EP0516461A1 - Schmierölzusammensetzungen, Konzentrate und ihre Verwendung - Google Patents

Schmierölzusammensetzungen, Konzentrate und ihre Verwendung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0516461A1
EP0516461A1 EP92304930A EP92304930A EP0516461A1 EP 0516461 A1 EP0516461 A1 EP 0516461A1 EP 92304930 A EP92304930 A EP 92304930A EP 92304930 A EP92304930 A EP 92304930A EP 0516461 A1 EP0516461 A1 EP 0516461A1
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Prior art keywords
oil
component
acid
phosphorus
soluble
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EP92304930A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0516461B1 (de
Inventor
David Lee Wooton
Edmund Frank Perozzi
James Donald Tschannen
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Afton Chemical Corp
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Afton Chemical Corp
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    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
    • C10N2010/02—Groups 1 or 11
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
    • C10N2010/04—Groups 2 or 12
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
    • C10N2010/06—Groups 3 or 13
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
    • C10N2010/08—Groups 4 or 14
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
    • C10N2010/12—Groups 6 or 16
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
    • C10N2010/14—Group 7
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
    • C10N2010/16—Groups 8, 9, or 10
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
    • C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2070/00—Specific manufacturing methods for lubricant compositions
    • C10N2070/02—Concentrating of additives

Definitions

  • This invention relates to oleaginous compositions of enhanced performance characteristics, to additive concentrates for enhancing the performance characteristics of oleaginous base fluids (e.g., lubricants and functional fluids), and to methods of achieving such enhanced performance characteristics.
  • oleaginous base fluids e.g., lubricants and functional fluids
  • This invention provides additive systems capable of imparting enhanced performance characteristics to natural and synthetic oils of lubricating viscosity.
  • this invention makes it possible to achieve such enhanced performance with additive systems containing reduced amounts of metal-containing performance enhancers such as metal dithiophosphates (e.g., zinc dialkyldithiophosphates) and/or metal dithiocarbamates.
  • metal-containing performance enhancers such as metal dithiophosphates (e.g., zinc dialkyldithiophosphates) and/or metal dithiocarbamates.
  • a composition comprising a major proportion of at least one oil of lubricating viscosity and a minor proportion of at least the following components: a) one or more oil-soluble metal hydrocarbyl dithiophosphates or dithiocarbamates; and b) one or more oil-soluble boron-free additive compositions formed by heating (i) at least one boron-free oil-soluble ashless dispersant containing basic nitrogen and/or at least one hydroxyl group, with (ii) at least one inorganic phosphorus acid such that a liquid boron-free phosphorus-containing composition is formed.
  • components a) and b) of such compositions makes it possible to achieve performance levels (reduction in sludge formation and/or deposition and reduction in wear in gears and/or other relatively moveable metal surfaces in contact with each other) normally achieved, if at all, by higher concentrations of component a). Moreover, these performance levels can be maintained for long periods of time despite the well-known relatively low thermal stability of compounds such as the zinc dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphates.
  • Another advantage of this invention is that certain preferred combinations of components a) and b) can exhibit good compatibility toward elastomers commonly employed in the manufacture of seals or gaskets, clutch plate facings, diaphragms, etc., such as nitrile rubbers, fluoroelastomers, and silicone-type elastomers.
  • elastomers commonly employed in the manufacture of seals or gaskets, clutch plate facings, diaphragms, etc.
  • elastomers commonly employed in the manufacture of seals or gaskets, clutch plate facings, diaphragms, etc.
  • nitrile rubbers such as nitrile rubbers, fluoroelastomers, and silicone-type elastomers.
  • such elastomers are not subjected to excessive degradation when in contact under actual service conditions with a preferred lubricant or functional fluid composition of this invention containing particular combinations of components a) and b), which combinations are thus preferred because of this advantageous property which they possess and exhibit
  • component b) should be formed from one or more sulfur-free inorganic phosphorus acids and the overall sulfur content of the finished lubricant or functional fluid composition should be kept below 1% and most preferably below 0.3% based on the total weight of the finished lubricant or functional fluid composition.
  • Another embodiment of this invention involves the discovery, inter alia, that basic alkali metal-containing and/ or basic alkaline earth metal-containing detergents of the types generally known to be useful in oleaginous fluids (e.g., overbased sulfonates, overbased phenates, overbased sulfurized phenates, overbased salicylates, overbased sulfurized salicylates, etc.) can serve a dual role in the compositions of this invention. Besides contributing detergency to the compositions, such metal compounds can serve to reduce corrosive attack on so-called "yellow metals" such as copper, bronze, and the like. Detergents of the foregoing types having a total base number (TBN) of at least 50 are utilized in the practice of this embodiment of the invention. TBN is determined in accordance with ASTM D-2896-88.
  • composition comprising a major proportion of at least one oil of lubricating viscosity and a minor proportion of at least the following components:
  • Additive concentrates comprising at least components a) and b) above, and preferably additionally containing component c), i.e., one or more suitably basic, oil-soluble alkali metal-containing and/or alkaline earth metal-containing detergents, constitute additional embodiments of this invention.
  • Such concentrates contain a minor proportion of at least one diluent oil of lubricating viscosity (usually a process oil) and a major proportion of the active ingredients or components utilized in forming the additive concentrate.
  • a lubricant or functional fluid by adding the components separately into the oil (rather than blending into the oil an additive concentrate of this invention formed in the manner specified in this paragraph -which is most preferred), it is preferable to either add a preblend of components b) and c) to the oil before blending component a) in the oil, or to separately blend components b) and c) into the oil (in either order) before blending component a) into the oil. Accordingly, the blending procedures and modes of addition set forth in this paragraph constitute still additional preferred embodiments of this invention.
  • compositions are of particular effectiveness under conditions where scuffing wear is likely to be encountered.
  • component c) in these compositions, it is possible to achieve satisfactory results with compositions comprising components a), b), and d), and devoid of component c).
  • these latter compositions form yet another embodiment of this invention.
  • additive concentrates which comprise the above components a), b), c), and d), and additive concentrates which comprise the above components a), b) and d) form still additional embodiments of this invention.
  • component a) is at least one oil-soluble metal hydrocarbyl dithiophosphate (preferably a zinc hydrocarbyl dithiophosphate and most preferably a zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate), and in which the relative proportions of components a) and b) are such that the atom ratio of phosphorus in the form of component a) to phosphorus in the form of component b), respectively, falls in the range of 10:1 to 0.01:1 (and more preferably in the range of 5:1 to 0.1:1 and most preferably in the range of 4:1 to 1:1).
  • oil-soluble metal hydrocarbyl dithiophosphate preferably a zinc hydrocarbyl dithiophosphate and most preferably a zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate
  • compositions of these types which additionally contain component c) in an amount such that the atom ratio of total metal in the form of component a) to total metal in the form of component c), respectively, falls in the range of 0.01:1 to 10:1 (and more preferably in the range of 0.1:1 to 4:1).
  • lubricant and functional fluid compositions can provide a high level of performance.
  • crankcase lubricant composition which comprises a major proportion of at least one oil of lubricating viscosity and a minor proportion of at least the following components:
  • component a) is one or more oil-soluble metal hydrocarbyl dithiophosphates
  • the amount of phosphorus present in the form of component b) is equal to or in excess of the amount of phosphorus present in the form of component a).
  • component a) is composed of one or more oil-soluble zinc dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphates, wherein components a) and b) are proportioned such that the atom ratio of phosphorus in the form of component a) to phosphorus in the form of component b), respectively, falls in the range of 4:1 to 1:1, and wherein the phosphorus content of such fluids is in the range of 0.05 to 0.15% by weight of the total composition, especially where such fluids additionally contain at least one oil-soluble alkali or alkaline earth metal-containing detergent having a TBN of at least 50, preferably above 100, more preferably above 200, and most preferably above 300.
  • TBN oil-soluble alkali or alkaline earth metal-containing detergent
  • inventions of this invention include the provision of methods for inhibiting sludge formation and/or deposition in oils normally tending to occur during actual service conditions, and methods for imparting antiwear and/or extreme pressure properties to oils of lubricating viscosity.
  • Lubricant or functional fluid compositions having a total halogen content, if any, not exceeding 100 ppm, and additive concentrates which, if dissolved in a halogen-free base oil, at a concentration of 10% by weight, yield and oleaginous composition in which the total halogen content, if any, is 100 ppm or less.
  • Lubricant or functional fluid compositions of the invention may contain at least about 0.03% of phosphorus, preferably at least about 0.04% of phosphorus, more preferably at least about 0.05% of phosphorus, and most preferably at least about 0.06% of phosphorus, as component (b).
  • the lubricant or functional fluid compositions of the invention are especially useful when used in a mechanical mechanism, e.g. an internal combustion engine, which may be a spark-ignition (gasoline) engine or a compression-ignition (diesel) engine, or a vehicular transmission, which may be automatic or manual, or a gear box, in contact with an elastomeric material such as a fluoroelastomer.
  • a mechanical mechanism e.g. an internal combustion engine, which may be a spark-ignition (gasoline) engine or a compression-ignition (diesel) engine, or a vehicular transmission, which may be automatic or manual, or a gear box, in contact with an elastomeric material such as a fluoroelastomer.
  • additives there are two general categories of additives which may be used singly or in combination with each other as component a) in the practice of this invention.
  • One type is comprised of oil-soluble metal hydrocarbyl dithiophosphates.
  • the other is comprised of oil-soluble metal hydrocarbyl dithiocarbamates.
  • Type 1 - Metal hydrocarbyl dithiophosphates .
  • metal hydrocarbyl dithiophosphates are usually prepared by reacting phosphorus pentasulfide with one or more alcohols or phenolic compounds or diols to produce a hydrocarbyl dithiophosphoric acid which is then neutralized with one or more metal-containing bases.
  • a monohydric alcohol or phenol is used in this reaction, the final product is a metal dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate.
  • a suitable diol e.g., 2,4-pentanediol
  • the final product is a metal salt of a cyclic hydrocarbyl dithiophosphoric acid. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,089,850.
  • typical oil-soluble metal hydrocarbyl dithiophosphates used as component a) may be represented by the formula where R1 and R2 are, independently, hydrocarbyl groups or taken together are a single hydrocarbyl group forming a cyclic structure with the phosphorus and two oxygen atoms, preferably a hydrocarbyl-substituted trimethylene group of sufficient carbon content to render the compound oil soluble, M is a metal, and x is an integer corresponding to the valence of M.
  • the preferred compounds are those in which R1 and R2 are separate hydrocarbyl groups (i.e., the metal dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphates).
  • hydrocarbyl groups of the metal dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphates will contain no more than 50 carbon atoms each although even higher molecular weight hydrocarbyl groups can be present in the compound.
  • the hydrocarbyl groups include cyclic and acyclic groups, both saturated and unsaturated, such as alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, cycloalkylalkyl, aralkyl, and the like. It will be understood that the hydrocarbyl groups may contain elements other than carbon and hydrogen provided such other elements do not detract from the predominantly hydrocarbonaceous character of the hydrocarbyl group.
  • hydrocarbyl groups may contain ether oxygen atoms, thioether sulfur atoms, secondary or tertiary amino nitrogen atoms, and/or inert functional groups such as esterified carboxylic groups, keto groups, thioketo groups, and the like.
  • the metals present in the oil-soluble metal dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphates and oil-soluble metal cyclic hydrocarbyl dithiophosphates include such metals as lithium, sodium, potassium, copper, magnesium, calcium, zinc, strontium, cadmium, barium, mercury, aluminum, tin, lead, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, etc., as well as combinations of two or more such metals.
  • the salts containing group II metals, aluminum, lead, tin, molybdenum, manganese, cobalt, and/or nickel are preferred.
  • the dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphates of zinc and copper are particularly preferred, with the zinc salts being the most preferred type of compound for use as component a).
  • the phosphorodithioic acids from which the metal salts are formed can be prepared by the reaction of 4 moles of one or more alcohols (cyclic or acyclic) or one or more phenols or mixture of one or more alcohols and one or more phenols (or 2 moles of one or more diols) per mole of phosphorus pentasulfide, and the reaction may be carried out within a temperature range of from 50 to 200°C. The reaction generally is completed in 1 to 10 hours. Hydrogen sulfide is liberated during the reaction.
  • Another method for the preparation of the phosphorodithioic acids involves reaction of one or more alcohols and/or one or more phenols with phosphorus sesquisulfide in the presence of sulfur such as is described in PCT International Publication No. WO 90/07512. This reaction is conducted at an elevated temperature, preferably in the range of 85-150°C with an overall atomic P:S ratio of at least 2.5:1.
  • the alcohols used in forming the phosphorodithioic acids by either of the above methods are preferably primary alcohols, or secondary alcohols. Mixtures thereof are also suitable.
  • the primary alcohols include propanol, butanol, isobutyl alcohol, pentanol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, isooctyl alcohol, nonanol, decanol, undecanol, dodecanol, tridecanol, tetradecanol, octadecanol, eicosanol, and the like.
  • the primary alcohols may contain various substituent groups such as halogen atoms, nitro groups, etc., which do not interfere with the desired reaction.
  • suitable secondary alcohols are included 2-butanol, 2-pentanol, 3-pentanol, 2-hexanol, 5-methyl-2-hexanol, and the like.
  • mixtures of various alcohols such as mixtures of 2-propanol with one or more higher molecular weight primary alcohols, especially primary alcohols having from 4 to 13 carbon atoms in the molecule.
  • Such mixtures preferably contain at least 10 mole percent of 2-propanol, and usually will contain from 20 to 90 mole percent of 2-propanol.
  • the alcohol comprises 30 to 50 mole percent of 2-propanol, 30 to 50 mole percent isobutyl alcohol and 10 to 30 mole percent of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol.
  • alcohols include 2-propanol/butanol; 2-propanol/2-butanol; 2-propanol/2-ethyl-1-hexanol; butanol/2-ethyl-1-hexanol; isobutyl alcohol/2-ethyl-1-hexanol; and 2-propanol/tridecanol.
  • Cycloaliphatic alcohols suitable for use in the production of the phosphorodithioic acids include cyclopentanol, cyclohexanol, methylcyclohexanol, cyclooctanol, borneol and the like.
  • such alcohols are used in combination with one or more primary alkanols such as butanol, isobutyl alcohol, or the like.
  • Illustrative phenols which can be employed in forming the phosphorodithioic acids include phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, 4-ethylphenol, 2,4-xylenol, and the like. It is desirable to employ phenolic compounds in combination with primary alkanols such propanol, butanol, hexanol, or the like.
  • alcohols which can be employed include benzyl alcohol, cyclohexenol, and their ring-alkylated analogs.
  • the resultant product will normally comprise a mixture of three or more different dihydrocarbyl phosphorodithioic acids, usually in the form of a statistical distribution in relation to the number and proportions of alcohols and/or phenols used.
  • Illustrative diols which can be used in forming the phosphorodithioic acids include 2,4-pentanediol, 2,4-hexanediol, 3,5-heptanediol, 7-methyl-2,4-octanediol, neopentyl glycol, 2-butyl-1,3-propanediol, 2,2-diethyl-1,3-propanediol, and the like.
  • the preparation of the metal salts of the dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphoric acids or the cyclic hydrocarbyl dithiophosphoric acids is usually effected by reacting the acid product with a suitable metal compound such as a metal carbonate, metal hydroxide, metal alkoxide, metal oxide, or other appropriate metal salt. Simply mixing and heating such reactants is normally sufficient to cause the reaction to occur and the resulting product is usually of sufficient purity for use in the practice of this invention.
  • the salts are formed in the presence of a diluent such as an alcohol, water or a light mineral oil.
  • Neutral salts are prepared by reacting one equivalent of metal oxide or hydroxide with one equivalent of the acid.
  • Basic metal salts are prepared by adding an excess (i.e., more than one equivalent) of the metal oxide or hydroxide with one equivalent of the dihydrocarbyl phosphorodithioic acid or cyclic hydrocarbyl phosphorodithioic acid.
  • Illustrative metal compounds which may be used in such reactions include calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, silver oxide, silver carbonate, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, magnesium ethoxide, zinc oxide, zinc hydroxide, strontium oxide, strontium hydroxide, cadmium oxide, cadmium hydroxide, cadmium carbonate, barium oxide, aluminum oxide, aluminum propoxide, iron carbonate, copper hydroxide, lead oxide, tin butoxide, cobalt oxide, nickel hydroxide, manganese oxide, and the like.
  • incorporation of certain ingredients such as small amounts of metal acetate or acetic acid in conjunction with the metal reactant will facilitate the reaction and provide an improved product.
  • certain ingredients such as small amounts of metal acetate or acetic acid
  • use of up to 5% of zinc acetate in combination with the required amount of zinc oxide tends to facilitate the formation of zinc dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphates.
  • the preferred types of metal salts of dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphoric acids are the oil-soluble metal salts of dialkyl dithiophosphoric acids.
  • Such compounds generally contain alkyl groups having at least three carbon atoms, and preferably the alkyl groups contain up to 10 carbon atoms although as noted above, even higher molecular weight alkyl groups are entirely feasible.
  • a few illustrative zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates include zinc diisopropyl dithiophosphate, zinc dibutyl dithiophosphate, zinc diisobutyl dithiophosphate, zinc di-sec-butyl dithiophosphate, the zinc dipentyl dithiophosphates, the zinc dihexyl dithiophosphates, the zinc diheptyl dithiophosphates, the zinc dioctyl dithiophosphates, the zinc dinonyl dithiophosphates, the zinc didecyl dithiophosphates, and the higher homologs thereof.
  • metal salts of dithiophosphoric acids formed from mixtures of isopropyl alcohol and secondary butyl alcohol; isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and 2-ethylhexyl alcohol; isopropyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, and pentyl alcohol; isobutyl alcohol and octyl alcohol; and the like.
  • the metal dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphate additives of the type described above may be treated with an epoxide to form an adduct.
  • the most suitable metal dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphates useful in forming such adducts are the zinc dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphates.
  • the epoxides comprise alkylene oxides and arylalkylene oxides. Typical alkylene oxides which may be used include alkylene oxides having up to 8 carbon atoms in the molecule, such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, 1,2-butene oxide, trimethylene oxide, tetramethylene oxide, butadiene monoepoxide, 1,2-hexene oxide, epichlorohydrin, and the like.
  • the arylalkylene oxides are exemplified by styrene oxide.
  • Suitable epoxides include, for example, butyl 9,10-epoxystearate, epoxidized soybean oil, epoxidized tung oil, and epoxidized styrene-butadiene copolymer. Procedures for preparing epoxide adducts are known and are reported, for example, in U. S. Pat. No. 3,390,082.
  • the adduct may be obtained by simply mixing the metal phosphorodithioate and the epoxide.
  • the reaction is usually exothermic and may be carried out within wide temperature limits from 0°C to 300°C. Because the reaction is exothermic, it is best carried out by adding one reactant, usually the epoxide, in small increments to the other reactant in order to obtain convenient control of the temperature of the reaction.
  • the reaction may be carried out in a solvent such as benzene, mineral oil, naphtha, or n-hexene.
  • the chemical structure of the adduct is not known.
  • Another type of metal dihydrocarbyl phosphorodithioate additives contemplated as useful as component a) in the compositions of this invention comprises mixed-acid metal salts of a combination of (a) at least one phosphorodithioic acid of the formula (RO)(R′O)PSSH, as exemplified above (R and R′ being, independently, hydrocarbyl groups (or taken together, a single hydrocarbyl group forming a cyclic moiety with the two oxygen atoms and the phosphorus atom) of sufficient carbon content to render the salt soluble in lubricating oil), and (b) at least one aliphatic or alicyclic carboxylic acid.
  • R and R′ being, independently, hydrocarbyl groups (or taken together, a single hydrocarbyl group forming a cyclic moiety with the two oxygen atoms and the phosphorus atom) of sufficient carbon content to render the salt soluble in lubricating oil
  • R and R′ being, independently, hydrocarby
  • the carboxylic acid may be a monocarboxylic or polycarboxylic acid, usually containing from 1 to 3 carboxy groups and preferably only one. It may contain from 2 to 40, preferably from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, and advantageously 5 to 20 carbon atoms.
  • the preferred carboxylic acids are those having the formula R3COOH, wherein R3 is an aliphatic or alicyclic hydrocarbon-based radical preferably free from acetylenic unsaturation.
  • Suitable acids include the butanoic, pentanoic, hexanoic, octanoic, nonanoic, decanoic, dodecanoic, octadecanoic and eicosanoic acids, as well as olefimic acids such as oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids and linoleic acid dimer.
  • R3 is a saturated aliphatic group and especially a branched alkyl group such as the isopropyl or 3-heptyl group.
  • Illustrative polycarboxylic acids are succinic, alkyl- and alkenylsuccinic, adipic, sebacic and citric acids.
  • the mixed-acid metal salts may be prepared by merely blending a metal salt of a phosphorodithioic acid with a metal salt of a carboxylic acid in the desired ratio.
  • the ratio of equivalents of phosphorodithioic to carboxylic acid salts is between 0.5:1 and 200:1.
  • the ratio can be from 0.5:1 to 100:1, preferably from 0.5:1 to 50:1, and more preferably from 0.5:1 to 20:1.
  • the ratio can be from 0.5:1 to 4.5:1, preferably 2.5:1 to 4.25:1.
  • the equivalent weight of a phosphorodithioic acid is its molecular weight divided by the number of -PSSH groups therein, and that of a carboxylic acid is its molecular weight divided by the number of carboxy groups therein.
  • a second and preferred method for preparing the mixed-acid metal salts useful in this invention is to prepare a mixture of the acids in the desired ratio and to react the acid mixture with a suitable metal base.
  • this method of preparation it is frequently possible to prepare a salt containing an excess of metal with respect to the number of equivalents of acid present; thus, mixed-acid metal salts containing as many as two equivalents and especially up to 1.5 equivalents of metal per equivalent of acid may be prepared.
  • the equivalent of a metal for this purpose is its atomic weight divided by its valence.
  • Variants of the above-described methods may also be used to prepare the mixed-acid metal salts useful in this invention.
  • a metal salt of either acid may be blended with an acid of the other, and the resulting blend reacted with additional metal base.
  • Suitable metal bases for the preparation of the mixed-acid metal salts include the oxides, hydroxides, alkoxides and other basic salts of the metals previously enumerated, and in some cases the free metals themselves. Examples are sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, calcium hydroxide, zinc oxide, lead oxide, nickel oxide and the like.
  • the temperature at which the mixed-acid metal salts are prepared is generally between 30°C and 150°C, preferably up to 125°C. If the mixed-acid salts are prepared by neutralization of a mixture of acids with a metal base, it is preferred to employ temperatures above 50°C and especially above 75°C. It is frequently advantageous to conduct the reaction in the presence of a substantially inert, normally liquid organic diluent such as naphtha, benzene, xylene, mineral oil and the like. If the diluent is mineral oil, it frequently need not be removed before using the mixed-acid metal salt as an additive for lubricants or functional fluids.
  • a substantially inert, normally liquid organic diluent such as naphtha, benzene, xylene, mineral oil and the like. If the diluent is mineral oil, it frequently need not be removed before using the mixed-acid metal salt as an additive for lubricants or functional fluids.
  • Type 2 - Metal hydrocarbyl dithiocarbamates .
  • the second type of oil-soluble metal salts used as component a) in the compositions of this invention are salts of one or more dithiocarbamic acids of the formula RR′N-CSSH wherein R and R′ are each independently hydrocarbyl groups in which the total number of carbon atoms in R and R′ is sufficient to render the metal salt oil-soluble.
  • R and R′ taken together may represent a polymethylene or alkyl substituted polymethylene group thereby forming a cyclic compound with the nitrogen atom (i.e., a monocyclic hydrocarbyl dithiocarbamate).
  • the hydrocarbyl groups will each contain at least two carbon atoms and may contain 50 or more carbon atoms.
  • the metal component present in the dihydrocarbyl (or monocyclic hydrocarbyl) dithiocarbamate salts may be a monovalent metal or a polyvalent metal, although polyvalent metals are preferred as the salts of the polyvalent metals tend to possess better solubility in oils of lubricating viscosity.
  • the alkali metal monocyclic hydrocarbyl or dihydrocarbyl dithiocarbamates may be used if oil-soluble, the preferred salts include, for example, salts of one or more of the alkaline earth metals, zinc, cadmium, magnesium, tin, molybdenum, iron, copper, nickel, cobalt, chromium, lead, etc.
  • the Group II metal dihydrocarbyl dithiocarbamates are preferred.
  • R, R′, and the metal may be varied so long as the metal salt is adequately oil-soluble.
  • the nature and type of the mineral base stock, and the type of service contemplated for the treated lubricating oil should be taken into consideration in the choice of metal salt.
  • the metal constituent of the metal dihydrocarbyl dithiocarbamate is usually a simple metal cation.
  • the metal constituent itself may be hydrocarbyl substituted (e.g., (RR′N-CSS-) x MR1R2, where M is a polyvalent metal, R, R′, R1 and R2 are, independently, hydrocarbyl groups (and, optionally R and R′ taken together are a single cyclic hydrocarbyl group) in which the total number of carbon atoms is sufficient to render the compound oil-soluble, and x is an integer sufficient to satisfy the remaining valence(s) of M.
  • Techniques described for example in U.S. Pat. No. 2,786,814 may be employed for preparing such hydrocarbyl-substituted metal dithiocarbamates.
  • mixtures of metal salts of dithiocarbamic acids also are contemplated as being useful in the present invention.
  • Such mixtures can be prepared by first preparing mixtures of dithiocarbamic acids and thereafter converting said acid mixtures to metal salts, or alternatively, metal salts of various dithiocarbamic acids can be prepared and thereafter mixed to give the desired product.
  • the mixtures which can be incorporated in the compositions of the invention may be merely the physical mixture of the different metallic dithiocarbamic compounds, or compounds having different dithiocarbamate groupings attached to the same polyvalent metal atoms.
  • alkyl groups are ethyl, propyl, butyl, amyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, pentadecyl and hexadecyl groups including isomeric forms thereof.
  • cycloalkyl groups include cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl groups, and examples of aralkyl groups include benzyl and phenethyl.
  • polymethylene groups include penta- and hexamethylene groups, and examples of alkyl-substituted polymethylene groups include methyl pentamethylene, dimethyl pentamethylene, etc.
  • metal dithiocarbamates useful as component a) in the compositions of this invention include zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate, zinc diamyldithiocarbamate, zinc di(2-ethylhexyl)dithiocarbamate, cadmium dibutyldithiocarbamate, cadmium dioctyldithiocarbamate, cadmium octylbutyldithiocarbamate, magnesium dibutyldithiocarbamate, magnesium dioctyldithiocarbamate, cadmium dicetyldithiocarbamate, copper diamyldithiocarbamate, sodium dioctadecyldithiocarbamate, lead dioctyldithiocarbamate, nickel diheptyldithiocarbamate, calcium di-2-ethylhexyldithiocarbamate, etc.
  • boron is not a metallic element
  • boron tris(dihydrocarbyl dithiocarbamates) can be used as component a) of the compositions of this invention, either individually or in combination with one or more metal dihydrocarbyl dithiocarbamates. Methods suitable for the production of such boron dithiocarbamates are set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,879,071.
  • metal dihydrocarbyl dithiocarbamates may be used in addition to or in lieu of the metal dihydrocarbyl dithiocarbamates.
  • Such derivatives include dithiocarbamate-derived phosphates such as are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,919,830, reaction products of N,N-diorganodithiocarbamates with thionyl chloride such as are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,867,893, N,N-diorganodithiocarbamate-alkylthiosulfinyl halide reaction products such as are described in U.S. Pat. No.
  • the other indispensable additive ingredient of the compositions of this invention is comprised of one or more oil-soluble additive compositions formed by heating (i) at least one boron-free oil-soluble ashless dispersant containing basic nitrogen and/or at least one hydroxyl group, with (ii) at least one inorganic phosphorus acid such that a liquid boron-free phosphorus-containing composition is formed.
  • the ashless dispersant which is used in the process is preferably a preformed ashless dispersant containing basic nitrogen and/or at least one hydroxyl group.
  • any suitable boron-free ashless dispersant formed in the customary manner can be heated with one or more inorganic phosphorus acids to cause phosphorylation to occur.
  • the resulting liquid product composition when subjected to chemical analysis reveals the presence of phosphorus.
  • component b) Rather than utilizing a preformed ashless dispersant containing basic nitrogen and/or at least one hydroxyl group, it is possible to produce component b) by:
  • the final product composition [component b)] should be a liquid that on analysis reveals the presence of phosphorus. Such product composition should also exhibit dispersant properties.
  • an ashless dispersant used in forming component b) is not a liquid but rather is in whole or in part in the solid state of aggregation at room temperature (e.g., 25°C)
  • the phrase "such that a liquid boron-free phosphorus-containing composition is formed" as used herein in connection with such solid state dispersants means that component b), including such solvent or diluent, is in the liquid state of aggregation at room temperature (e.g., 25°C), even though at a lower temperature the dispersant may revert in whole or in part to the solid state.
  • component b) must be oil-soluble within the meaning of such term as set forth hereinafter.
  • component b in any instance wherein macro (i.e., non-dispersible) solids are formed or remain in the liquid composition after it has been formed, such solids should be removed, and can be readily removed, by any of a variety of conventional separation techniques such as filtration, centrifugation, decantation, or the like.
  • macro i.e., non-dispersible
  • component b) is in whole or in part a micellar structure containing phosphorus-containing species or moieties.
  • this invention is not limited to, and should not be construed as being limited to, any specific structural configurations with respect to component b).
  • component b) is a liquid that is oil soluble and that if subjected to analysis reveals the presence of phosphorus.
  • component b) should possess dispersant properties.
  • component b) may contain chemical species and/or moieties besides the phosphorus-containing species or moieties such as, for example, nitrogen- and/or oxygen- and/or sulfur-containing species or moieties over and above the basic nitrogen and/or hydroxyl group(s) forming an essential part of the initial ashless dispersant itself.
  • component b) is itself boron-free.
  • organic phosphorus-containing compounds may be used along with inorganic phosphorus acids in making component b). Further, the inorganic phosphorus acid or acids can be formed in situ, as, for example, by heating a mixture of an inorganic phosphorus oxide and water to form a phosphorus acid.
  • the term "phosphorylated” means that the ashless dispersant has been heated with one or more inorganic phosphorus acids such that the resultant product, on analysis, reveals the presence of phosphorus.
  • the precise chemical makeup of the phosphorylated dispersant compositions is not known with absolute certainty.
  • the term “phosphorylated” is not to be construed as requiring that the resultant composition contain chemically bound phosphorus. While it is believed that chemical reactions do occur to produce a composition containing at least some chemically bound phosphorus moieties, moieties or species of phosphorus conceivably could be present, at least in part, in the form of micellar structures.
  • ashless dispersants can be utilized in forming component b) of the compositions of this invention. These include the following types:
  • Patents 3,163,603; 3,184,474; 3,215,707; 3,219,666; 3,271,310; 3,272,746; 3,281,357; 3,306,908; 3,311,558; 3,316,177; 3,340,281; 3,341,542; 3,346,493; 3,381,022; 3,399,141; 3,415,150; 3,433,744; 3,444,170; 3,448,048; 3,448,049; 3,451,933; 3,454,607; 3,467,668; 3,522,179; 3,541,012; 3,542,678; 3,574,101; 3,576,743; 3,630,904; 3,632,510; 3,632,511; 3,697,428; 3,725,441; 3,868,230; 3,948,800; 4,234,435; and Re. 26,433.
  • component b) there are a number of sub-categories of carboxylic ashless dispersants.
  • One such sub-category which constitutes a preferred type for use in the formation of component b) is composed of the polyamine succinamides and more preferably the polyamine-succinimides in which the succinic group contains a hydrocarbyl substituent containing at least 30 carbon atoms.
  • the polyamine used in forming such compounds contains at least one primary amine group capable of forming an imide group on reaction with a hydrocarbon-substituted succinic acid or acid derivative thereof such an anhydride, lower alkyl ester, acid-halide, or acid-ester. Representative examples of such dispersants are given in U.S. Pat.
  • the alkenyl succinimides may be formed by conventional methods such as by heating an alkenyl succinic anhydride, acid, acid-ester, acid halide, or lower alkyl ester with a polyamine containing at least one primary amino group.
  • the alkenyl succinic anhydride may be made readily by heating a mixture of olefin and maleic anhydride to 180°-220°C.
  • the olefin is preferably a polymer or copolymer of a lower monoolefin such as ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, isobutene and the like.
  • the more preferred source of alkenyl group is from polyisobutene having a number average molecular weight of up to 100,000 or higher.
  • the alkenyl group is a polyisobutenyl group having a number average molecular weight (determined using the method described in detail hereinafter) of 500-5,000, and preferably 700-2,500, more preferably 700-1,400, and especially 800-1,200.
  • the isobutene used in making the polyisobutene is usually (but not necessarily) a mixture of isobutene and other C4 isomers such as 1-butene.
  • the acylating agent formed from maleic anhydride and "polyisobutene” made from such mixtures of isobutene and other C4 isomers such as 1-butene can be termed a "polybutenyl succinic anhydride” and a succinimide made therewith can be termed a “polybutenyl succinimide”.
  • polyisobutenyl is used to denote the alkenyl moiety whether made from a highly pure isobutene or a more impure mixture of isobutene and other C4 isomers such as 1-butene.
  • Polyamines which may be employed in forming the ashless dispersant include any that have at least one primary amino group which can react to form an imide group.
  • a few representative examples include branched-chain alkanes containing two or more primary amino groups such as tetraaminoneopentane, etc.; polyaminoalkanols such as 2-(2-aminoethylamino)-ethanol and 2-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)-ethylamino)-ethanol; heterocyclic compounds containing two or more amino groups at least one of which is a primary amino group such as 1-( ⁇ -aminoethyl)-2-imidazolidone, 2-(2-aminoethylamino)-5-nitro-pyridine, 3-amino-N-ethylpiperidine, 2-(2-aminoethyl)-pyridine, 5-aminoindole, 3-amino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole, and 4-(a
  • the most preferred amines are the ethylene polyamines which can be depicted by the formula H2N(CH2CH2NH ) n H wherein n is an integer from one to ten. These include: ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, tetraethylene pentamine, pentaethylene hexamine, and the like, including mixtures thereof in which case n is the average value of the mixture. These ethylene polyamines have a primary amine group at each end so can form monoalkenylsuccinimides and bis-alkenylsuccinimides.
  • ethylene polyamine mixtures usually contain minor amounts of branched species and cyclic species such as N-aminoethyl piperazine, N,N′-bis(aminoethyl)piperazine, N,N′-bis(piperazinyl)ethane, and like compounds.
  • the preferred commercial mixtures have approximate overall compositions falling in the range corresponding to diethylene triamine to pentaethylene hexamine, mixtures generally corresponding in overall makeup to tetraethylene pentamine being most preferred.
  • especially preferred ashless dispersants for use in the present invention are the products of reaction of a polyethylene polyamine, e.g. triethylene tetramine or tetraethylene pentamine, with a hydrocarbon-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride (or other suitable acid derivative) made by reaction of a polyolefin, preferably polyisobutene, having a number average molecular weight of 500 to 5,000, preferably 700 to 2,500, more preferably 700 to 1,400 and especially 800 to 1,200, with an unsaturated polycarboxylic acid or anhydride, e.g., maleic anhydride, maleic acid, fumaric acid, or the like, including mixtures of two or more such substances.
  • a polyethylene polyamine e.g. triethylene tetramine or tetraethylene pentamine
  • a hydrocarbon-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride or other suitable acid derivative
  • an unsaturated polycarboxylic acid or anhydride
  • uccinimide is meant to encompass the completed reaction product from reaction between the amine reactant(s) and the hydrocarbon-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride (or like acid derivative) reactant(s), and is intended to encompass compounds wherein the product may have amide, amidine, and/or salt linkages in addition to the imide linkage of the type that results from the reaction of a primary amino group and an anhydride moiety.
  • Residual unsaturation in the alkenyl group of the alkenyl succinimide may be used as a reaction site, if desired.
  • the alkenyl substituent may be hydrogenated to form an alkyl substituent.
  • the olefinic bond(s) in the alkenyl substituent may be sulfurized, halogenated, hydrohalogenated or the like. Ordinarily, there is little to be gained by use of such techniques, and thus the use of alkenyl succinimides as the precursor of component b) is preferred.
  • carboxylic ashless dispersants which can be used in forming component b) includes alkenyl succinic acid esters and diesters of alcohols containing 1-20 carbon atoms and 1-6 hydroxyl groups. Representative examples are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,331,776; 3,381,022; and 3,522,179.
  • the alkenyl succinic portion of these esters corresponds to the alkenyl succinic portion of the succinimides described above including the same preferred and most preferred subgenus, e.g., alkenyl succinic acids and anhydrides, etc., where the alkenyl group contains at least 30 carbon atoms and notably, polyisobutenyl succinic acids and anhydrides wherein the polyisobutenyl group has a number average molecular weight of 500 to 5,000, preferably 700 to 2,500, more preferably 700 to 1,400, and especially 800 to 1,200.
  • the alkenyl group can be hydrogenated or subjected to other reactions involving olefinic double bonds.
  • Alcohols useful in preparing the esters include methanol, ethanol, 2-methylpropanol, octadecanol, eicosanol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monoethylether, propylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, glycerol, sorbitol, 1,1,1-trimethylol ethane, 1,1,1-trimethylol propane, 1,1,1-trimethylol butane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, and the like.
  • the succinic esters are readily made by merely heating a mixture of alkenyl succinic acid, anhydride or lower alkyl (e.g., C1-C4) ester with the alcohol while distilling out water or lower alkanol. In the case of acid-esters less alcohol is used. In fact, acid-esters made from alkenyl succinic anhydrides do not evolve water. In another method the alkenyl succinic acid or anhydrides can be merely reacted with an appropriate alkylene oxide such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and the like, including mixtures thereof.
  • an appropriate alkylene oxide such as ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and the like, including mixtures thereof.
  • Still another sub-category of carboxylic ashless dispersants useful in forming component b) comprises an alkenyl succinic ester-amide mixture. These may be made by heating the above-described alkenyl succinic acids, anhydrides or lower alkyl esters or etc. with an alcohol and an amine either sequentially or in a mixture.
  • the alcohols and amines described above are also useful in this embodiment.
  • amino alcohols can be used alone or with the alcohol and/or amine to form the ester-amide mixtures.
  • the amino alcohol can contain 1-20 carbon atoms, 1-6 hydroxy groups and 1-4 amine nitrogen atoms. Examples are ethanol-amine, diethanolamine, N-ethanol-diethylene triamine, and trimethylol aminomethane.
  • alkenyl group of the succinic ester-amide can be hydrogenated or subjected to other reactions involving olefinic double bonds.
  • ester-amide mixtures are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,184,474; 3,576,743; 3,632,511; 3,804,763; 3,836,471; 3,862,981; 3,936,480; 3,948,800; 3,950,341; 3,957,854; 3,957,855; 3,991,098; 4,071,548; and 4,173,540.
  • Yet another sub-category of carboxylic ashless dispersants useful in forming component b) comprises the Mannich-based derivatives of hydroxyaryl succinimides.
  • Such compounds can be made by reacting a polyalkenyl succinic anhydride with an aminophenol to produce an N-(hydroxyaryl) hydrocarbyl succinimide which is then reacted with an alkylene diamine or polyalkylene polyamine and an aldehyde (e.g., formaldehyde), in a Mannich-base reaction. Details of such synthesis are set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,354,950.
  • the alkenyl succinic anhydride or like acylating agent is derived from a polyolefin, preferably a polyisobutene, having a number average molecular weight of 500 to 5,000, preferably 700 to 2,500, more preferably 700 to 1,400, and especially 800 to 1,200.
  • a polyolefin preferably a polyisobutene
  • residual unsaturation in the polyalkenyl substituent group can be used as a reaction site as for example, by hydrogenation, sulfurization, or the like.
  • hydrocarbyl polyamine dispersants are generally produced by reacting an aliphatic or alicyclic halide (or mixture thereof) containing an average of at least 40 carbon atoms with one or more amines, preferably polyalkylene polyamines. Examples of such hydrocarbyl polyamine ashless dispersants are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,275,554; 3,438,757; 3,454,555; 3,565,804; 3,671,511; 3,821,302; 3,394,576; and in European Patent Publication No. 382,405.
  • the hydrocarbyl-substituted polyamines are high molecular weight hydrocarbyl-N-substituted polyamines containing basic nitrogen in the molecule.
  • the hydrocarbyl group typically has a number average molecular weight in the range of 750-10,000, more usually in the range of 1,000-5,000.
  • the hydrocarbyl radical may be aliphatic or alicyclic and, except for adventitious amounts of aromatic components in petroleum mineral oils, will be free of aromatic unsaturation.
  • the hydrocarbyl groups will normally be branched-chain aliphatic, having 0-2 sites of unsaturation, and preferably from 0-1 site of ethylene unsaturation.
  • the hydrocarbyl groups are preferably derived from petroleum mineral oil, or polyolefins, either homo-polymers or higher-order polymers, or 1-olefins of from 2-6 carbon atoms. Ethylene is preferably copolymerized with a higher olefin to insure oil solubility.
  • Illustrative polymers include polypropylene, polyisobutylene, poly-1-butene, etc.
  • the polyolefin group will normally have at least one branch per six carbon atoms along the chain, preferably at least one branch per four carbon atoms along the chain.
  • These branched-chain hydrocarbons are readily prepared by the polymerization of olefins of from 3-6 carbon atoms and preferably from olefins of from 3-4 carbon atoms.
  • the composition is a mixture of materials having various structures and molecular weights. Therefore, in referring to molecular weight, number average molecular weights are intended. Furthermore, when speaking of a particular hydrocarbon group, it is intended that the group include the mixture that is normally contained within materials which are commercially available. For example, polyisobutylene is known to have a range of molecular weights and may include small amounts of very high molecular weight materials.
  • Particularly preferred hydrocarbyl-substituted amines or polyamines are prepared from polyisobutenyl chloride.
  • the polyamine employed to prepare the hydrocarbyl-substituted polyamine is preferably a polyamine having from 2 to 12 amine nitrogen atoms and from 2 to 40 carbon atoms.
  • the polyamine is reacted with a hydrocarbyl halide (e.g., chloride) to produce the hydrocarbyl-substituted polyamine.
  • the polyamine preferably has a carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of from 1:1 to 10:1.
  • the amine portion of the hydrocarbyl-substituted amine may be substituted with substituents selected from (A) hydrogen, and (B) hydrocarbyl groups of from 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
  • the polyamine portion of the hydrocarbyl-substituted polyamine may be substituted with substituents selected from (A) hydrogen, (B) hydrocarbyl groups of from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, (C) acyl groups of from 2 to 10 carbon atoms, and (D) monoketo, monohydroxy, mononitro, monocyano, lower alkyl and lower alkoxy derivatives of (B) and (C).
  • At least one of the nitrogens in the hydrocarbyl-substituted amine or polyamine is a basic nitrogen atom, i.e., one titratable by a strong acid.
  • Hydrocarbyl as used in describing the substituents in the amine or polyamine used in forming the dispersants, denotes an organic radical composed of carbon and hydrogen which may be aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic or combinations thereof, e.g., aralkyl.
  • the hydrocarbyl group will be relatively free of aliphatic unsaturation, i.e., ethylenic and acetylenic, particularly acetylenic unsaturation.
  • the hydrocarbyl substituted polyamines used in forming the dispersants are generally, but not necessarily, N-substituted polyamines.
  • hydrocarbyl groups and substituted hydrocarbyl groups which may be present in the amine portion of the dispersant include alkyls such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, etc., alkenyls such as propenyl, isobutenyl, hexenyl, octenyl, etc., hydroxyalkyls, such as 2-hydroxyethyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, hydroxyisopropyl, 4-hydroxybutyl, etc., ketoalkyls, such as 2-ketopropyl, 6-ketooctyl, etc., alkoxy and lower alkenoxy alkyls, such as ethoxyethyl, ethoxypropyl, propoxyethyl, propoxypropyl, 2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethyl, 2-(2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)eth
  • Typical amines useful in preparing the hydrocarbyl-substituted amines include methylamine, dimethylamine, ethylamine, diethylamine, n-propylamine, di-n-propylamine, etc. Such amines are either commercially available or are prepared by art recognized procedures.
  • the polyamine component may also contain heterocyclic polyamines, heterocyclic substituted amines and substituted heterocyclic compounds, wherein the heterocyclic comprises one or more 5-6 membered rings containing oxygen and/or nitrogen.
  • heterocyclics may be saturated or unsaturated and substituted with groups selected from the aforementioned (A), (B), (C), and (D).
  • the heterocyclics are exemplified by piperazines, such as 2-methylpiperazine, 1,2-bis(N-piperazinyl-ethane),and N,N′-bis(N-piperazinyl)piperazine, 2-methylimidazoline, 3-aminopiperidine, 2-aminopyridine, 2-( ⁇ -aminoethyl)-3-pyrroline, 3-aminopyrrolidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)morpholine, etc.
  • the piperazines are preferred.
  • Typical polyamines that can be used to form the hydrocarbyl polyamine dispersants include the following: ethylene diamine, 1,2-propylene diamine, 1,3-propylene diamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetramine, hexamethylene diamine, tetraethylene pentamine, methylaminopropylene diamine, N-( ⁇ -aminoethyl)piperazine, N,N′-di( ⁇ -aminoethyl)piperazine, N,N′-di( ⁇ -aminoethyl)imidazolidone-2, N-( ⁇ -cyanoethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine, 1,3,6,9-tetraaminooctadecane, 1,3,6-triamino-9-oxadecane, N-methyl-1,2-propanediamine, 2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethanol, and the like.
  • polyalkylene amines in which the alkylene groups differ in carbon content, such as for example bis(aminopropyl)ethylenediamine.
  • Such compounds are prepared by the reaction of acrylonitrile with an ethyleneamine, for example, an ethyleneamine having the formula H2H(CH2CH2NH) n H wherein n is an integer from 1 to 5, followed by hydrogenation of the resultant intermediate.
  • the product prepared from ethylene diamine and acrylonitrile has the formula H2N(CH2)3NH(CH2)2NH(CH2)3NH2.
  • the polyamine used as a reactant in the production of the hydrocarbyl-substituted polyamine is not a single compound but a mixture in which one or several compounds predominate with the average composition indicated.
  • tetraethylene pentamine prepared by the polymerization of aziridine or the reaction of 1,2-dichloroethane and ammonia will have both lower and higher amine members, e.g., triethylene tetramine, substituted piperazines and pentaethylene hexamine, but the composition will be largely tetraethylene pentamine and the empirical formula of the total amine composition will closely approximate that of tetraethylene pentamine.
  • the preferred hydrocarbyl-substituted polyalkylene polyamines may be represented by the formula R1NH-(-R2-NH-) ⁇ -H wherein R1 is hydrocarbyl having an average molecular weight of from 750 to 10,000; R2 is alkylene of from 2 to 6 carbon atoms; and ⁇ is an integer of from 0 to 10.
  • R1 is hydrocarbyl having an average molecular weight of from 1,000 to 10,000.
  • R2 is alkylene of from 2 to 3 carbon atoms and ⁇ is preferably an integer of from 1 to 6.
  • Type C - Mannich polyamine dispersants .
  • This category of ashless dispersant which can be utilized in the formation of component b) is comprised of reaction products of an alkyl phenol, with one or more aliphatic aldehydes containing from 1 to 7 carbon atoms (especially formaldehyde and derivatives thereof), and polyamines (especially polyalkylene polyamines of the type described hereinabove). Examples of these Mannich polyamine dispersants are described in the following U.S.
  • the polyamine group of the Mannich polyamine dispersants is derived from polyamine compounds characterized by containing a group of the structure -NH- wherein the two remaining valances of the nitrogen are satisfied by hydrogen, amino, or organic radicals bonded to said nitrogen atom. These compounds include aliphatic, aromatic, heterocyclic and carbocyclic polyamines.
  • the source of the oil-soluble hydrocarbyl group in the Mannich polyamine dispersant is a hydrocarbyl-substituted hydroxy aromatic compound comprising the reaction product of a hydroxy aromatic compound, according to well known procedures, with a hydrocarbyl donating agent or hydrocarbon source.
  • the hydrocarbyl substituent provides substantial oil solubility to the hydroxy aromatic compound and, preferably, is substantially aliphatic in character.
  • the hydrocarbyl substituent is derived from a polyolefin having at least 40 carbon atoms.
  • the hydrocarbon source should be substantially free from pendant groups which render the hydrocarbyl group oil insoluble. Examples of acceptable substituent groups are halide, hydroxy, ether, carboxy, ester, amide, nitro and cyano. However, these substituent groups preferably comprise no more than 10 weight percent of the hydrocarbon source.
  • the preferred hydrocarbon sources for preparation of the Mannich polyamine dispersants are those derived from substantially saturated petroleum fractions and olefin polymers, preferably polymers of mono-olefins having from 2 to 30 carbon atoms.
  • the hydrocarbon course can be derived, for example, from polymers of olefins such as ethylene, propene, 1-butene, isobutene, 1-octene, 1-methylcyclohexene, 2-butene and 3-pentene. Also useful are copolymers of such olefins with other polymerizable olefinic substances such as styrene.
  • these copolymers should contain at least 80 percent and preferably 95 percent, on a weight basis, of units derived from the aliphatic mono-olefins to preserve oil solubility.
  • the hydrocarbon source generally contains at least 40 and preferably at least 50 carbon atoms to provide substantial oil solubility to the dispersant.
  • the olefin polymers having a number average molecular weight between 600 and 5,000 are preferred for reasons of easy reactivity and low cost. However, polymers of higher molecular weight can also be used.
  • Especially suitable hydrocarbon sources are isobutylene polymers.
  • the Mannich polyamine dispersants are generally prepared by reacting a hydrocarbyl-substituted hydroxy aromatic compound with an aldehyde and a polyamine. Typically, the substituted hydroxy aromatic compound is contacted with from 0.1 to 10 moles of polyamine and 0.1 to 10 moles of aldehyde per mole of substituted hydroxy aromatic compound. The reactants are mixed and heated to a temperature above 80°C. to initiate the reaction. Preferably, the reaction is carried out at a temperature from 100° to 250°C. The resulting Mannich product has a predominantly benzylamine linkage between the aromatic compound and the polyamine.
  • the reaction can be carried out in an inert diluent such as mineral oil, benzene, toluene, naphtha, ligroin, or other inert solvents to facilitate control of viscosity, temperature and reaction rate.
  • an inert diluent such as mineral oil, benzene, toluene, naphtha, ligroin, or other inert solvents to facilitate control of viscosity, temperature and reaction rate.
  • polyamines are preferred for use in preparing the Mannich polyamine dispersants, and suitable polyamines include, but are not limited to, alkylene diamines and polyalkylene polyamines (and mixtures thereof) of the formula: wherein n is an integer from 1 to 10, R is a divalent hydrocarbyl group of from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and each A is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and monovalent aliphatic groups containing up to 10 carbon atoms which can be substituted with one or two hydroxyl groups. Most preferably, R is a lower alkylene group of from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and A is hydrogen.
  • Suitable polyamines for use in preparation of the Mannich polyamine dispersants include, but are not limited to, methylene polyamines, ethylene polyamines, butylene polyamines, propylene polyamines, pentylene polyamines, hexylene polyamines and heptylene polyamines. The higher homologs of such amines and related aminoalkyl-substituted piperazines are also included.
  • polyamines include ethylene diamine, triethylene tetramine, tris(2-aminoethyl)amine, propylene diamine, pentamethylene diamine, hexamethylene diamine, heptamethylene diamine, octamethylene diamine, decamethylene diamine, di(heptamethylene) triamine, pentaethylene hexamine, di(trimethylene) triamine, 2-heptyl-3-(2-aminopropyl)imidazoline, 1,3-bis(2-aminoethyl)imidazoline, 1-(2-aminopropyl)piperazine, 1,4-bis(2-aminoethyl)piperazine and 2-methyl-1-(2-aminobutyl)piperazine. Higher homologs, obtained by condensing two or more of the above mentioned amines, are also useful, as are the polyoxyalkylene polyamines.
  • the polyalkylene polyamines are especially useful in preparing the Mannich polyamine dispersants for reasons of cost and effectiveness.
  • Such polyamines are described in detail under the heading "Diamines and Higher Amines" in Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology , Second Edition, Vol. 7, pp. 22-39. They are prepared most conveniently by the reaction of an ethylene imine with a ring-opening reagent such as ammonia. These reactions result in the production of somewhat complex mixtures of polyalkylene polyamines which include cyclic condensation products such as piperazines. Because of their availability, these mixtures are particularly useful in preparing the Mannich polyamine dispersants. However, it will be appreciated that satisfactory dispersants can also be obtained by use of pure polyalkylene polyamines.
  • Alkylene diamines and polyalkylene polyamines having one or more hydroxyalkyl substituents on the nitrogen atom are also useful in preparing the Mannich polyamine dispersants. These materials are typically obtained by reaction of the corresponding polyamine with an epoxide such as ethylene oxide or propylene oxide.
  • Preferred hydroxyalkyl-substituted diamines and polyamines are those in which the hydroxyalkyl groups have less than 10 carbon atoms.
  • Suitable hydroxyalkyl-substituted diamines and polyamines include, but are not limited to, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine, N,N′-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine,mono(hydroxypropyl)diethylenetriamine,(di(hydroxypropyl)tetraethylenepentamine and N-(3-hydroxybutyl)tetramethylenediamine. Higher homologs obtained by condensation of the above mentioned hydroxyalkyl-substituted diamines and polyamines through amine groups or through ether groups are also useful.
  • Any conventional formaldehyde yielding reagent is useful for the preparation of the Mannich polyamine dispersants.
  • formaldehyde yielding reagents are trioxane, paraformaldehyde, trioxymethylene, aqueous formalin and gaseous formaldehyde.
  • Type D - Polymeric polyamine dispersants .
  • polymers containing basic amine groups and oil solubilizing groups for example, pendant alkyl groups having at least 8 carbon atoms.
  • Such polymeric dispersants are herein referred to as polymeric polyamine dispersants.
  • Such materials include, but are not limited to, interpolymers of decyl methacrylate, vinyl decyl ether or a relatively high molecular weight olefin with aminoalkyl acrylates and aminoalkyl acrylamides. Examples of polymeric polyamine dispersants are set forth in the following U.S.
  • Type E Post-treated basic nitrogen-containing and/or hydroxyl-containing ashless dispersants .
  • any of the ashless dispersants referred to above as types A-D can be subjected to post-treatment with one or more suitable reagents such as urea, thiourea, carbon disulfide, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, anhydrides of low molecular weight dibasic acids, nitriles, epoxides, and the like.
  • suitable reagents such as urea, thiourea, carbon disulfide, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, anhydrides of low molecular weight dibasic acids, nitriles, epoxides, and the like.
  • Such post-treated ashless dispersants can be used in forming component b) of the compositions of this invention provided that the post-treated dispersant is boron-free and contains residual basic nitrogen and/or one or more residual hydroxyl groups.
  • the phosphorylated dispersant can be subjected to post-treatment with such reagents.
  • post-treatment procedures and post-treated ashless dispersants are set forth in the following U.S. Patents: 3,036,003; 3,200,107; 3,216,936; 3,256,185; 3,278,550; 3,312,619; 3,366,569; 3,367,943; 3,373,111; 3,403,102; 3,442,808; 3,455,831; 3,455,832; 3,493,520; 3,502,677; 3,513,093; 3,573,010; 3,579,450; 3,591,598; 3,600,372; 3,639,242; 3,649,229; 3,649,659; 3,702,757; and 3,708,522; and 4,971,598.
  • Mannich-based derivatives of hydroxyaryl succinimides that have been post-treated with C5-C9 lactones such as ⁇ -caprolactone and optionally with other post-treating agents (except boronating agents) as described for example in U.S. 4,971,711 can also be utilized in forming component b) for use in this invention, provided that such post-treated Mannich-based derivatives of hydroxyaryl succinimides contain basic nitrogen, and/or at least one hydroxyl group. See also U.S.
  • One preferred category of post-treated ashless dispersants is comprised of basic nitrogen-containing and/or hydroxyl group-containing ashless dispersants which have been heated with a phosphorus compound such that they contain phosphorus with the proviso that such post-treated products contain residual basic nitrogen and/or one or more residual hydroxyl groups. Numerous examples of such dispersants and methods for their production are described in U.S.
  • the phosphorus-containing post-treated ashless dispersants of the prior art type can be converted into a material suitable for use as component b) simply by conducting a phosphorylation in the manner described herein, whereby additional phosphorus from the inorganic phosphorylating agent of the type used herein is incorporated into a prior art type post-treated phosphorus-containing ashless dispersant.
  • the ashless dispersant(s) used in forming component b) can be any mixture containing any two or more ashless dispersants containing basic nitrogen and/or at least one hydroxyl group.
  • ashless dispersants which contain little, if any, halogen atoms such as chlorine atoms.
  • additive concentrates which, when dissolved in a halogen-free base oil, at a concentration of 10% by weight, yield an oleaginous composition in which the total halogen content, if any, is 100 ppm or less.
  • Typical procedures for producing the phosphorylated ashless dispersants involve heating one or more ashless dispersants of the types described above with at least one inorganic phosphorus acid under conditions yielding a liquid phosphorus-containing composition.
  • inorganic phosphorus acids which are useful in forming such products include phosphorous acid (H3PO3, sometimes depicted as H2(HPO3), and sometimes called ortho-phosphorous acid), phosphoric acid ( H3PO4, sometimes called orthophosphoric acid), hypophosphoric acid (H4P2O6), metaphosphoric acid (HPO3), pyrophosphoric acid (H4P2O7), hypophosphorous acid (H3PO2, sometimes called phosphinic acid), pyrophosphorous acid (H4P2O5, sometimes called pyrophosphonic acid), phosphinous acid (H3PO), tripolyphosphoric acid (H5P3O10), tetrapolyphosphoric acid (H6P4O13), trimetaphosphoric acid (H3P3O9),
  • Partial or total sulfur analogs such as phosphorotetrathioic acid (H3PS4 ), phosphoromonothioic acid (H3PO3S ), phosphorodithioic acid (H3PO2S2), phosphorotrithioic acid (H3POS3), can also be used in forming products suitable for use as component b) in the practice of this invention.
  • the preferred phosphorus reagent is phosphorous acid, (H3PO3).
  • the form or composition of the inorganic acid(s) as charged into the mixture to be heated or being heated may be altered in situ.
  • the action of heat and/or water can transform certain inorganic phosphorus compounds into other inorganic phosphorus compounds or species. Any such in situ transformations that may occur are within the purview of this invention provided that the liquid phosphorylated ashless dispersant reveals on analysis the presence therein of phosphorus.
  • auxiliary nitrogen compounds are long chain primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl amines containing from 12 to 24 carbon atoms, including their hydroxyalkyl and aminoalkyl derivatives.
  • the long chain alkyl group may optionally contain one or more ether groups. Examples of suitable compounds are oleyl amine, N-oleyltrimethylene diamine, N-tallow diethanolamine, N,N-dimethyl oleylamine, and myristyloxapropyl amine.
  • benzotriazole including lower (C1-C4) alkyl-substituted benzotriazoles, which function to protect copper surfaces.
  • the heating step is conducted at temperatures sufficient to produce a liquid composition which contains phosphorus.
  • the heating can be carried out in the absence of a solvent by heating a mixture of the ashless dispersant and one or more suitable inorganic phosphorus compounds.
  • the temperatures used will vary somewhat depending upon the nature of the ashless dispersant and the inorganic phosphorus reagent being utilized. Generally speaking however, the temperature will usually fall within the range of 40 to 200°C.
  • the duration of the heating is likewise susceptible to variation, but ordinarily will fall in the range of 1 to 3 hours.
  • the phosphorous acid may be utilized in the form of an aqueous solution. Water formed in the process and any added water is preferably removed from the heated mixture by vacuum distillation at temperatures of from 100 to 140°C. The heating may be conducted in more than one stage if desired. Preferably the heating step or steps will be conducted in a diluent oil or other inert liquid medium such as light mineral oils, and the like.
  • the amount of inorganic phosphorus acid employed in the heating process preferably ranges from 0.001 mole to 0.999 mole per mole of basic nitrogen and free hydroxyl in the mixture being heated, up to one half of which may be contributed by an auxiliary nitrogen compound. It is possible however to use the inorganic phosphorus acid(s) in excess of the amount of basic nitrogen and/or hydroxyl groups in the dispersant being heated.
  • the amount of diluent usually ranges from 10 to 50% by weight of the mixture being subjected to heating. Water can be added to the mixture, before and/or during the heating, if desired.
  • the phosphorylated dispersants utilized as component b) in the compositions of this invention when in their undiluted state will have on a weight basis a phosphorus content of at least 5,000 parts per million (ppm) (preferably at least 6,000 ppm and more preferably at least 7,000 ppm).
  • organic phosphorus compounds such as one or more organic phosphates (e.g., trihydrocarbyl phosphates, dihydrocarbyl monoacid phosphates, monohydrocarbyl diacid phosphates, or mixtures thereof), phosphites (e.g., trihydrocarbyl phosphites, dihydrocarbyl hydrogen phosphites, hydrocarbyl diacid phosphites, or mixtures thereof), phosphonates (e.g., hydrocarbyl phosphonic acids, mono- and/or dihydrocarbyl esters of phosphonic acids, or mixtures thereof), phosphonites (e.g., hydrocarbyl phosphinic acids, mono and/or dihydrocarbyl esters of phosphinic acids, or mixtures thereof), etc., or the partial or total sulfur analogs thereof, and in part by use of one or more inorganic phosphorus acids, the latter
  • organic phosphates e.g., tri
  • a mixture is formed from 260 parts of a polyisobutenyl succinimide ashless dispersant (derived from polybutene having a number average molecular weight of about 950 and a mixture of a polyethylene polyamines having an average overall composition approximating that of tetraethylene pentamine), 100 parts of a 100 Solvent Neutral refined mineral oil diluent, 8 parts of solid phosphorous acid, and 3.5 parts of tolutriazole.
  • the mixture is heated at 110°C for two hours.
  • a vacuum of 40 mm Hg is gradually drawn on the product to remove traces of water while the temperature is maintained at 110°C.
  • a clear solution or composition is obtained which is soluble in oil and suitable for use as component b).
  • Example B-1 The procedure of Example B-1 is repeated except that the succinimide ashless dispersant used is derived from polybutene having a number average molecular weight of 1,150.
  • the average number of succinic groups per alkenyl group in the succinimide is approximately 1.2.
  • Example B-1 The procedure of Example B-1 is repeated except that the succinimide ashless dispersant used is derived from polybutene having a number average molecular weight of 2,100.
  • Example B-1 The procedure of Example B-1 is repeated except that the succinimide ashless dispersant is replaced by an equal amount of a boron-free Mannich polyamine dispersant made from tetraethylene pentamine, polyisobutenyl phenol (made from polyisobutene having a number average molecular weight of about 1710 and formalin) having a nitrogen content of 1.1%.
  • a boron-free Mannich polyamine dispersant made from tetraethylene pentamine, polyisobutenyl phenol (made from polyisobutene having a number average molecular weight of about 1710 and formalin) having a nitrogen content of 1.1%.
  • Example B-1 The procedure of Example B-1 is repeated except that the succinimide ashless dispersant is replaced by an equal amount of an ashless dispersant of the pentaerythritol succinic ester type.
  • Example B-1 The procedure of Example B-1 is repeated except that 9.6 parts of orthophosphoric acid is used in place of the phosphorous acid, and the mixture is heated for three hours at 110°C to provide a clear, oil-soluble composition suitable for use as component b).
  • Example B-1 The procedure of Example B-1 is repeated except that the phosphorous acid is replaced by 6.4 parts of hypophosphorous acid.
  • a mixture of 7300 parts of a polyisobutenyl succinimide (derived from polybutene having a number average molecular weight of about 1,300 and a mixture of polyethylene polyamines having an average overall composition approximating that of tetraethylene pentamine), and 2500 parts of 100 Solvent Neutral mineral oil is heated to 90-100°C. To this mixture is added 200 parts of phosphorous acid and the resultant mixture is heated at 90-100°C for 2 hours.
  • the resultant homogeneous liquid composition is suitable for use as component b) in the practice of this invention.
  • a mixture of 58,415.5 parts of a polyisobutenyl succinimide (derived from polyisobutene having a number average molecular weight of 1300 and a mixture of polyethylene polyamines having an overall average composition approximating that of tetraethylene pentamine), and 12,661.6 parts of 100 Solvent Neutral mineral oil is heated to 80°C.
  • a polyisobutenyl succinimide derived from polyisobutene having a number average molecular weight of 1300 and a mixture of polyethylene polyamines having an overall average composition approximating that of tetraethylene pentamine
  • Solvent Neutral mineral oil is heated to 80°C.
  • 1942.28 parts of phosphorous acid 1942.28 parts of phosphorous acid and the resultant mixture is heated at 110°C for 2 hours.
  • the resultant homogeneous liquid composition is suitable for use as component b) in the practice of this invention.
  • Example B-11 The procedure of Example B-11 is repeated using 45,600 parts of the ashless dispersant, 8983.2 parts of the mineral oil diluent, and 2416.8 parts of the phosphorous acid.
  • a mixture of 14,400 parts of a polyisobutenyl succinimide (derived from polyisobutene having a number average molecular weight of 950 and a mixture of polyethylene polyamines having an overall average composition approximating that of tetraethylene pentamine), and 3121.2 parts of 100 Solvent Neutral mineral oil is heated to 80°C. To this mixture is added 478.8 parts of phosphorous acid and the resultant mixture is heated at 110°C for 2 hours.
  • the resultant homogeneous liquid composition contains about 1.04% of phosphorus and is suitable for use as component b) in the practice of this invention.
  • a mixture of 7300 parts of ashless dispersant as used in Example B-10, 2500 parts of 100 Solvent Neutral mineral oil, and 200 parts of phosphorous acid is formed at room temperature and heated to 110°C for two hours.
  • the resultant homogeneous liquid composition is suitable for use as component b) in the practice of this invention.
  • a mixture of 4680 parts of phosphorylated dispersant formed as in Example B-14 and 2340 parts of a commercial boronated succinimide ashless dispersant (HITEC® 648 dispersant; Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Inc.; Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Ltd.; Ethyl S.A.; Ethyl Canada Ltd.) is formed.
  • the resultant homogeneous liquid composition is suitable for use in the practice of this invention.
  • a portion of the resultant mixture can be heated to 110°C for two hours, and this resultant homogeneous liquid composition is also suitable for use as component b) in the practice of this invention.
  • Example B-16 The procedure of Example B-16 is repeated except that the tolutriazole is eliminated from the reaction mixture of (c).
  • Example B-17 The procedure of Example B-17 is repeated except that the phosphorous acid is replaced by 11.1 parts of phosphoromonothioic acid (H3PO3S).
  • Example B-19 The procedure of Example B-19 is repeated except that the tolutriazole is eliminated from the,reaction mixture of (c).
  • Example B-20 The procedure of Example B-20 is repeated except that the phosphorous acid is replaced by 13.7 parts of phosphoramidic acid, (HO)2PONH2.
  • Example B-22 The procedure of Example B-22 is repeated except that the tolutriazole is eliminated from the reaction mixture of (c).
  • Example B-23 The procedure of Example B-23 is repeated except that the phosphorous acid is replaced by 9.6 parts of orthophosphoric acid.
  • Example B-25 The procedure of Example B-25 is repeated except that the tolutriazole is eliminated from the reaction mixture of (c).
  • Example B-26 The procedure of Example B-26 is repeated except that 11 parts of phosphoric acid is used in place of the phosphorous acid to provide a clear, oil-soluble composition suitable for use as component b).
  • Example B-27 The procedure of Example B-27 is repeated except that 10 parts of an equimolar mixture of phosphoric acid and phosphorous acid is used.
  • Example B-29 The procedure of Example B-29 is repeated except that the tolutriazole is eliminated from the reaction mixture of (c).
  • Example B-30 The procedure of Example B-30 is repeated except that 15.8 parts of phosphorotetrathioic acid (H3PS4) is used in place of the phosphorous acid.
  • H3PS4 phosphorotetrathioic acid
  • Example B-32 The procedure of Example B-32 is repeated except that the tolutriazole is eliminated from the reaction mixture of (c).
  • Example B-36 The procedure of Example B-36 is repeated except that 6.4 parts of hypophosphorous acid (H3PO2) is used in place of the phosphorous acid.
  • H3PO2 hypophosphorous acid
  • Example B-35 The procedure of Example B-35 is repeated except that the tolutriazole is eliminated from the reaction mixture of (c).
  • Example B-36 The procedure of Example B-36 is repeated except that 9.6 parts of orthophosphoric acid is used instead of the phosphorous acid.
  • Example B-38 The procedure of Example B-38 is repeated except that the tolutriazole is omitted from the reaction mixture.
  • Example B-13 The procedure of Example B-13 is repeated except that 763.2 parts of phosphorous acid (H3PO3) and 2,836.8 parts of 100 Solvent Neutral mineral oil are used. The phosphorus content of the final product is about 1.66%.
  • Examples B-1 through B-5 and B-9 through B-14 are repeated except that in each case the phosphorylating agent consists of a chemically equivalent amount of a mixture consisting of an equimolar mixture of phosphorous acid and dibutyl hydrogen phosphite.
  • Example B-13 The procedure of Example B-13 is repeated except that the proportions of the reaction components are 14,400 parts of the succinimide, 3409.2 parts of the mineral oil, and 190.8 parts of phosphorous acid (H3PO3). This product contains approximately 0.40% of phosphorus.
  • Example B-11 The procedure of Example B-11 is repeated except that the proportions of the reaction components are 45,600 parts of the succinimide, 10,795.8 parts of the process oil, and 604.2 parts of phosphorous acid (H3PO3). This product contains approximately 0.41% of phosphorus.
  • a particularly preferred embodiment of this invention involves using as component b) a phosphorylated alkenyl succinimide of a polyethylene polyamine or mixture of polyethylene polyamines, wherein the succinimide is formed from (i) an alkenyl succinic acylating agent having a succination ratio (i.e., the ratio of the average number of chemically bound succinic groups per alkenyl group in the molecular structure of the succinic acylating agent) in the range of 1 to about 1.3, the alkenyl group being derived from a polyolefin (most preferably a polyisobutene) having a number average molecular weight in the range of about 600 to about 1,300 (more preferably in the range of 700 to 1,250 and most preferably in the range of 800 to 1,200).
  • a succination ratio i.e., the ratio of the average number of chemically bound succinic groups per alkenyl group in the molecular structure of the succinic acylating agent
  • the number average molecular weight ( M ⁇ n) of the polyalkene from which the substituent is derived is determined by use of either of two methods, namely, vapor pressure osmometry (VPO) or gel permeation chromatography (GPC). VPO determination should be conducted in accordance with ASTM D-2503-82 using high purity toluene as the measuring solvent. Alternatively, a GPC procedure can be employed. As is well known, the GPC technique involves separating molecules according to their size in solution. For this purpose liquid chromatographic columns are packed with a styrenedivinyl benzene copolymer of controlled particle and pore sizes.
  • the polyalkene molecules from which the substituent is derived are transported through the GPC columns by a solvent (tetrahydrofuran), the polyalkene molecules small enough to penetrate into the pores of the column packing are retarded in their progress through the columns.
  • the polyalkene molecules which are larger either penetrate the pores only slightly or are totally excluded from the pores. As a consequence, these larger polyalkene molecules are retarded in their progress through the columns to a lesser extent. Thus a velocity separation occurs according to the size of the respective polyalkene molecules.
  • the GPC system to be used is calibrated using known molecular weight polyalkene standards and an internal standard method.
  • the metal-containing detergents which preferably are employed in conjunction with components a) and b) of the compositions of this invention are exemplified by oil-soluble basic salts of alkali or alkaline earth metals with one or more of the following acidic substances (or mixtures thereof): (1) sulfonic acids, (2) carboxylic acids, (3) salicylic acids, (4) alkylphenols, (5) sulfurized alkylphenols, (6) organic phosphorus acids characterized by at least one direct carbon-to-phosphorus linkage.
  • Such organic phosphorus acids include those prepared by the treatment of an olefin polymer (e.g., polyisobutene having a molecular weight of 1,000) with a phosphorizing agent such as phosphorus trichloride, phosphorus heptasulfide, phosphorus pentasulfide, phosphorus trichloride and sulfur, white phosphorus and a sulfur halide, or phosphorothioic chloride.
  • a phosphorizing agent such as phosphorus trichloride, phosphorus heptasulfide, phosphorus pentasulfide, phosphorus trichloride and sulfur, white phosphorus and a sulfur halide, or phosphorothioic chloride.
  • the most commonly used salts of such acids are those of sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, strontium and barium.
  • the salts for use as component c) should be basic salts having a TBN of at least 50,
  • basic salt is used to designate metal salts wherein the metal is present in stoichiometrically larger amounts than the organic acid radical.
  • the commonly employed methods for preparing the basic salts involve heating a mineral oil solution of an acid with a stoichiometric excess of a metal neutralizing agent such as the metal oxide, hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate, or sulfide at a temperature of about 50°C, and filtering the resulting mass.
  • a “promoter” in the neutralization step to aid the incorporation of a large excess of metal likewise is known.
  • Examples of compounds useful as the promoter include phenolic substances such as phenol, naphthol, alkylphenol, thiophenol, sulfurized alkylphenol, and condensation products of formaldehyde with a phenolic substance; alcohols such as methanol, 2-propanol, octyl alcohol, Cellosolve alcohol, Carbitol alcohol, ethylene glycol, stearyl alcohol, and cyclohexyl alcohol; and amines such as aniline, phenylenediamine, phenothiazine, phenyl-beta-naphthylamine, and dodecylamine.
  • a particularly effective method for preparing the basic salts comprises mixing an acid with an excess of a basic alkaline earth metal neutralizing agent and at least one alcohol promoter, and carbonating the mixture at an elevated temperature such as 60°-200°C.
  • suitable metal-containing detergents include, but are not limited to, the basic or overbased salts of such substances as lithium phenates, sodium phenates, potassium phenates, calcium phenates, magnesium phenates, sulfurized lithium phenates, sulfurized sodium phenates, sulfurized potassium phenates, sulfurized calcium phenates, and sulfurized magnesium phenates wherein each aromatic group has one or more aliphatic groups to impart hydrocarbon solubility; lithium sulfonates, sodium sulfonates, potassium sulfonates, calcium sulfonates, and magnesium sulfonates wherein each sulfonic acid moiety is attached to an aromatic nucleus which in turn usually contains one or more aliphatic substituents to impart hydrocarbon solubility; lithium salicylates, sodium salicylates, potassium salicylates, calcium salicylates, and magnesium salicylates wherein the aromatic moiety is usually substituted by one or more aliphatic substituents to impart hydrocarbon solubility; the lithium, sodium, potassium
  • Basic or overbased salts of two or more different alkali and/or alkaline earth metals can be used.
  • basic or overbased salts of mixtures of two or more different acids or two or more different types of acids e.g., one or more calcium phenates with one or more calcium sulfonates
  • rubidium, cesium and strontium salts are feasible, their expense renders them impractical for most uses.
  • barium salts are effective, the status of barium as a heavy metal under a toxicological cloud renders barium salts less preferred for present-day usage.
  • overbased metal detergents are generally regarded as containing overbasing quantities of inorganic bases, probably in the form of micro dispersions or colloidal suspensions.
  • oil-soluble as applied to component c) materials is intended to include metal detergents wherein inorganic bases are present that are not necessarily completely or truly oil-soluble in the strict sense of the term, inasmuch as such detergents when mixed into base oils behave in much the same way as if they were fully and totally dissolved in the oil.
  • the basic or overbased metal detergents utilized as component c) can, if desired, be oil-soluble boronated alkali or alkaline earth metal-containing detergents.
  • Methods for preparing boronated, overbased metal detergents are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,480,548; 3,679,584; 3,829,381; 3,909,691; 4,965,003; and 4,965,004.
  • Particularly preferred metal detergents for use as component c) are one or more calcium sulfonates, one or more magnesium sulfonates, or combinations of one or more calcium sulfonates and one or more magnesium sulfonates. Most preferred are one or more overbased calcium sulfonates, one or more overbased magnesium sulfonates, and combinations of one or more overbased calcium sulfonates and one or more overbased magnesium sulfonates.
  • boron-containing additive components are preferably oil-soluble additive components, but effective use can be made of boron-containing components which are sufficiently finely divided as to form stable dispersions in the base oil.
  • boron-containing components include the finely-divided inorganic orthoborate salts such as lithium borate, sodium borate, potassium borate, magnesium borate, calcium borate, ammonium borate and the like.
  • the oil-soluble boron-containing components include boronated ashless dispersants (often referred to as borated ashless dispersants) and esters of acids of boron.
  • borated ashless dispersants examples include boronated ashless dispersants and descriptions of methods by which they can be prepared are well-documented in the literature. See for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,087,936; 3,254,025; 3,281,428; 3,282,955; 3,533,945; 3,539,633; 3,658,836; 3,697,574; 3,703,536; 3,704,308; 4,025,445; and 4,857,214.
  • the lubricant and lubricant concentrates of this invention can and preferably will contain additional components in order to partake of the properties which can be conferred to the overall composition by such additional components.
  • additional components The nature of such components will, to a large extent, be governed by the particular use to which the ultimate oleaginous composition (lubricant or functional fluid) is to be subjected.
  • oleaginous compositions will contain a conventional quantity of one or more antioxidants in order to protect the composition from premature degradation in the presence of air, especially at elevated temperatures.
  • Typical antioxidants include hindered phenolic antioxidants, secondary aromatic amine antioxidants, sulfurized phenolic antioxidants, oil-soluble copper compounds, phosphorus-containing antioxidants, and the like.
  • Illustrative sterically hindered phenolic antioxidants include ortho-alkylated phenolic compounds such as 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol, 2-tert-butylphenol, 2,6-di-isopropylphenol, 2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol, 2,4-di-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol, 4-(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 4-ethyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, 2-methyl-6-styrylphenol, 2,6-di-styryl-4-nonylphenol, and their analogs and homologs. Mixtures of two or more such mononuclear phenolic compounds are also suitable.
  • the preferred antioxidants for use in the compositions of this invention are methylene-bridged alkylphenols, and these can be used singly or in combinations with each other, or in combinations with sterically-hindered unbridged phenolic compounds.
  • Illustrative methylene bridged compounds include 4,4′-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-o-cresol), 4,4′-methylenebis(2-tert-amyl-o-cresol), 2,2′-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol), 4,4′-methylene-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol), and similar compounds.
  • Particularly preferred are mixtures of methylene-bridged alkylphenols such as are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,211,652.
  • Amine antioxidants especially oil-soluble aromatic secondary amines can also be used in the compositions of this invention.
  • aromatic secondary monoamines are preferred, aromatic secondary polyamines are also suitable.
  • Illustrative aromatic secondary monoamines include diphenylamine, alkyl diphenylamines containing 1 or 2 alkyl substituents each having up to 16 carbon atoms, phenyl- ⁇ -naphthylamine, phenyl-6-naphthylamine, alkyl- or aralkyl-substituted phenyl- ⁇ -naphthylamine containing one or two alkyl or aralkyl groups each having up to 16 carbon atoms, alkyl- or aralkyl-substituted phenyl- ⁇ naphthylamine containing one or two alkyl or aralkyl groups each having up to 16 carbon atoms, and similar compounds.
  • a preferred type of aromatic amine antioxidant is an alkylated diphenylamine of the general formula wherein R1 is an alkyl group (preferably a branched alkyl group) having 8 to 12 carbon atoms, (more preferably 8 or 9 carbon atoms) and R2 is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group (preferably a branched alkyl group) having 8 to 12 carbon atoms, (more preferably 8 or 9 carbon atoms). Most preferably, R1 and R2 are the same.
  • Naugalube 438L a material which is understood to be predominately a 4,4′-dinonyldiphenylamine (i.e., bis(4-nonylphenyl)amine) wherein the nonyl groups are branched.
  • antioxidants for inclusion in the compositions of this invention is comprised to one or more liquid, partially sulfurized phenolic compounds such as are prepared by reacting sulfur monochloride with a liquid mixture of phenols -- at least 50 weight percent of which mixture of phenols is composed of one or more reactive, hindered phenols -- in proportions to provide from 0.3 to 0.7 gram atoms of sulfur monochloride per mole of reactive, hindered phenol so as to produce a liquid product.
  • Typical phenol mixtures useful in making such liquid product compositions include a mixture containing by weight about 75% of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, about 10% of 2-tert-butylphenol, about 13% of 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol, and about 2% of 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol.
  • the reaction is exothermic and thus is preferably kept within the range of 15°C to 70°C, most preferably between 40°C to 60°C.
  • One suitable mixture is comprised of a combination of (i) an oil-soluble mixture of at least three different sterically-hindered tertiary butylated monohydric phenols which is in the liquid state at 25°C, (ii) an oil-soluble mixture of at least three different sterically-hindered tertiary butylated methylene-bridged polyphenols, and (iii) at least one bis(4-alkylphenyl)amine wherein the alkyl group is a branched alkyl group having 8 to 12 carbon atoms, the proportions of (i), (ii) and (iii) on a weight basis falling in the range of 3.5 to 5.0 parts of component (i) and 0.9 to 1.2 parts of component (ii) per part by weight of component (iii).
  • the lubricating compositions of this invention preferably contain 0.01 to 1.0% by weight, more preferably 0.05 to 0.7% by weight, of one or more sterically-hindered phenolic antioxidants of the types described above.
  • the lubricants of this invention may contain 0.01 to 1.0% by weight, more preferably 0.05 to 0.7% by weight of one or more aromatic amine antioxidants of the types described above.
  • a corrosion inhibitor This may be a single compound or a mixture of compounds having the property of inhibiting corrosion of metallic surfaces.
  • Such additives are inhibitors of copper corrosion.
  • Such compounds include thiazoles, triazoles and thiadiazoles.
  • examples of such compounds include benzotriazole, tolyltriazole, octyltriazole, decyltriazole, dodecyltriazole, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2-mercapto-5-hydrocarbylthio-1,3,4-thiadiazoles, 2-mercapto-5-hydrocarbyldithio-1,3,4-thiadiazoles, 2,5-bis(hydrocarbylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles, and 2,5-(bis)hydrocarbyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles.
  • the preferred compounds are the 1,3,4-thiadiazoles, a number of which are available as articles of commerce.
  • synthesis procedures see for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,765,289; 2,749,311; 2,760,933; 2,850,453; 2,910,439; 3,663,561; 3,862,798; and 3,840,549.
  • dimer and trimer acids such as are produced from tall oil fatty acids, oleic acid, linoleic acid, or the like. Products of this type are currently available from various, commercial sources, such as, for example, the dimer and trimer acids sold under the HYSTRENE trademark by the Humco Chemical Division of Witco Chemical Corporation and under the EMPOL trademark by Emery Chemicals.
  • alkenyl succinic acid and alkenyl succinic anhydride corrosion inhibitors such as, for example, tetrapropenylsuccinic acid, tetrapropenylsuccinic anhydride, tetradecenylsuccinic acid, tetradecenylsuccinic anhydride, hexadecenylsuccinic acid, hexadecenylsuccinic anhydride, and the like.
  • half esters of alkenyl succinic acids having 8 to 24 carbon atoms in the alkenyl group with alcohols such as the polyglycols.
  • Suitable corrosion inhibitors include ether amines; acid phosphates; amines; polyethoxylated compounds such as ethoxylated amines, ethoxylated phenols, and ethoxylated alcohols; imidazolines; and the like. Materials of these types are well known to those skilled in the art and a number of such materials are available as articles of commerce.
  • R1, R2, R5, R6 and R7 is, independently, a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbyl group containing 1 to 30 carbon atoms
  • each of R3 and R4 is, independently, a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbyl group containing 1 to 30 carbon atoms, or an acyl group containing from 1 to 30 carbon atoms.
  • the groups R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 and R7, when in the form of hydrocarbyl groups can be, for example, alkyl, cycloalkyl or aromatic containing groups.
  • R1 and R5 are the same or different straight-chain or branched-chain hydrocarbon radicals containing 1-20 carbon atoms. Most preferably, R1 and R5 are saturated hydrocarbon radicals containing 3-6 carbon atoms.
  • R2, either R3 or R4, R6 and R7, when in the form of hydrocarbyl groups, are preferably the same or different straight-chain or branched-chain saturated hydrocarbon radicals.
  • a dialkyl ester of an aminosuccinic acid is used in which R1 and R5 are the same or different alkyl groups containing 3-6 carbon atoms, R2 is a hydrogen atom, and either R3 or R4 is an alkyl group containing 15-20 carbon atoms or an acyl group which is derived from a saturated or unsaturated carboxylic acid containing 2-10 carbon atoms.
  • aminosuccinic acid derivatives is a dialkylester of an aminosuccinic acid of the above formula wherein R1 and R5 are isobutyl, R2 is a hydrogen atom, R3 is octadecyl and/or octadecenyl and R4is 3-carboxy-1-oxo-2-propenyl.
  • R6 and R7 are most preferably hydrogen atoms.
  • the lubricant compositions of this invention most preferably contain from 0.005 to 0.5% by weight, and especially from 0.01 to 0.2% by weight, of one or more corrosion inhibitors and/or metal deactivators of the type described above.
  • Suitable antifoam agents include silicones and organic polymers such as acrylate polymers. Various antifoam agents are described in Foam Control Agents by H. T. Kerner (Noyes Data Corporation, 1976, pages 125-176). Mixtures of silicone-type antifoam agents such as the liquid dialkyl silicone polymers with various other substances are also effective. Typical of such mixtures are silicones mixed with an acrylate polymer, silicones mixed with one or more amines, and silicones mixed with one or more amine carboxylates.
  • an oil-soluble neutral metal-containing detergent in which the metal is an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal. Combinations of such detergents can also be employed.
  • the neutral detergents of this type are those which contain an essentially stoichiometric equivalent quantity of metal in relation to the amount of acidic moieties present in the detergent.
  • the neutral detergents will have a TBN of up to about 50.
  • the acidic materials utilized in forming such detergents include carboxylic acids, salicylic acids, alkylphenols, sulfonic acids, sulfurized alkylphenols, and the like.
  • Typical detergents of this type and/or methods for their preparation are known and reported in the literature. See for example U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • HiTEC® 614 additive Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Inc.; Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Ltd.; Ethyl S.A.; Ethyl Canada Ltd.
  • compositions of this invention will preferably contain one or more oil-soluble supplemental antiwear and/or extreme pressure additives.
  • oil-soluble supplemental antiwear and/or extreme pressure additives comprise a number of well known classes of materials including, for example, sulfur-containing additives, esters of boron acids, esters of phosphorus acids, amine salts of phosphorus acids and acid esters, higher carboxylic acids and derivatives thereof, chlorine-containing additives, and the like.
  • Typical sulfur-containing antiwear and/or extreme pressure additives include dihydrocarbyl polysulfides; sulfurized olefins; sulfurized fatty acid esters of both natural (e.g. sperm oil) and synthetic origins; trithiones; thienyl derivatives; sulfurized terpenes; sulfurized oligomers of C2-C8 monoolefins; xanthates of alkanols and other organo-hydroxy compounds such as phenols;,thiocarbamates made from alkyl amines and other organo amines; and sulfurized Diels-Alder adducts such as those disclosed in U.S. reissue patent Re 27,331.
  • sulfurized polyisobutene of M ⁇ n 1,150 sulfurized isobutylene, sulfurized triisobutene, dicyclohexyl disulfide, diphenyl and dibenzyl disulfide, di-tert-butyl trisulfide, and dinonyl trisulfide, among others.
  • Esters of boron acids which may be used include borate, metaborate, pyroborate and biborate esters of monohydric and/or polyhydric alcohols and/or phenols, such as trioctyl borate, tridecyl borate, 2-ethylhexyl pyroborate, isoamyl metaborate, trixylyl borate, (butyl)(2,4-hexanediyl)borate, and the like.
  • Typical esters of phosphorus acids which may be used as antiwear and/or extreme pressure additives include trihydrocarbyl phosphites, phosphonates and phosphates, and dihydrocarbyl phosphites; such as tricresyl phosphate, tributyl phosphite, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate and phosphite, dibutyl trichloromethyl phosphonates, di(n-butyl)phosphite, triphenyl phosphite, tris(tridecyl) phosphite, and tolyl phosphinic acid dipropyl ester.
  • trihydrocarbyl phosphites such as tricresyl phosphate, tributyl phosphite, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate and phosphite, dibutyl trichloromethyl phosphonates,
  • amine salts of phosphorus acids and phosphorus acid-esters which can be employed are amine salts of partially esterified phosphoric, phosphorous, phosphonic, and phosphinic acids and their partial or total thio analogs such as partially esterified monothiophosphoric, dithiophosphoric, trithiophosphoric and tetrathiophosphoric acids; amine salts of phosphonic acids and their thio analogs; and the like.
  • Specific examples include the dihexylammonium salt of dodecylphosphoric acid, the diethyl hexyl ammonium salt of dioctyl dithiophosphoric acid, the octadecylammonium salt of dibutyl thiophosphoric acid, the dilaurylammonium salt of 2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid, the dioleyl ammonium salt of butane phosphonic acid, and analogous compounds.
  • fatty acids dimerized and trimerized unsaturated natural acids (e.g., linoleic) and esters, amine, ammonia, and metal (particularly lead) salts thereof, and amides and imidazoline salt and condensation products thereof, oxazolines, and esters of fatty acids, such as ammonium di-(linoleic) acid, lard oil, oleic acid, animal glycerides, lead stearate, etc.
  • fatty acids dimerized and trimerized unsaturated natural acids (e.g., linoleic) and esters, amine, ammonia, and metal (particularly lead) salts thereof, and amides and imidazoline salt and condensation products thereof, oxazolines, and esters of fatty acids, such as ammonium di-(linoleic) acid, lard oil, oleic acid, animal glycerides, lead stearate, etc.
  • Suitable chlorine-containing additives include chlorinated waxes of both the paraffinic and microcrystalline type, polyhaloaromatics such as di- and trichlorobenzene, trifluoromethyl naphthalenes, perchlorobenzene, pentachlorophenol and dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane. Also useful are chlorosulfurized olefins and olefinic waxes and sulfurized chlorophenyl methyl chlorides and chloroxanthates. Specific examples include chlorodibenzyl disulfide, chlorosulfurized polyisobutene of M ⁇ n 600, chlorosulfurized pinene and chlorosulfurized lard oil.
  • compositions of this invention can include one or more supplemental ashless dispersants in order to supplement the dispersancy contributed by component b) (and optional component d) when used).
  • the supplemental ashless dispersant(s) differ from component b) and component d) in that the supplemental ashless dispersant(s) are not phosphorylated in the manner of component b) or boronated (and optionally additionally phosphorylated) in the manner of component d).
  • the supplemental ashless dispersant(s) which may be used in the compositions of this invention can be any of the basic nitrogen-containing and/or hydroxyl group-containing ashless dispersants of the type referred to hereinabove in connection with the preparation of component b). Use can therefore be made of any of the carboxylic ashless dispersants and/or any of the hydrocarbyl polyamine dispersants and/or any of the Mannich polyamine dispersants and/or any of the polymeric polyamine dispersants referred to hereinabove.
  • ashless dispersants which can be included in the compositions of this invention are imidazoline dispersants which can be represented by the formula: wherein R1 represents a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, e.g. an alkyl or alkenyl group having 7 to 22 carbon atoms, and R2 represents a hydrogen atoms or a hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 22 carbon atoms, or an aminoalkyl, acylaminoalkyl or hydroxyalkyl radical having 2 to 50 carbon atoms.
  • R1 represents a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, e.g. an alkyl or alkenyl group having 7 to 22 carbon atoms
  • R2 represents a hydrogen atoms or a hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 22 carbon atoms, or an aminoalkyl, acylaminoalkyl or hydroxyalkyl radical having 2 to 50 carbon atoms.
  • Such long- chain alkyl (or long-chain alkenyl) imidazoline compounds may be made by reaction of a corresponding long-chain fatty acid (of formula R1-COOH), for example oleic acid, with an appropriate polyamine.
  • the imidazoline formed is then ordinarily called, for example, oleylimidazoline where the radical R1 represents the oleyl residue of oleic acid.
  • R1 represents the oleyl residue of oleic acid.
  • Other suitable alkyl substituents in the 2-position of these imidazolines include undecyl, heptadecyl, lauryl and erucyl.
  • Suitable N-substituents of the imidazolines i.e.
  • radicals R2 include hydrocarbyl groups, hydroxyalkyl groups, aminoalkyl groups, and acylaminoalkyl groups. Examples of these various groups include methyl, butyl, decyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, benzyl, tolyl, hydroxyethyl, aminoethyl, oleylaminoethyl and stearylaminoethyl.
  • Another class of ashless dispersant which can be incorporated in the compositions of this invention are the products of reaction of an ethoxylated amine made by reaction of ammonia with ethylene oxide with a carboxylic acid of 8 to 30 carbon atoms.
  • the ethoxylated amine may be, for example, mono-, di- or tri- ethanolamine or a polyethoxylated derivative thereof, and the carboxylic acid may be, for example, a straight or branched chain fatty acid of 10 to 22 carbon atoms, a naphthenic acid, a resinic acid or an alkyl aryl carboxylic acid.
  • Still another type of ashless dispersants which can be used in the practice of this invention are the ⁇ -olefin-maleimide copolymers such as are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,909,215.
  • Such copolymers are alternating copolymers of N-substituted maleimides and aliphatic ⁇ -olefins of from 8 to 30 carbon atoms.
  • the copolymers may have an average of 4 to 20 maleimide groups per molecule.
  • the substituents on the nitrogen of the maleimide may be the same or different and are organic radicals composed essentially of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen having a total of 3 to 60 carbon atoms.
  • a commercially available material which is highly suitable for use in this invention is Chevron OFA 425B, and this material is believed to be or comprise an ⁇ -olefin maleimide copolymer of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,909,215.
  • ashless dispersants can be utilized either singly or in combination in the compositions of this invention, provided of course that they are compatible with the other additive components being employed and are suitably soluble in the base oil selected for use.
  • pour point depressants Another useful type of additive included in compositions of this invention is one or more pour point depressants.
  • pour point depressants are well known to the art. See, for example, the books Lubricant Additives by C. V. Smalheer and R. Kennedy Smith (Lezius-Hiles Co. Publishers, Cleveland, Ohio, 1967); Gear and Transmission Lubricants by C. T. Boner (Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, 1964); and Lubricant Additives by M. W. Ranney (Noyes Data Corporation, New Jersey, 1973).
  • pour point depressants are polymethacrylates, polyacrylates, condensation products of haloparaffin waxes and aromatic compounds, and vinyl carboxylate polymers.
  • ter-polymers made by polymerizing a dialkyl fumarate, vinyl ester of a fatty acid and a vinyl alkyl ether. Techniques for preparing such polymers and their uses are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,250,715.
  • the pour point depressants (on an active content basis) are present in amounts within the range of 0.01 to 5, and more often within the range of 0.01 to 1, weight percent of the total composition.
  • the lubricant compositions can contain up to 15 weight percent of one or more viscosity index improvers (excluding the weight of solvent or carrier fluid with which viscosity index improvers are often associated as supplied).
  • viscosity index improvers excluding the weight of solvent or carrier fluid with which viscosity index improvers are often associated as supplied.
  • Dispersant viscosity index improvers which combine the activity of dispersants and viscosity index improvers, suitable for use in the compositions of this invention are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,702,300; 4,068,056; 4,068,058; 4,089,794; 4,137,185; 4,146,489; 4,149,984; 4,160,739; and 4,519,929.
  • fuel economy additives include such substances as the alkyl phosphonates as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,356,097, aliphatic hydrocarbyl-substituted succinimides derived from ammonia or alkyl monoamines as disclosed in European Patent Publication No. 20037, dimer acid esters as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,105,571, oleamide, and the like.
  • Such additives when used are generally present in amounts of 0.1 to 5 weight percent.
  • Glycerol oleates are another example of fuel economy additives and these are usually present in very small amounts, such as 0.05 to 0.2 weight percent based on the weight of the formulated oil.
  • Suitable friction modifiers include aliphatic amines or ethoxylated aliphatic amines, aliphatic fatty acid amides, aliphatic carboxylic acids, aliphatic carboxylic esters, aliphatic carboxylic ester-amides, aliphatic phosphates, aliphatic thiophosphonates, aliphatic thiophosphates, etc., wherein the aliphatic group usually contains above eight carbon atoms so as to render the compound suitably oil soluble.
  • a desirable friction modifier additive combination which may be used in the practice of this invention is described in European Patent Publication No. 389,237. This combination involves use of a long chain succinimide derivative and a long chain amide.
  • Additives may be introduced into the compositions of this invention in order to improve the seal performance (elastomer compatibility) of the compositions.
  • Known materials of this type include dialkyl diesters such as dioctyl sebacate, aromatic hydrocarbons of suitable viscosity such as Panasol AN-3N, products such as Lubrizol 730, polyol esters such as Emery 2935, 2936, and 2939 esters from the Emery Group of Henkel Corporation and Hatcol 2352, 2962, 2925, 2938, 2939, 2970, 3178, and 4322 polyol esters from Hatco Corporation.
  • dialkyl diesters such as dioctyl sebacate
  • aromatic hydrocarbons of suitable viscosity such as Panasol AN-3N
  • products such as Lubrizol 730
  • polyol esters such as Emery 2935, 2936, and 2939 esters from the Emery Group of Henkel Corporation and Hatcol 2352, 2962, 2925, 2938, 29
  • diesters include the adipates, azelates, and sebacates of C8-C13 alkanols (or mixtures thereof), and the phthalates of C4-C13 alkanols (or mixtures thereof). Mixtures of two or more different types of diesters (e.g., dialkyl adipates and dialkyl azelates, etc.) can also be used.
  • Such materials include the n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, isodecyl, and tridecyl diesters of adipic acid, azelaic acid, and sebacic acid, and the n-butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, and tridecyl diesters of phthalic acid.
  • the additive combinations of this invention can be incorporated in a wide variety of lubricants and functional fluids in effective amounts to provide suitable active ingredient concentrations.
  • the base oils not only can be hydrocarbon oils of lubricating viscosity derived from petroleum (or tar sands, coal, shale, etc.), but also can be natural oils of suitable viscosities such as rapeseed oil, etc., and synthetic oils such as hydrogenated polyolefin oils; poly- ⁇ -olefins (e.g., hydrogenated or unhydrogenated ⁇ -olefin oligomers such as hydrogenated poly-1-decene); alkyl esters of dicarboxylic acids; complex esters of dicarboxylic acid, polyglycol and alcohol; alkyl esters of carbonic or phosphoric acids; polysilicones; fluorohydrocarbon oils; and mixtures of mineral, natural and/or synthetic oils in any proportion, etc.
  • base oil for this disclosure includes all the foregoing.
  • the additive combinations of this invention can thus be used in lubricating oil and functional fluid compositions, such as automotive crankcase lubricating oils, automatic transmission fluids, gear oils, hydraulic oils, cutting oils, etc., in which the base oil of lubricating viscosity is a mineral oil, a synthetic oil, a natural oil such as a vegetable oil, or a mixture thereof, e.g. a mixture of a mineral oil and a synthetic oil.
  • the base oil of lubricating viscosity is a mineral oil, a synthetic oil, a natural oil such as a vegetable oil, or a mixture thereof, e.g. a mixture of a mineral oil and a synthetic oil.
  • Suitable mineral oils include those of appropriate viscosity refined from crude oil of any source including Gulf Coast, Midcontinent, Pennsylvania, California, Alaska, Middle East, North Sea and the like. Standard refinery operations may be used in processing the mineral oil.
  • general types of petroleum oils useful in the compositions of this invention are solvent neutrals, bright stocks, cylinder stocks, residual oils, hydrocracked base stocks, paraffin oils including pale oils, and solvent extracted naphthenic oils. Such oils and blends of them are produced by a number of conventional techniques which are widely known by those skilled in the art.
  • the base oil can consist essentially of or comprise a portion of one or more synthetic oils.
  • suitable synthetic oils are homo- and interpolymers of C2-C12 olefins, carboxylic acid esters of both monoalcohols and polyols, polyethers, silicones, polyglycols, silicates, alkylated aromatics, carbonates, thiocarbonates, orthoformates, phosphates and phosphites, borates and halogenated hydrocarbons.
  • oils are homo- and interpolymers of C2-C12 monoolefinic hydrocarbons, alkylated benzenes (e.g., dodecyl benzenes, didodecyl benzenes, tetradecyl benzenes, dinonyl benzenes, di-(2-ethylhexyl)benzenes, wax-alkylated naphthalenes); and polyphenyls (e.g., biphenyls, terphenyls).
  • alkylated benzenes e.g., dodecyl benzenes, didodecyl benzenes, tetradecyl benzenes, dinonyl benzenes, di-(2-ethylhexyl)benzenes, wax-alkylated naphthalenes
  • polyphenyls e.g., biphenyls,
  • Alkylene oxide polymers and interpolymers and derivatives thereof where the terminal hydroxyl groups have been modified by esterification, etherification, etc. constitute another class of synthetic oils. These are exemplified by the oils prepared through polymerization of alkylene oxides such as ethylene oxide or propylene oxide, and the alkyl and aryl ethers of these polyoxyalkylene polymers (e.g., methyl polyisopropylene glycol ether having an average molecular weight of 1,000, diphenyl ether of polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 500-1,000, diethyl ether of polypropylene glycol having a molecular weight of 1,000-1,500) or mono- and poly-carboxylic esters thereof, for example, the acetic acid ester, mixed C3-C6 fatty acid esters, or the C13 Oxo acid diester of tetraethylene glycol.
  • alkylene oxides such as ethylene oxide or propylene oxide
  • Another suitable class of synthetic oils comprises the esters of dicarboxylic acids (e.g., phthalic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer) with a variety of alcohols (e.g., butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, ethylene glycol).
  • dicarboxylic acids e.g., phthalic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer
  • alcohols e.g., butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, ethylene glycol.
  • esters include dibutyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, didodecyl adipate, di(tridecyl) adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, dilauryl sebacate, di-n-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azelate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, di(eicosyl) sebacate, the 2-ethylhexyl diester of linoleic acid dimer, and the complex ester formed by reacting one mole of sebacic acid with two moles of tetraethylene glycol and two moles of 2-ethylhexanoic acid.
  • Esters which may be used as synthetic oils also include those made from C3-C18 monocarboxylic acids and polyols and polyol ethers such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol and dipentaerythritol.
  • Silicon-based oils such as the polyalkyl-, polyaryl-, polyalkoxy-, or polyaryloxy-siloxane oils and silicate oils comprise another class of synthetic lubricants (e.g., tetraethyl silicate, tetraisopropyl silicate, tetra-(2-ethylhexyl) silicate, tetra-(p-tert-butylphenyl) silicate, poly(methyl)siloxanes, and poly(methylphenyl)siloxanes.
  • synthetic lubricants e.g., tetraethyl silicate, tetraisopropyl silicate, tetra-(2-ethylhexyl) silicate, tetra-(p-tert-butylphenyl) silicate, poly(methyl)siloxanes, and poly(methylphenyl)siloxanes.
  • Other synthetic lubricating oils include liquid esters of phosphorus-containing acids (e.g., tricresyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphite, and diethyl ester of decane phosphonic acid.
  • liquid esters of phosphorus-containing acids e.g., tricresyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphite, and diethyl ester of decane phosphonic acid.
  • Also useful as base oils or as components of base oils are hydrogenated or unhydrogenated liquid oligomers of C6-C16 alphaolefins, such as hydrogenated or unhydrogenated oligomers formed from 1-decene.
  • Methods for the production of such liquid oligomeric 1-alkene hydrocarbons are known and reported in the literature. See for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,749,560; 3,763,244; 3,780,128; 4,172,855; 4,218,330; 4,902,846; 4,906,798; 4,910,355; 4,911,758; 4,935,570; 4,950,822; 4,956,513; and 4,981,578.
  • hydrogenated 1-alkene oligomers of this type are available as articles of commerce, for example, under the trade designations ETHYLFLO 162, ETHYLFLO 164, ETHYLFLO 166, ETHYLFLO 168, ETHYLFLO 170, ETHYLFLO 174, and ETHYLFLO 180 poly- ⁇ -olefin oils (Ethyl Corporation; Ethyl Canada Ltd.; Ethyl S.A.). Blends of such materials can also be used in order to adjust the viscometrics of the given base oil. Suitable 1-alkene oligomers are also available from other suppliers. As is well known, hydrogenated oligomers of this type contain little, if any, residual ethylenic unsaturation.
  • Preferred oligomers are formed by use of a Friedel-Crafts catalyst (especially boron trifluoride promoted with water or a C1 ⁇ 20 alkanol) followed by catalytic hydrogenation of the oligomer so formed using procedures such as are described in the foregoing U.S. patents.
  • a Friedel-Crafts catalyst especially boron trifluoride promoted with water or a C1 ⁇ 20 alkanol
  • catalyst systems which can be used to form oligomers of 1-alkene hydrocarbons, which, on hydrogenation, provide suitable oleaginous liquids include Ziegler catalysts such as ethyl aluminum sesquichloride with titanium tetrachloride, aluminum alkyl catalysts, chromium oxide catalysts on silica or alumina supports and a system in which a boron trifluoride catalyzed oligomerization is followed by treatment with an organic peroxide.
  • Ziegler catalysts such as ethyl aluminum sesquichloride with titanium tetrachloride, aluminum alkyl catalysts, chromium oxide catalysts on silica or alumina supports and a system in which a boron trifluoride catalyzed oligomerization is followed by treatment with an organic peroxide.
  • Typical natural oils that may be used as base oils or as components of the base oils include castor oil, olive oil, peanut oil, rapeseed oil, corn oil, sesame oil, cotton-seed oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, hemp oil, linseed oil, tung oil, oiticica oil, jojoba oil, and the like. Such oils may be partially or fully hydrogenated, if desired.
  • the base oils used in the compositions of this invention may be composed of (i) one or more mineral oils, (ii) one or more synthetic oils, (iii) one or more natural oils, or (iv) a blend of (i) and (ii), or (i) and (iii), or (ii) and (iii), or (i), (ii) and (iii) does not mean that these various types of oils are necessarily equivalents of each other.
  • Certain types of base oils may be used in certain compositions for the specific properties they possess such as high temperature stability, non-flammability or lack of corrosivity towards specific metals (e.g. silver or cadmium). In other compositions, other types of base oils may be preferred for reasons of availability or low cost.
  • the skilled artisan will recognize that while the various types of base oils discussed above may be used in the compositions of this invention, they are not necessarily functional equivalents of each other in every instance.
  • the components of the additive compositions of this invention are employed in the oleaginous liquids (e.g., lubricating oils and functional fluids) in minor amounts sufficient to improve the performance characteristics and properties of the base oil or fluid.
  • the amounts will thus vary in accordance with such factors as the viscosity characteristics of the base oil or fluid employed, the viscosity characteristics desired in the finished product, the service conditions for which the finished product is intended, and the performance characteristics desired in the finished product.
  • concentrations (weight percent) of the components (active ingredients) in the base oils or fluids are illustrative:
  • the relative proportions of components a), b), c) and d) in the finished oleaginous liquids and in the additive concentrates of this invention generally are such that per atom of phosphorus in component b), there are from 0.05 to 100 atoms (and preferably from 0.15 to 10 atoms) of metal as component a); from 0 to 1,000 atoms (and preferably from 0.05 to 150 atoms) of metal as component c); and from 0 to 600 atoms (and preferably from 0.15 to 200 atoms) of boron as component d).
  • the base oil should contain at least 0.03%, preferably at least 0.04%, more preferably at least 0.05%, and most preferably at least 0.06% by weight of phosphorus as component b). For this reason it is desirable to proportion the components in the additive concentrates to yield such concentrations of phosphorus as component b) at the treat level recommended for any given additive concentrate.
  • a wide variety of component proportions in the additive concentrates can of course be used to achieve these use concentrations in the finished oil. Nevertheless, and without in any way limiting the scope of this invention, preferred additive concentrates of this invention will typically contain at least 0.3% by weight of phosphorus as component b), and may contain as much as 3% or more of phosphorus as component b).
  • concentrations (weight percent of active ingredient) of typical optional ingredients in the oleaginous liquid compositions of this invention are generally as follows:
  • the individual components a) and b), preferably component c) and/or component d) as well, and also any and all auxiliary components employed, can be separately blended into the base oil or fluid or can be blended therein in various subcombinations, if desired. Moreover, such components can be blended in the form of separate solutions in a diluent. Except for viscosity index improvers and/or pour point depressants (which are usually blended apart from other components), it is preferable to blend the components used in the form of an additive concentrate of this invention, as this simplifies the blending operations, reduces the likelihood of blending errors, and takes advantage of the compatibility and solubility characteristics afforded by the overall concentrate. In this connection, in order to minimize corrosive attack on yellow metals, it is desirable to employ component c) and to arrange the blending order such that components b) and c) are premixed prior to mixing with component a).
  • the additive concentrates of this invention will contain components a) and b), and preferably components c) and/or d), in amounts proportioned to yield finished oil or fluid blends consistent with the concentrations tabulated above.
  • the additive concentrate will contain one or more diluents such as light mineral oils, to facilitate handling and blending of the concentrate.
  • concentrates containing up to 50% by weight of one or more diluents or solvents can be used.
  • the oleaginous liquids provided by this invention can be used in a variety of applications.
  • they can be employed as crankcase lubricants, gear oils, hydraulic fluids, manual transmission fluids, automatic transmission fluids, cutting and machining fluids, brake fluids, shock absorber fluids, heat transfer fluids, quenching oils, transformer oils, and the like.
  • the compositions are particularly suitable for use as crankcase lubricants for spark ignition (gasoline) engines, and compression ignition (diesel) engines.
  • the formulation or blending operations are relatively simple and involve mixing together in a suitable container or vessel, using a dry, inert atmosphere where necessary or desirable, appropriate proportions of the selected ingredients.
  • Those skilled in the art are cognizant of and familiar with the procedures suitable for formulating and blending additive concentrates and lubricant compositions. While it is usually possible to blend the components in various sequences, it is distinctly preferable when forming the concentrates of this invention which are to contain components a), b) and c), to form the concentrate by preblending components b) and c) prior to blending component a) therewith.
  • the resultant product (whether an additive concentrate or a finished lubricant) is substantially less corrosive to yellow metals, such as copper, than material formed by blending components a) and b) together prior to addition of component c).
  • a sulfurized fatty ester-polyalkanol amide type product such as SUL-PERM 60-93 as a component
  • this type of ingredient is preferably introduced into the additive concentrate or into the lubricating oil composition after inclusion therein of at least components a) and b), and, if used, components c) and/or d).
  • compositions of this invention which are to contain a sulfurized antioxidant or stabilizer and a sulfurized fatly ester-polyalkanol amide type product such as SUL-PERM 60-93
  • sulfurized antioxidant or stabilizer it is preferable to combine the sulfurized antioxidant or stabilizer with the ashless dispersant component(s) prior to mixing with the sulfurized fatty ester-polyalkanol amide type product. It will be appreciated that in any blending operation, the components being blended at any given time should not be irreconcilably incompatible with each other.
  • Agitation such as with mechanical stirring equipment is desirable to facilitate the blending operation.
  • the temperatures used during the blending operations should be controlled so as not to cause any significant amount of thermal degradation or unwanted chemical interactions.
  • the additive ingredients When forming the lubricant compositions of this invention, it is usually desirable to introduce the additive ingredients into the base oil with stirring and application of mildly elevated temperatures, as this facilitates the dissolution of the components in the oil and achievement of product uniformity.
  • the weights of the various ingredients are on an "as received" basis -- i.e., the weights include solvents or diluents which are in the products as supplied.
  • the preferred order of addition is to add component a) to a preblend of components b) and c), and in those instances where a sulfurized fatty ester such as SUL-PERM 60-93 is employed, to introduce this component as the final component.
  • a particularly preferred method of forming such compositions is to form a mixture of components b) and c), or a mixture of components b) and c) plus oil, and heat such mixture for about 15 minutes at 50-60°C.
  • all of the other ingredients specified in the examples except for a sulfurized fatty ester such as SUL-PERM 60-93, if used
  • SUL-PERM 60-93 sulfurized fatty ester
  • it is most preferably added as the last component and the resulting composition is heated at 50-60°C for about 10 to 15 minutes. In these operations the mixtures should be stirred throughout.
  • crankcase lubricating oil of this invention is formed by blending together the following components:
  • crankcase lubricating oil of this invention is formed by blending together the following components:
  • crankcase lubricating oil of this invention is formed by blending together the following components:
  • crankcase lubricating oil of this invention is formed by blending together the following components:
  • Example V The procedure of Example V is repeated using the same ingredients as therein specified except where otherwise indicated below:
  • Example VII The procedure of Example VII is repeated using the same ingredients as therein specified except where otherwise indicated below:
  • a synthetic lubricant of this invention is formed by blending together the following components in the amounts specified:
  • Example X The procedure of Example X is repeated except that component b) is prepared as in Example B-1 and is employed at a concentration of 5.940% and the amount of process oil used is 0.770%.
  • Example X The procedure of Example X is repeated using the same ingredients except as otherwise specified:
  • Example XII The procedure of Example XII is repeated using the same ingredients except where otherwise specified:
  • An additive concentrate of this invention is formed by blending together the following components as identified in Example I:
  • An additive concentrate of this invention is formed by blending together the following components as identified in Example II:
  • An additive concentrate of this invention is formed by blending together the following components as identified in Example IV:
  • An additive concentrate of this invention is formed by blending together the following components as identified in Example V:
  • An additive concentrate of this invention is formed by blending together the following components as identified in Example VII:
  • An additive concentrate of this invention is formed by blending together the following components as identified in Example VIII:
  • An additive concentrate of this invention is formed by blending together the following components:
  • a lubricant composition of this invention is formed by blending the above concentrate and a viscosity index improver in a base oil as follows:
  • An additive concentrate of this invention is formed by blending together the components as identified in Example XX, except as otherwise indicated, in the following proportions:
  • a lubricant composition of this invention is formed by blending the above concentrate, a viscosity index improver, and a pour point depressant in a base oil described below:
  • a lubricant of this invention is formed by blending together the components as identified in Example XXI, except as otherwise indicated, in the following proportions:
  • compositions having the same total concentration of phosphorus therein.
  • the compositions were identical to each other except that one such composition (Oil A) contained only zinc dialkyldithiophosphate as the phosphorus-containing component whereas another such composition (Oil B) contained a phosphorylated succinimide of this invention as the sole source of phosphorus.
  • Oil C a representative composition of this invention, contained the combination of both the same zinc dialkyldithiophosphate and the same phosphorylated succinimide dispersant. All compositions contained in addition the same concentration of overbased calcium sulfonate having a nominal TBN of 300. The makeup of these compositions was as follows:
  • Blend A contained the following: 1.2% of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate1 1.3% of overbased calcium sulfonate2 0.5% of sulfurized fatty ester3 6.0% of non-phosphorylated, non-boronated succinimide4
  • Blend B contained the following: 1.2% of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate1 1.3% of overbased calcium sulfonate2 0.5% of sulfurized fatty ester3 7.5% of phosphorylated, non-boronated succinimide5 (1) HiTEC® 685 Additive (Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Inc.; Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Ltd.; Ethyl S.A.; Ethyl Canada Ltd.).
  • succination ratio i.e., ratio of the average number of succinic groups per
  • a group of lubricant compositions made from different succinimide dispersants were subjected to a bench test simulating sludge performance in the Sequence VE engine tests.
  • This test involves subjecting each lubricant to standard Hot Oil Oxidation Test (HOOT) conditions and determining the change in dielectric constant of the lubricants before and after the oxidation.
  • HOOT Hot Oil Oxidation Test
  • the oxidized oil is mixed with a known amount of standard oxidized oil (a laboratory preparation) and diluted with a hydrotreated base stock. Turbidity measurements are then taken and then dielectric constant measurement, HOOT time and turbidity data, are combined into a single number for reporting and comparison purposes. A lower number indicates better anti-sludge properties.
  • the patent shows in its Tables 3 and 4 that with succinimide derived from polyisobutylene of number average molecular weight of 950, maleic anhydride and tetraethylene pentamine, products having a succination ratio of 1.0 gave inferior results on dispersancy and varnish formation than corresponding succinimides in which the succination ratio was 1.8. Yet as shown by some of the results presented above, phosphorylated polyisobutenyl succinimides with a succination ratio of 1.18 made from polyisobutene of number average molecular weight of about 950, gave excellent results both on dispersancy and on wear prevention.
  • oil-soluble is used in the sense that the component in question has sufficient solubility in the selected base oil in order to dissolve therein at ordinary temperatures to a concentration at least equivalent to the minimum concentration specified herein for use of such component.
  • solubility of such component in the selected base oil will be in excess of such minimum concentration, although there is no requirement that the component be soluble in the base oil in all proportions.
  • certain useful additives do not completely dissolve in base oils but rather are used in the form of stable suspensions or dispersions. Additives of this type can be employed in the compositions of this invention, provided they do not significantly interfere with the performance or usefulness of the composition in which they are employed.
EP92304930A 1991-05-29 1992-05-29 Schmierölzusammensetzungen, Konzentrate und ihre Verwendung Expired - Lifetime EP0516461B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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US70686291A 1991-05-29 1991-05-29
US706862 1991-05-29

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EP0516461B1 EP0516461B1 (de) 1996-02-28

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EP (1) EP0516461B1 (de)
JP (1) JPH05179273A (de)
AU (1) AU657528B2 (de)
CA (1) CA2065945A1 (de)
DE (1) DE69208526T2 (de)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0622443A2 (de) * 1993-04-30 1994-11-02 Yushiro Chemical Industry Co. Ltd. Bearbeitungsschmierölzusammensetzung
EP0638632A2 (de) * 1993-08-13 1995-02-15 Ethyl Petroleum Additives Limited Motorölzusammensetzungen, Zusatzkonzentrat zur Herstellung solcher Öle und ihre Verwendung
EP0663436A1 (de) * 1994-01-14 1995-07-19 Ethyl Petroleum Additives Limited Dispergiermittel für Schmieröl
WO1999052998A1 (en) * 1998-04-09 1999-10-21 Infineum Usa L.P. Oleaginous concentrates
WO2005003265A1 (en) * 2003-06-25 2005-01-13 The Lubrizol Corporation Gel additives for fuel that reduce soot and/or emissions from engines
CN108659930A (zh) * 2018-06-06 2018-10-16 周旗 一种润滑油、生产工艺及生产系统

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US3502677A (en) * 1963-06-17 1970-03-24 Lubrizol Corp Nitrogen-containing and phosphorus-containing succinic derivatives
EP0271937A2 (de) * 1986-11-28 1988-06-22 Shell Internationale Researchmaatschappij B.V. Schmiermittelzusammensetzung
US4842755A (en) * 1986-02-04 1989-06-27 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Marine lubricating composition
EP0359522A1 (de) * 1988-09-16 1990-03-21 Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Inc. Öllösliche phosphorhaltige Verschleissschutzadditive für Schmieröle
EP0384639A1 (de) * 1989-02-21 1990-08-29 Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Inc. Vorbehandelte automatische Kraftübertragungsflüssigkeiten und ihre Herstellung
EP0454380A1 (de) * 1990-04-20 1991-10-30 Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Inc. Schmierölzusammensetzung, die ein Gemisch von Bernsteinsäureimide- und Mannichbase-Dispergiermitteln enthalten

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US3502677A (en) * 1963-06-17 1970-03-24 Lubrizol Corp Nitrogen-containing and phosphorus-containing succinic derivatives
GB1061494A (en) * 1965-02-04 1967-03-15 Lubrizol Corp Process of preparing lubricant additives
US4842755A (en) * 1986-02-04 1989-06-27 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Marine lubricating composition
EP0271937A2 (de) * 1986-11-28 1988-06-22 Shell Internationale Researchmaatschappij B.V. Schmiermittelzusammensetzung
EP0359522A1 (de) * 1988-09-16 1990-03-21 Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Inc. Öllösliche phosphorhaltige Verschleissschutzadditive für Schmieröle
EP0384639A1 (de) * 1989-02-21 1990-08-29 Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Inc. Vorbehandelte automatische Kraftübertragungsflüssigkeiten und ihre Herstellung
EP0454380A1 (de) * 1990-04-20 1991-10-30 Ethyl Petroleum Additives, Inc. Schmierölzusammensetzung, die ein Gemisch von Bernsteinsäureimide- und Mannichbase-Dispergiermitteln enthalten

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0622443A2 (de) * 1993-04-30 1994-11-02 Yushiro Chemical Industry Co. Ltd. Bearbeitungsschmierölzusammensetzung
EP0622443A3 (de) * 1993-04-30 1995-05-10 Yushiro Chem Ind Bearbeitungsschmierölzusammensetzung.
EP0638632A2 (de) * 1993-08-13 1995-02-15 Ethyl Petroleum Additives Limited Motorölzusammensetzungen, Zusatzkonzentrat zur Herstellung solcher Öle und ihre Verwendung
EP0638632A3 (de) * 1993-08-13 1995-07-05 Ethyl Petroleum Additives Ltd Motorölzusammensetzungen, Zusatzkonzentrat zur Herstellung solcher Öle und ihre Verwendung.
EP0663436A1 (de) * 1994-01-14 1995-07-19 Ethyl Petroleum Additives Limited Dispergiermittel für Schmieröl
WO1999052998A1 (en) * 1998-04-09 1999-10-21 Infineum Usa L.P. Oleaginous concentrates
US6605571B1 (en) 1998-04-09 2003-08-12 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Oleaginous concentrates
WO2005003265A1 (en) * 2003-06-25 2005-01-13 The Lubrizol Corporation Gel additives for fuel that reduce soot and/or emissions from engines
CN1842585B (zh) * 2003-06-25 2010-11-03 卢布里佐尔公司 用于减少烟灰和/或发动机排放物的燃料的凝胶添加剂
CN108659930A (zh) * 2018-06-06 2018-10-16 周旗 一种润滑油、生产工艺及生产系统

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0516461B1 (de) 1996-02-28
DE69208526T2 (de) 1996-06-13
JPH05179273A (ja) 1993-07-20
CA2065945A1 (en) 1992-11-30
AU1523492A (en) 1992-12-03
AU657528B2 (en) 1995-03-16
DE69208526D1 (de) 1996-04-04

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