EP0516258A2 - Heat engine - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a heat engine comprising at least one cylinder 105 with a piston element 106, devices 121, 122 for the successive heating and cooling of the medium enclosed in the cylinder 105, and an output linkage 110. In order to obtain a high efficiency in the continuous output of the heat engine, a plurality of cylinders 105 is arranged on a frame 104 rotatable about a rotationally fixed eccentric shaft 101, the devices 121, 122 being arranged diametrically opposite in the rotational area of the cylinder 105 and the output linkage 110 of the plurality of piston elements 106 being supported on a bearing ring 109 capable of rotating on the eccentric shaft 101, and the rotatable frame 104 and the bearing ring 109 being supported on different areas of the rotationally fixed eccentric shaft 101. <IMAGE>

Description

The invention relates to a heat engine according to the preamble of claim 1. Heat engines of the generic type are known as Stirling massages from the specialist book by Walter Kufner. In this case, devices for heating and cooling the enclosed medium, in particular air, are arranged at the two ends of the cylinder, a displacement piston having a diameter slightly smaller than the inside diameter of the cylinder being provided in order to transfer the medium from the heating region into the cooling region. Transport area and vice versa. A flywheel is driven by the piston element, which is reciprocated in the cylinder and is designed as a reciprocating piston, via an output linkage.

In a more modern version of the Kolin Stirling engine, the displacement piston is designed as a plate which displaces the air enclosed in the working chamber from the warm side to the cold side of the plate and vice versa. The movement of the plate is brought about by stops of a displacement push rod which is articulated via damping springs to a displacement crank which is connected to the flywheel.

The known Stirling heat engines have the disadvantage that the additional displacement piston is included in the cylinder associated output linkage is required, whereby the efficiency of the discontinuous Stirling heat engines is relatively poor.

The invention is based on the object of improving the heat engine in such a way that, with continuous drive, a high degree of efficiency in converting heat into rotating drive power can be achieved.

The solution to this problem results from the characterizing features of claim 1. According to the invention, the cylinders which pass through the area of the heating device and form closed chambers cause an expansion of the medium enclosed therein and thus a working stroke of the respective piston element, which via the associated output linkage on the Bearing ring is transmitted. The cylinders attached to the frame then reach the area of the cooling device, an inward working stroke being exerted on the piston elements, by means of which they are returned to their initial position. When the cylinders are immersed again in the area of the heating device, there is again a working stroke for actuating the output linkage. Since the rotatable frame receiving the cylinders and the bearing ring are mounted on different areas of the non-rotatable eccentric shaft, a torque is exerted on the frame carrying the cylinders, which leads to a rotation of the frame and at the same time of the bearing ring carrying the output linkage. This rotational movement or the torque generated by it can be taken from both the bearing ring and the frame and used as drive energy or drive torque.

In the embodiment according to claim 2, the working stroke transfer each piston element by means of the wishbones via the output linkage to the bearing ring, a tensile force directed away from the bearing ring being exerted on the output linkage. In the embodiment according to claim 3, a compressive force is exerted on the output linkage during the working stroke of the piston elements. The tensile and compressive forces set the frame supporting the cylinders in rotation.

It is essential for the invention that the rotatable frame carrying the cylinders and the bearing ring connected to the piston elements via the output linkages are mounted on different areas of the non-rotatable eccentric shaft, i.e. on the one hand on the central axis and on the other hand on the eccentric. It is also essential that the individual joints of the output linkage are designed as universal joints so that the tensile and / or compressive forces generated by the piston elements on the output linkage can be converted into a rotating movement of the frame without clamping.

The medium enclosed in the cylinders is gaseous, e.g. Nitrogen. The medium can also be liquid, e.g. Alcohol. In addition, the piston elements can be designed as membranes sealing the cylinder.

In order to carry out the isochoric change of state of the medium enclosed in the chamber as quickly as possible in order to achieve a further increase in efficiency, it is provided that within each chamber there is a displacement element which moves the working medium in the chamber from the hot side to the cold side or vice versa. The shifting of the working medium occurs suddenly, ie at least relatively quickly, so that the isochoric change of state takes place quickly. This will make the area between the Isochors and isotherms involved in the process are better utilized, so that there is a higher efficiency. The temperatures of the media used are also different inside and outside the cylindrical frame. The chambers in the frame are cooled from the inside of the frame and supplied with heat from the outside or vice versa. The displacement elements ensure that the working medium in the chambers comes into contact with either the hot side or the cold side. The forces arising from the expansion or compression of the working medium are directed to the eccentric unit, which is rotatably arranged relative to the frame. The eccentric unit can be firmly anchored and the frame can be rotated or vice versa.

The frame is closed so that in a further embodiment the interior of the frame is completely for cooling by coolant, e.g. Water, oil or air. The chambers have an oval cylindrical shape and are embedded in the frame casing in the axial direction. Thus one side is exposed to the cold and the other to the hot medium.

In the simplest embodiment, the rotatable frame is mounted horizontally around a rotationally fixed eccentric unit designed as an axis. A supply of heat from the outside and cooling inside the frame cause the frame to rotate about the eccentric unit, the movement of the displacement elements being caused only by gravity. If a chamber is in the upper position, the displacement element is in the lower part of the oval and in this case the working medium is heated and expands. Turning the frame further causes the displacement element to roll in the horizontal position from the inside to the outside in the chamber. The working medium is suddenly from hot side to the cold side of the chamber. It is advantageous that this simple embodiment does not require any special movement elements for the displacement elements.

If the speed of the frame is so high that centrifugal effects occur, the displacement elements must be moved by moving devices. These can be mechanical or consist of controllable magnets. Such movement devices are also necessary for any operation that deviates from the horizontal, or if the frame is arranged in a rotationally fixed manner with respect to the output element. The movement devices can be arranged inside and / or outside the cylindrical frame.

In this embodiment, either the eccentric unit or the frame can rotate. The completely free interior of the cylindrical frame is particularly advantageous, so that the heat can be supplied by means of a flame. For better heat transfer, the chamber parts projecting into the interior of the frame can be provided with heat-conducting devices.

In the previously described embodiments, the magnetic elements move into the area of the hot medium with the movement of the displacement elements, the effect of the magnetic fields diminishing at higher temperatures of the working medium, starting at approximately 250 ° C., and thus worsening the efficiency of the heat engine. The rolling movement of the displacement elements is associated with a relatively high friction, so that there is a certain delay in the displacement of the working medium from one chamber side to the other.

To further improve the heat engine, so that the effect of the magnetic field even at higher temperatures of the working medium is maintained and a high efficiency is achieved by reduced friction losses and by better utilization of the temperature gradient, it is provided that the displacement element, which shifts the working medium in the chamber from the hot to the cold side or vice versa, is formed with ribs in order increase its surface area and improve heat exchange, which is crucial for efficiency. The trapezoidal basic shape of the displacement element encloses a vacuum, the magnetic elements being arranged in the segment half facing the cold surrounding medium, so that the better insulation means that the magnetic field cannot be adversely affected by heat. The vacuum in the displacement elements provides good thermal insulation of the hot ambient medium from the cold ambient medium.

Fig. 1

die erste Ausführungsform im Schnitt gemäß der Linie I-I in Fig.2,

Fig. 2

eine Ansicht gemäß Pfeil II in Figur 1,

Fig. 3

die zweite Ausführungsform im Schnitt,

Fig. 4

eine Ansicht der dritten Ausführungsform,

Fig. 5

einen Schnitt gemäß der Line V-V in Figur 4,

Fig. 6

einen axialen Querschnitt der vierten Ausführungsform längs der Linie VI-VI in Fig.7,

Fig 7

einen radialen Querschnitt der vierten Ausführungsform längs der Linie VII-VII in Fig. 6

Fig. 8

eine perspektivische Darstellung der vierten Ausführungsform,

Fig. 9

einen axialen Schnitt längs der Linie IX-IX in Fig. 10 durch die fünfte Ausführungsform,

Fig.10

einen radialen Schnitt durch die fünfte Ausführungsform längs der Linie X-X in Fig. 9,

Fig.11

eine perspektivische Darstellung des Verdrängungselementes der sechsten Ausführungsform,

Fig.12 und 13

Querschnitte des Verdrängungselementes nach Fig. 11 in zwei Arbeitslagen,

Fig.14

einen axialen Querschnitt der sechsten Ausführungsform längs der Linie B-B in Fig.15,

Fig.15

einen radialen Querschnitt der sechsten Ausführungsform längs der Linie XV-XV in Fig.14,

Fig.16

eine perspektivische Darstellung der sechsten Ausführungsform,

Fig.17

einen Axialschnitt längs der Linie XVII-XVII der siebten Ausführungsform nach Fig.18,

Fig.18

einen Radialschnitt der siebten Ausführungsform längs der Linie XVIII-XVIII in Fig.17 und

Fig.19

einen Axialschnitt durch die achte Ausführungsform.

The invention is explained in more detail with reference to several exemplary embodiments of heat engines shown in the drawings. Show it:

Fig. 1

the first embodiment in section along the line II in Figure 2,

Fig. 2

2 shows a view according to arrow II in FIG. 1,

Fig. 3

the second embodiment in section,

Fig. 4

2 shows a view of the third embodiment,

Fig. 5

3 shows a section along the line VV in FIG. 4,

Fig. 6

4 shows an axial cross section of the fourth embodiment along the line VI-VI in FIG. 7,

Fig. 7

6 shows a radial cross section of the fourth embodiment along the line VII-VII in FIG. 6

Fig. 8

2 shows a perspective illustration of the fourth embodiment,

Fig. 9

10 shows an axial section along the line IX-IX in FIG. 10 through the fifth embodiment,

Fig. 10

5 shows a radial section through the fifth embodiment along the line XX in FIG. 9,

Fig. 11

2 shows a perspective illustration of the displacement element of the sixth embodiment,

Fig. 12 and 13

Cross-sections of the displacement element according to FIG. 11 in two working positions,

Fig. 14

4 shows an axial cross section of the sixth embodiment along the line BB in FIG. 15,

Fig. 15

FIG. 14 shows a radial cross section of the sixth embodiment along the line XV-XV in FIG.

Fig. 16

2 shows a perspective illustration of the sixth embodiment,

Fig. 17

3 shows an axial section along the line XVII-XVII of the seventh embodiment according to FIG. 18,

Fig. 18

a radial section of the seventh embodiment along the line XVIII-XVIII in Fig.17 and

Fig. 19

an axial section through the eighth embodiment.

The heat engine in the first embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 comprises a non-rotatable eccentric shaft 101 with the central axis 102 and the eccentric 103, a frame 104 rotatable thereon with a total of 24 cylinders forming closed chambers spaced from and parallel to the eccentric 103 105 with piston elements 106 designed as pistons 107 and with wishbones 108 articulated on the pistons 107, a bearing ring 109 rotatably mounted on the central axis 102 and also output linkage 110 assigned to each cylinder 105, which are articulated between the respective wishbone 108 and the bearing ring 109. The frame 104 and the bearing ring 109 are mounted on the eccentric 103 and on the central axis 102 via roller bearings 111, 112. The wishbones 108 are connected with a joint 113 via a two-armed lever 114 to a joint 115 attached to the piston 107. Another joint 116 of each wishbone 108 is articulated on a cantilever arm 117, which is assigned to the respective piston 107 and is attached to the frame 104. The third joint 118 of each wishbone 108 is connected to the output linkage 110, which in turn is connected in an articulated manner to the bearing ring 109 via a further joint 119. The joints 118 and 119 acting on the wishbones 108 and on the bearing ring 109 are designed as universal joints.

On the side of the bearing ring 109 remote from the frame 104, an output gear 120 is formed, which is designed to be fixed in terms of rotation or in one piece with the bearing ring 109. The eccentricity between the central axis 102 and the axis of the eccentric 103 is denoted by E. The distance between the axis of the eccentric 103 and the axis of each cylinder 105 is denoted by A. Instead of the pistons 107, which are movable in the cylinders 105 and are sealed in a known manner, membranes can also be provided in a pressure-tight manner be. The closed chambers forming cylinders 105 are filled with a gaseous medium, in particular nitrogen.

As shown in FIG. 2, there is a device 121 for heating on the top of the heat engine and a device 122 for cooling the medium enclosed in the cylinders 105 on the underside of the heat engine. The device 121 for heating is formed from a frame 123 surrounding the upper side of the heat engine, to which warm air, e.g. by solar energy. The device 122 located on the underside of the heat engine for cooling the medium located in the cylinders 105 is formed from a trough 124 for cold air or cold water with the level 125, which is provided with inflows and outflows 126, 127. The cylinders 105 located on the underside of the frame 104, in the exemplary embodiment nine cylinders 105, regularly dip into the device 122 for cooling the medium located in the cylinders 105, whereas seven cylinders 105 located on the top of the frame 104 regularly dip into the device Immerse 121 to warm up. The devices 121, 122 for successively heating or cooling the medium enclosed in the cylinders 105 are thus located in the rotational range of the frame 104 or the cylinders 105 and are diametrically opposite, i.e. arranged on the opposite top and bottom sides of the heat engine.

As further shown in FIG. 2, the axis of the eccentric 103 and the central axis 102 are inclined at approximately 45 ° to the horizontal, an ideal plane defined by the two axes 102, 103 being the initial region of the device 121 for heating the device 121 on the left in FIG medium located in the cylinders 105 cuts. The one with this arrangement The rotation of the frame 104 caused by the axes 102, 103 is shown by the arrows 128 in FIG. 2.

The first embodiment of the heat engine shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 operates as follows:
The medium located in the cylinders 105, which are arranged in the device 121 for heating located on the top of the heat engine, is heated so that the heat-dependent pressure of the medium in the cylinder 105 presses the respective piston 107 outwards. Via the wishbone 108, a tensile force is exerted on the output linkage 110, which is articulated on the bearing ring 109, which is rotatably mounted on the central axis 102 of the eccentric shaft 101. However, since the output linkage 110 is rigid, the resulting compressive force of the piston 107 acts in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the drawing in FIG. 1 on the cylinder 105 such that it is displaced in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the drawing in FIG. 101, since the distance A + E of the axis of the piston 107 to the central axis 102 decreases due to the now decreasing eccentricity E. In this way, the compressive force generated by the piston 107 or the resulting force Z acting in the output linkage 110 is broken down into a radial force R and a tangential force T, which is converted into a tangentially acting torque that the rotational movement of the frame 104 with the cylinders 105 thereon in the direction of arrow 128. A correspondingly opposite effect occurs when the cylinders 105 with the heated medium are immersed in the device 122 for cooling the medium, the pistons 107 receiving an inward force due to the cooling medium inside the cylinders 105, which force the wishbone 108 of each cylinder 105 back into that in FIG. 1 leads back to the starting position shown above. A constructive requirement for the function of this heat engine is that the joints 118, 119 are designed as universal joints, which allow the cylinders 105 to be pushed away laterally due to the force of the pistons 107. The resulting torque is taken from the output gear 120.

Although an even number of 24 pistons 107 are provided with cylinders 105, an odd number of pistons 107, e.g. only five pistons 105 with cylinders 107 used.

In the second embodiment shown in FIG. 3, only the devices 221 and 222 for heating or cooling the medium located in the cylinders 205 are designed differently. Thus, a closed housing 229 is provided for the devices 221, 222, which has the trough 224 of the device 222 for cooling in the lower region of the heat engine and an exhaust gas duct 230 as device 221 for heating the medium located in the cylinders 205 in the upper region. This exhaust gas duct leads the hot exhaust gas coming from a boiler of a stationary thermal power plant into a chimney, not shown.

In the third embodiment of the heat engine shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the frame 304 is mounted on the central axis 302 of the eccentric shaft 301. The cylinders 305 are arranged radially to the eccentric shaft 301 on the frame 304. The output linkages 310 are articulated with their outer joint 318 to the piston elements 306 and with their inner joint 319 to the bearing ring 309 mounted on the eccentric 303, the joints 318, 319 being designed as universal joints. In this embodiment, 18 cylinders 305 are mounted radially to frame 304. Means 321 for heating cylinders 305 consists of a kidney-shaped warm air duct 330, which receives the eight cylinders 305 located in the upper area of the heat engine. The device 322 for cooling the cylinders 305 consists of a trough 302 for immersing seven radially arranged cylinders 305 and is provided with inflows and outflows 326, 327. This embodiment of the heat engine operates in accordance with the first embodiments shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 such that the compressive force of the pistons 307, which is exerted on the bearing ring 309 via the output linkage 310, as a result of the eccentricity E between the central axis 302 and the axis of the eccentric 303 in torque of frame 304 is implemented. This is provided with an output pinion 320.

The fourth embodiment shown in FIGS. 6 to 8 shows a cylindrical frame 401, which is formed from a jacket 402, a front plate 403 and an end plate 404. In the jacket 402 of the cylindrical frame 401, chambers 405, preferably in an odd number, are embedded, which have an oval cylindrical shape. The chambers 405 are embedded in the frame 401 in such a way that one part faces outwards and the other part inside the cavity formed by the frame. For better heat transfer, the wall thicknesses of the chambers 405 are kept correspondingly thin. Inside each chamber 405 there is a displacement element 406, which has a metallic, magnetizable core 407. The displacement element 406 has a circular cross section and, apart from its core 407, is made of a heat-insulating material. The length of a displacement element 406 corresponds to the length of the cylindrical chamber 405. Each displacement element 406 has a radially circumferential groove 408, so that the gaseous working medium in the chamber 405 is caused by the movement of the Displacement element 406 can be displaced from one side of chamber 405 to the other. Each chamber 405 is provided with a piston element 409, which has a piston 410. The piston 410 is connected to an output disk 414 via a first joint 411, an output linkage 412 and a second link 413. The driven pulley 414 is mounted by means of two ball bearings 415 on the eccentric 417 of the eccentric unit 416, which consists of an eccentric 417 and a central axis 418 connected to it. The front plate 403 of the cylindrical frame 401 has a bearing bush 420, by means of which the entire frame 401 with its plurality of chambers 405 is mounted on the central axis 418 by means of bearings 419. Eccentric unit 416 can now either be mounted in a fixed position and frame 401 can be rotated, or vice versa. If the frame 401 is rotatably mounted about the non-rotatable central axis 418, the frame 401 can have a ring gear 425, via which the torque is removed by means of a pinion 426. In the embodiment shown here, the central axis 418 is mounted horizontally. Magnets 421 with a power supply 422, which can be controlled in a semicircular shape, are arranged below the chambers 405. These serve to move the displacement elements 406 into the radially lower position. The heat is supplied to the chambers 405 from the outside through the medium surrounding the frame 401. The chambers 405 are cooled via the interior of the frame 401, the cooling medium being passed through the cooling inlet 423 and the outlet 424. Air, oil, water or the like can be used as the cooling medium.

FIG. 7 shows a cross section in the radial direction along the line VII-VII in FIG. 6. The outer frame 401 is shown, which contains the frame jacket 402. A plurality of chambers 405, the walls of which are embedded in the frame casing 402 are thinner than jacket 401 for better heat transfer. Each chamber 405 contains a displacement element 406 with a circular cross section. The oval cross section of a chamber 405 is formed by an upper semicircle 438 and a lower semicircle 439, which are connected by means of two parallel webs 440 and 441. The radius of a displacement element 406, minus a certain tolerance, corresponds to the semicircular radii of the semicircles 438 or 439. A simple movement of the displacement elements 406 within the chambers 405 is thus possible by a rolling movement. Each chamber 405 has a piston element 409, which is connected to the driven pulley 414 via an output linkage 412 and a joint 413. The driven pulley 414 is mounted on the eccentric 417 by means of a bearing 415.

To explain the mode of operation of the fourth embodiment shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, it should be specified that the left, outer chamber 405 in FIG. 7 forms an angle of 0 ° with the central axis, while the chamber 405 following it in a clockwise direction forms an angle of 30 ° stands. The direction of rotation of the outer frame 401 is clockwise. At an angle of 0 °, the displacement element 406 is in the radially outer position, ie the chamber 405 is cooled from the inside. Due to gravity or, if the centrifugal forces are too great, controllable magnets 421, the displacement element 406 is in the 30 ° position in the radial lower position. As a result, the working medium in chamber 405 is heated, expands, and moves piston 410 downward. If a chamber 405 passes through the 180 ° position, then the displacement element 406 is moved outwards by the gravitation or the centrifugal force and by the switching off or the absence of the controllable magnets 421. In the radial outer position of the displacement element 406, the working medium enclosed in the chamber 405 is cooled from the inside. The working medium compresses and pulls the piston 410 inwards. This continues until the chamber 405 again passes through the 0 ° position. The radial change of position of the displacement element 406 in the position 0 ° and 180 ° takes place abruptly, ie quickly, due to the rolling movement.

In the embodiment according to FIG. 7, the controllable magnets 421 are attached in a semicircular manner between the position 0 ° and 180 ° in a rotationally fixed manner inside the frame 405. It is possible to mount a controllable magnet 421 under each chamber 405, which magnet rotates in a fixed manner with the frame 405. The magnets 421 are activated or deactivated in accordance with the current position angle. The movement of the displacement elements 406 can also be controlled in another way, in particular the magnets 421 can be attached outside the frame 401 or inside and outside the frame 401.

8, the cylindrical frame 401 comprises a casing 402 in which a multiplicity of cylindrical chambers 405 are embedded. One part of a chamber 405 is located outside the jacket 402, while the other part points into the interior of the jacket 402. In the interior of a chamber 405 there are displacement elements 406 for displacing the working medium enclosed in the chambers 405. Each chamber 405 contains a piston element 409 and a piston 410, which is connected via a joint 411, an output linkage 412 and a further joint 413 to the output disc 414, which is mounted on an eccentric 417 connected to the central axis 418.

9 and 10 show the fifth embodiment. In the The jacket 502 of the cylindrical frame 501 has a multiplicity of chambers 505 in which displacement elements 506 are located. Magnets 542 and 543 are located at the respective ends of the displacement element 506 made of an insulating material. The cylindrical frame 501 is surrounded by an outer eccentric unit 527 in the form of a cylindrical housing. The eccentric unit 527 comprises a cylindrical outer jacket 528, which is closed at both ends by the outer plates 529 and 530. The eccentric unit 527 is supported by the outer plates 529 and 530, which have axial openings, on the cylindrical jacket 502 of the frame 501 outside the regions of the chambers 505 by the bearings 531 and 532. Inside the eccentric unit 527 there are controllable magnets 544 and 545 on the two end faces, which are located above the corresponding magnets 542 and 543 of the displacement elements 506 and move the displacement elements 506 with them. Repositioning or tightening of the displacement elements 506 can be effected by reversing the polarity of the controllable magnets 544 and 545. Each of the chambers 505 has in the center an outwardly pointing piston element 509, in which there is a piston 510 which is connected to an output ring 533 via a joint 511, an output linkage 512 and a further joint 513. The output ring 353 is arranged by means of an annular output ring bearing 534 on an eccentric web 535 which is fixedly connected to the outer casing 528 of the eccentric unit 527.

FIG. 10 shows a radial cross section along the line CC of FIG. 9. The chambers 505 embedded in the casing 502 of the frame 501 have displacement elements 506, the piston elements 509 of which are connected to the driven ring 533 by means of output rods 512 and joints 513. The output ring 533 is on the eccentric web 35 via a bearing 534 arranged. The eccentric web 535 is firmly connected to the outer jacket 528 of the eccentric unit 527. The jacket 528 of the eccentric unit 527 and the frame 501 have the common central axis point 536, while the center of the eccentric web 535 is formed by the eccentric axis point 537. The frame 501 has an open space inside, which can be heated, for example, by a flame. The chambers 505 are cooled within the cavity formed by the eccentric unit 527 and the jacket 502 of the frame 501. The compression by cooling or expansion by heating the working medium enclosed in the chambers 505 can, depending on the field of application, either cause the frame 501 or the eccentric unit 527 to rotate.

The sixth embodiment according to FIG. 11 shows a perspective illustration of the displacement element 601, consisting of the trapezoidal elongated base body 605 with the pinions 611 for engagement in the gearwheel segments 612 (FIGS. 12 and 13). The trapezoidal cross section of the base body 605 is delimited on the end face 606 and on the base side 607 by an arc, the radius of which corresponds to the radius of the ribs 608. The ribs 608 are formed as circular disks at regular intervals from the base side 607 of the base body 605. The center of the ribs 608 is the geometric center of the base body 605. The length of the displacement element 601 corresponds to the length of the cylindrical chamber 602 (FIGS. 14 and 16).

12 and 13 show the cross section of the displacement element 601 with the partition wall 609, which is connected to the circular arc boundaries on the end face 606 and the base side 607 of the base body 605, so that the shape of an anchor results. The partition 609 divides the interior of the Base body 605 in two segments 610, which enclose a vacuum. The magnetic elements 604 (permanent magnets) are arranged in each of the segments 610. The segment 610 is always in the cold area of the working medium. This prevents the magnetic field from being influenced by heat. The base body 605 of the displacement element 601 has on its base side 607 the pinions 611, which engage in the gear segments 612 in such a way that a firm connection, but with little friction, is produced. The displacement element 601 is thereby positively guided in two pendulum positions. The gear segments 612 are part of the shell 614 (Fig.12 and 13). The displacement element 601 moves during the working phase so that it fills the inner surfaces of the chambers 602 closely and displaces the working medium via the displacement channels 627 and the regenerator 626 into the other half of the chamber.

The ribs 608 of the displacement element 601 engage during this pendulum movement in the spaces between the ribs 625 of the chamber 602 which are arranged intermittently to the ribs 608. The regenerator 626 is designed as a heat exchanger and contains e.g. compacted metal wool. The operating position of the displacement element 601 is always such that the pinions 611 are in the lower part of the chamber 602. An operating requirement for the heat engine is therefore a fixed inner housing and a rotatable eccentric shaft 617 (FIGS. 14 to 16). The chambers 602 are consequently stationary in the stator and the center (eccentric shaft) moves.

FIG. 14 shows the embodiment with a cylindrical frame 613, which is formed from a jacket 614, a front plate 640 and an end plate 641. The chambers 602 are embedded in the jacket 614 of the cylindrical frame 613, which have an oval cylindrical shape. The chambers 602 are embedded in the frame 613 in such a way that one part faces outwards and the other part inside the cavity formed by the frame 613. For better heat transfer, the wall thicknesses of the chambers 602 are kept correspondingly thin. Inside each chamber 602 is the displacement element 601, with the two-part interior 610 enclosing a vacuum (FIGS. 12 and 13). The displacement element 601 is made of a heat-insulating material, for example porcelain. The length of the displacement element 601 corresponds to the length of the cylindrical chamber 602. Each displacement element 601 has circular disk-shaped ribs 608 which engage in the spaces between the intermittently arranged ribs 625 of the chamber 602. Via the displacement channels 627, the gaseous working medium located in the chamber 602 is displaced from one side of the chamber 602 to the other by the movement of the displacement element 601. Each chamber 602 is provided with a piston element 603, which has a piston 615, for example in the form of a membrane

The piston 615 is connected to a driven pulley 621 via a first joint 616, an output linkage 619 and a second joint 620. The driven pulley 621 is mounted by means of two ball bearings 642 on the eccentric 617 of the eccentric unit 622, which consists of the eccentric 617 and the central axis 618 connected to it. The front plate 640 of the cylindrical frame 613 has a bearing bush 643 with which the entire frame 613 with its plurality of chambers 602 is supported on the central axis 618 by means of bearings 646. The eccentric unit 622 is now rotatable and the frame 613 is fixed. In this embodiment, the central axis 618 is mounted horizontally. Magnets 647 are arranged semicircularly below the chambers 602. These serve to move the displacement elements 601 into the respective pendulum position (FIGS. 12 and 13). The heat is supplied to the chambers 602 from the outside through the medium surrounding the frame 613. The chambers 602 are cooled via the interior of the frame 613, the cooling medium being passed through the cooling inlet 648 and outlet 649. Air, oil, water or the like can be used as the cooling medium.

15 shows a cross section in the radial direction along the line XV-XV in FIG. 14. The outer frame 613 is shown, which contains the frame jacket 614. A plurality of chambers 602 are embedded in the frame jacket 614, the walls of which are thinner than the jacket 614 for better heat transfer. Each chamber 602 contains a displacement element 601 with a trapezoidal cross section. The oval cross section of a chamber 602 is formed by an upper semicircle 650 and a lower semicircle 651, which are connected by means of two parallel webs 652 and 653. The radius of a displacement element 601, minus a certain tolerance, corresponds to the semicircular radii of the semicircles 650 or 651. A simple movement of the displacement elements 601 within the chambers 602 is therefore possible by means of an oscillating movement. Each chamber 602 has a piston element 603, which is connected to the driven pulley 621 via an output linkage 619 and a joint 620. The driven pulley 621 is mounted on the eccentric 617 by means of a bearing 642. The displacement elements 601 are fixed in the chambers 602 by the pinions 611 on the base body 605 and the gear segments 612 on the casing 614 (FIGS. 12 and 13) so that they are in the chambers on the right side (chambers 1 to 7) with the base side Show 607 clockwise and in the chambers on the left side (chambers 8 to 12) with the base side 607 opposite to the clockwise direction (Fig. 5). The working medium compresses and expands in Rhythm of the pendulum movement of the displacement element 601. The pendulum movement takes place almost instantaneously due to the very good heat exchange via the ribs 608 of the displacement element 601 and the ribs 625 of the chamber 602 as well as due to the low-friction mounting of the displacement element 601 via the pinion 611 and the gear elements 612. The pendulum movement is supported by the magnetic elements 604 arranged in the displacement element 601 on the lower, cold medium side and the outer magnets 647. The magnetic field effect is retained by this arrangement even at higher temperatures of the working medium.

16 shows the sixth embodiment in a perspective view. The cylindrical frame 613 includes the jacket 614, in which a plurality of cylindrical chambers 602 are embedded. One part of a chamber 102 is located outside of the jacket 614, while the other part points into the interior of the jacket 614. Inside each chamber 602 there are displacement elements 601 for displacing the working medium enclosed in the chambers 602. Each chamber 602 contains a piston element 603 and a piston 615, which is connected via a joint 616, an output linkage 619 and a further joint 620 to the output disk 621, which is mounted on an eccentric 617, which is connected to the central axis 618. This embodiment is particularly applicable in the solar field in that the motor is arranged at the focal point of a concave mirror. A uniform heating of the outer zone of the chambers 602 is achieved via the reflected sun rays.

17 shows the seventh embodiment. A plurality of chambers 702, in which displacement elements 701 are located, are embedded in the jacket 714 of the cylindrical frame 713 are located. The magnetic element 704 is located on one side of the displacement element 701 made of an insulating material. The cylindrical frame 713 is surrounded by an outer eccentric unit 728 in the form of a cylindrical housing. The eccentric unit 728 comprises a cylindrical outer jacket 729, which is closed at both ends by the outer plates 730, 731. The eccentric unit 728 is supported by the outer plates 730, 731, which have axial openings, on the cylindrical jacket 714 of the frame 713 outside the regions of the chambers 702 by the bearings 732, 733. Inside the eccentric unit 728 there are magnets 744, 745 on the two end faces, which are located above the corresponding magnet 704 of the displacement elements 701 and move the displacement elements 701 with them. Each chamber 702 has a piston element 703 pointing outwards in the middle. In the piston element 703 there is a piston 715 which is connected via a joint 716, an output linkage 719 and a further joint 735 to an output ring 734 which is arranged by means of an annular output ring bearing 736 on an eccentric web 737 which is connected to the outer casing 729 Eccentric 728 is firmly connected.

18 shows the radial cross section along the line XVII XVIII in FIG. 17. The chambers 702 embedded in the casing 714 of the frame 713 have displacement elements 701, the piston elements 703 of which are connected to the driven ring 734 by means of driven rods 719 and joints 735. The output ring 734 is arranged on the eccentric web 737 via a bearing 736. The eccentric web 737 is firmly connected to the outer jacket 723 of the eccentric unit 728. The jacket 723 of the eccentric unit 728 and the frame 713 have the common central axis point 738, while the center point of the eccentric web 737 is formed by the eccentric axis point 739. The embodiment according to FIGS. 17 and 18 has an open space inside, which can be charged with heat, for example by a flame. The cooling of the chambers 702 is carried out within the cavity formed by the eccentric unit 728 and the jacket 714 of the frame 713. The compression by cooling or expansion by heating the working medium enclosed in the chambers 702 is brought about by rotating the eccentric unit 728. This embodiment is preferably suitable for use in incineration plants.

19 shows an axial longitudinal section through the eighth embodiment. In this case, in the frame 801, which is rotatable on the central axis 818, a plurality of radially oriented cylindrical chambers 802 are arranged in a plurality of rows distributed around the circumference, in each of which a freely movable displacement piston 803 provided with a regenerator 826 is arranged in a radially movable manner. The chambers 802 of each row, which are closed off by membranes 824 on the inside of the frame 801, are connected to elongated supports 860, which support supports 861 with rollers 862 on the inside. Between the chambers 802, carriers 863 with rollers 864 are also attached on the inside of the frame 801. A guide ring 865 provided with outer rollers 866 is mounted on the eccentric 817. Each row of chambers 802 is assigned a cable 867 which, according to FIG. 19, zigzags from a fixed point 868 on the inside of the frame 802 around the rollers 862, 864 and 866 to another fixed point 869 at the other end of the frame 802 is led. The pistons 803 are guided inwards on the hot side of the frame 802 (in FIG. 19, top). When the frame 803 is turned towards the cold side (in FIG. 19, below), the pistons 803 become outward guided. Different tensile forces z, Z act on the cable 867, which are shown in FIG. 19 with small and large arrows and which cause the frame 802 to rotate about the central axis 818.

Claims (20)

Heat engine from at least one cylinder with a piston element, from devices for successively heating and cooling the medium enclosed in the cylinder and from an output linkage,
characterized,
that a plurality of cylinders (105) is arranged on a frame (104) rotatable about a rotationally fixed eccentric shaft (101), that the devices (121, 122) are arranged diametrically opposite one another in the region of rotation of the cylinders (105) and that the output linkages (110) of the A plurality of piston elements (106) are supported on a bearing ring (110) which can be rotated on the eccentric shaft (101), the rotatable frame (104) and the bearing ring (10) being mounted on different areas of the rotationally fixed eccentric shaft (101). Heat engine according to claim 1, characterized in that the frame (104) is rotatably mounted on the eccentric (103) of the eccentric shaft (101), that the cylinders (105) at a distance from and parallel to the eccentric (103) of the eccentric shaft (101) are arranged on the frame (104) and that the output linkage (110) with its outer joint (118) via wishbones (108) on the piston element (106) and on the frame (104) and with its inner joint (119) on the around the central axis (102) of the eccentric shaft (101) rotatable bearing ring (109) are articulated. Heat engine according to claim 1, characterized in that the frame (104) is mounted on the central axis (102) of the eccentric shaft (101), that the cylinders (105) are arranged radially to the eccentric shaft (101) on the frame (104) and that Output linkages (110) are articulated with their outer joint (118) to the piston elements (106) and with their inner joint (119) to the bearing ring (109) mounted on the eccentric (103). Heat engine according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the piston elements (106) are constructed as membranes sealing the cylinders (105). Heat engine according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the joints (118, 119) between the wishbone (108) and the output linkage (110) or between the piston (107) and the bearing ring (109) are designed as universal joints. Heat engine according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the media inside and outside the frame (401), in particular closed, have different temperatures and that there is a displacement element (406) within the chambers (405) for displacing the working medium. Heat engine according to Claim 6, characterized in that the chambers (405) have a cylindrical shape and are embedded in the frame (401) in the axial direction. Heat engine according to claim 6, characterized in that the chambers (405) have an oval cross-section and are made up of two semicircles (438, 439) with the same radii by two parallel lines (440,441), that the displacement element (406) has a circular cross-section, the radius of which corresponds to the radius of the semicircles, and that the displacement element (406) contains a radial groove (408) for displacing the working medium. Heat engine according to claim 6, characterized in that the frame axis is mounted horizontally and that the movement of the displacement elements (406) is caused by gravitation. Heat engine according to Claim 6, characterized in that movement devices made of controllable magnetic elements (421, 544, 545) are provided for moving the displacement elements (406, 506). Heat engine according to one or more of claims 6 to 10, characterized in that the eccentric unit (416) is formed from a central axis (418) and an eccentric (417) connected thereto, the central axis (418) being rotationally fixed and the frame (401) is rotatable relative to the latter or the frame (401) is rotatably fixed and the central axis (418) is arranged rotatably relative to the frame (401). Heat engine according to one or more of Claims 6 to 10, characterized in that the eccentric unit (527) as a cylindrical body surrounds the frame (501) from the outside and the piston elements (509) are connected to the frame and the outer eccentric unit (527 ) is mounted on the frame (501). Heat engine according to Claim 12, characterized in that the piston elements (509) are centered on the chambers (505) are attached and act on an eccentrically mounted output ring (533). Heat engine according to claim 13, characterized in that the controllable magnets (544, 545) within the outer casing (528) of the eccentric unit (527) are each arranged in a circle on the two end faces above the chambers (505) and the displacement elements (509) with magnetic elements ( 542,543) are provided. Heat engine according to one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that the displacement element (601) is formed from an elongated base body (605) with a trapezoidal cross section, the front and base sides (606, 607) of which are delimited by arcs, and that on the base body ( 605) are formed at regular intervals, intermittently with empty spaces, ribs (608) which complement the trapezoidal cross section of the base body (605) to form a full circle, and that the base body (605) has two segments formed by a partition (609) in its interior (610). Heat engine according to Claim 15, characterized in that the displacement element (601) has pinions (611) on its base side (607) at defined intervals for engagement in a gear element (612) of the casing (614). Heat engine according to claims 15 or 16, characterized in that the segments (610) inside the base body (605) enclose a thermally insulating medium. Heat engine according to claims 15 to 17, characterized in that the magnetic element (604) is arranged in one of the segments (610) inside the base body (605). Heat engine according to claim 18, characterized in that the segment (610) with the magnetic element (604) is arranged in the cold ambient medium. Heat engine according to claims 15 to 19, characterized in that the ribs (608) of the displacement element (601) into the interstices of the ribs (625) provided on the inner wall of the chambers (602) intermittently to the ribs (608) of the displacement body (601) ) intervene.

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