing element is in the form of an annular component (11) which engages under pre-tension simultaneously around the outer peripheral surface of the adjusting element (5) and around the projection (12) (Fig. 6).
  7. Valve tappet according to claim 1, characterized in that several curved leaf springs (16) made in one piece with one another and arranged spaced over the periphery on the inner surface of the hollow cylindrical wall (1) constitute the fixing element whose centre of rotation extends along the longitudinal axis of the tappet, and the leaf springs (16) bear by their ends against the inner surface of the hollow cylindrical wall (1) and are curved in their intermediate regions towards the centre of the tappet so as to bear against the outer peripheral surface of the adjusting element (5) under elastic pre-tension (Figs. 8, 9).
EP92106907A 1991-06-07 1992-04-23 Mechanical valve tappet for an internal combustion engine Expired - Lifetime EP0516962B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4118776A DE4118776A1 (en) 1991-06-07 1991-06-07 MECHANICAL VALVE TUNEL FOR AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
DE4118776 1991-06-07

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0516962A1 EP0516962A1 (en) 1992-12-09
EP0516962B1 true EP0516962B1 (en) 1995-08-02

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US (1) US5267538A (en)
EP (1) EP0516962B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH05179906A (en)
BR (1) BR9202155A (en)
DE (2) DE4118776A1 (en)

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DE10360467B4 (en) * 2003-12-22 2011-11-10 Trw Deutschland Gmbh Mechanical valve lifter
DE102004056458A1 (en) * 2004-11-23 2006-06-14 Schaeffler Kg tappets

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE8902780U1 (en) * 1989-03-08 1989-04-20 INA Wälzlager Schaeffler KG, 8522 Herzogenaurach Self-adjusting hydraulic valve tappet

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH05179906A (en) 1993-07-20
DE4118776A1 (en) 1992-12-10
BR9202155A (en) 1993-01-26
DE59203083D1 (en) 1995-09-07
EP0516962A1 (en) 1992-12-09
US5267538A (en) 1993-12-07

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