EP0498650B1

EP0498650B1 - Magnetic recording apparatus

Info

Publication number: EP0498650B1
Application number: EP92301008A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Koichi c/o Patents Divison Ono; Tsunekazu c/o Patents Divison Okada; Seiichi c/o Patents Divison Hataoka
Original assignee: Sony Corp
Current assignee: Sony Corp
Priority date: 1991-02-08
Filing date: 1992-02-06
Publication date: 1997-08-20
Anticipated expiration: 2012-02-06
Also published as: JPH04258839A; DE69221647D1; KR920017023A; CA2060550C; EP0498650A2; KR100245152B1; DE69221647T2; CA2060550A1; US5315457A; EP0498650A3; JP2947297B2

Description

This invention relates to magnetic recording apparatus.
In one type of video tape recorder (VTR), such as an 8mm format VTR, video signals are recorded in successive, contiguous tracks by two (or more) rotary transducers, or heads, which scan an arcuate extent of magnetic tape greater than 180°. Figure 1 illustrates the relationship between the rotary heads and the magnetic tape in one apparatus, and Figure 2 is a schematic representation of the record tracks recorded by this apparatus. From Figure 1, it is seen that heads 1A and 1B are angularly separated from each other by 180° and scan alternate tracks across a magnetic tape 2 which has a wrap angle about a guide drum that is greater than 180°. The tape 2 advances over the surface of the guide drum in a diagonal direction, resulting in the recording of alternate contiguous tracks 3A and 3B, shown in Figure 2.
As is usual, the magnetic recording gap of the head 1A is disposed at an azimuth angle different from that of the head 1B. By using different azimuth angles, the phenomenon of azimuth loss is relied upon to minimize undesired cross-talk that may be picked up during reproduction. If it is assumed that the head 1A records the tracks 3A, and the head 1B records the tracks 3B, then during a playback operation when the head 1A scans the track 3A, minimal cross-talk is picked up by this head from adjacent tracks 3B. Likewise, because of azimuth loss, when the head 1B scans a track 3B, minimal cross-talk signals are picked up by this head from adjacent tracks 3A.
In a typical example, each head records a video signal field interval in one track; and if two heads are used, as illustrated in Figure 1, then one complete rotation of the heads results in the recording of a video frame. The heads are thus rotated at a rate equal to the video signal frame repetition rate which, of course, is in synchronism with the usual vertical synchronizing signal. Thus, the head 1A records and reproduces alternate tracks 3A; and the head 1B records and reproduces the remaining tracks 3B.
When recording video signals on the tape 2, the information represented by those signals may be derived from separate sources, such as separate video cameras or separate video playback devices. Typically, the change-over from one source to another is effected at the end of a field interval and not in the middle of that interval. Consequently, one may think of a so-called joint or edit point recorded on the tape 2, wherein the track which precedes this joint or edit point contains video signals derived from one source and the track which immediately follows this joint or edit point contains video signals derived from a different source. Preferably, the joint or edit point is always provided such that the track 3A contains video signals derived from the aforementioned first source and the track 3B contains video signals derived from the second source. With this limitation, the continuity (or periodicity) of the tracks 3A and 3B is maintained, even across a joint or edit point.
Although not shown in Figures 1 and 2, when successive tracks are recorded in accordance with the 8mm VTR format, a pilot signal is recorded in each track together with the video signals. As is known, the frequency of the pilot signal is such that it may be superimposed onto the video signal without disturbing the video picture or sound which subsequently is reproduced. Typically, the frequency of the pilot signal is well below the frequency spectrum of the recorded video signals.
This pilot signal is used during a playback mode for controlling the tracking of the heads such that the head 1A is aligned with the track 3A and the head 1B is aligned with the track 3B. Accordingly, the frequency of the pilot signal is changed from track to track; and this change occurs cyclically so that a respective pilot frequency is recorded in each of four successive tracks. Hence, the period of recurrence of the pilot signal frequency is equal to four field periods. If the pilot frequency recorded in a track is represented as f_i, then the relationship between the pilot frequency, the particular recording head which is used to record that pilot frequency superimposed onto the video signal and the field period of this video signal is shown in the following table: Table 1

Field Period Pilot Frequency f_i Recording Head

1 f₁=f_Hx378/58=103kHz 1A

2 f₂=f_Hx378/50=119kHz 1B

3 f₃=f_Hx378/36=165kHz 1A

4 f₄=f_Hx378/40=149kHz 1B

In the foregoing table, f_H represent the horizontal frequency, and in the NTSC system f_H=15.734 kHz.
From Table 1, it is appreciated that in the usual 8mm format, the head 1A records a pilot frequency f₁ or f₃ and the head 1B records a pilot frequency f₂ or f₄.
The phase relationship between the vertical synchronizing pulse and the horizontal synchronizing pulse in the NTSC system is such that a given state (or relation) recurs every two fields. For example, in the first field of a frame (usually identified simply as field one), the vertical blanking interval is spaced from the immediately preceding horizontal synchronizing pulse by one full line interval, and in the second field of that frame the vertical blanking interval is spaced from the last preceding horizontal synchronizing pulse by one-half of a line interval. After two field intervals, the vertical blanking interval once again is spaced from the last preceding horizontal synchronizing pulse by a full line interval.
Although the continuity or periodicity between the tracks 3A and 3B is maintained as aforesaid, it is possible that the video signal which is recorded in the track immediately preceding the joint or edit point is an odd-numbered field, such as the first field of a frame, and the video signal recorded in the track immediately following the joint or edit point is also an odd-numbered field. Conversely, the video signal recorded in the tracks on either side of the joint or edit point may be an even-numbered field, such as the second field. Consequently, the fields recorded in successive tracks may appear as 'odd-even-odd-odd-even ...' or 'odd-even-odd-even-even-odd-even ...'. Because of the different phase relationships between the vertical and horizontal synchronizing pulses in odd and even fields, if successive odd-numbered fields (or even-numbered fields) are recorded and subsequently played back, the reproduction of such successive fields will produce a disturbance in the continuity of the vertical and/or horizontal synchronizing pulses. That is, when successive odd-numbered fields or successive even-numbered fields are reproduced, a disturbance in the framing of the video picture produced therefrom will occur. Unless steps are taken to prevent an odd-numbered field (or even-numbered field) from being recorded on both sides of a joint or edit point, the reproduced video picture will contain a disturbance at that point or edit point.
When video signals in the PAL system are recorded, the resultant disturbance produced in the continuity of the vertical or horizontal synchronizing pulse when the joint or edit point is reproduced adversely affects the usual AFC/APC circuits of a typical monitor/receiver. Thus, not only is a framing disturbance produced in the reproduced PAL video picture, but the colour quality of that picture tends to be degraded.
Patent Abstracts of Japan, Vol. 13, No. 14Z/E-739) 7 April 1989 relating to JP-A-63304781, describes an arrangement to prevent disorder in the order of field parity for consecutive recording by adjusting the order as generation of four frequencies for the field parity of recorded video signals. Vertical synchronizing signals from the composite synchronizing SYNC of the recording video signals and a PLL circuit is set to oscillate synchronously so as to obtain a vertical synchronous pulse (VD). The composite synchronizing SYNC is supplied to a field parity detection circuit and a parity pulse (O/E) is obtained. A gate takes an AND between the pulse VD and the O/E, and a frequency divider frequency-divides the output, whereby a frame pulse is generated. The frame pulse VD and the field parity pulse O/E are supplied to a decoder and sequential selection signals f1-f4 are generated. Next, a switch circuit sequentially selects the four frequencies from a pilot signal generation circuit and pilot signals f1-f4 whose correspondence with field parity are decided can be obtained. The outputs are supplied to a recording system and are superimposed and recorded on respective video tracks.
According to the present invention there is provided an apparatus for recording a video signal in successive tracks on a record medium together with a pilot signal, wherein the video signal has successive frames, each formed of a plurality of fields, and wherein the pilot signal is cyclically recorded with a different one of at least four frequencies in successive tracks for tracking control during reproduction, said apparatus comprising:

a plurality of transducer means rotatable for recording said video and pilot signals in successive tracks on said record medium;
field detecting means supplied with said video signal for detecting a predetermined sequence of fields of said video signal; and
pilot signal generating means for generating the said pilot signal, the pilot signal having a sequence of frequencies corresponding to the said sequence of fields, with an initial frequency determined by an initial field in said detected sequence of fields:

pulse generating means for generating a pulse signal indicative of a rotational phase of the transducer means; and
phase control means coupled to said pulse generating means and said field detecting means for controlling the rotation of said transducer means to maintain a constant phase relationship between said pulse signal and the detected predetermined sequence of fields.

In an embodiment of this invention, an apparatus is provided for recording a video signal in successive tracks on a record medium together with a pilot signal, wherein the pilot signal is cyclically recorded with a different one of at least four frequencies in successive tracks (the pilot signal being used for tracking control during signal reproduction). The video and pilot signals are recorded in successive tracks by a plurality of rotary transducers. A field detector is supplied with the video signal for detecting sequential fields in the frames thereof. The phase of the rotary transducers is controlled in response to the detected field sequence and a pulse that is generated when the transducers assume a predetermined rotational phase. A pilot signal generator generates the pilot signal with an initial frequency determined by an initial field in the detected field sequence, the pilot frequency being changed as a function of the detected sequential fields.
As one feature of an embodiment, the vertical synchronizing signal included in the video signal is detected; and the frequency of the pilot signal is preset in response to a predetermined one of the vertical synchronizing signals. The frequency of the pilot signal is changed in response to each detected vertical synchronizing signal.
As an aspect of this feature, a cyclical counter may count each detected vertical synchronizing signal, and the pilot frequency is selected as a function of the count.
As another feature, the field detector may detect a vertical synchronizing signal in a predetermined field in alternate frames of the video signal; and this is used to preset the count of the aforementioned counter. Preferably, the predetermined field is the initial field in alternate video frames.
The invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, throughout which like parts are referred to by like references, and in which:

Figure 1 is a schematic representation of rotary heads as they scan across a magnetic record medium;
Figure 2 is a schematic representation of a typical 8mm recording track format;
Figure 3 is a block diagram of one embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 4 is a graphical representation of the frequency spectrum of the recorded video signal and superimposed pilot signal; and
Figure 5 is a general timing diagram for the operation of the embodiment shown in Figure 3.

Referring now to Figure 3, one embodiment of the present invention includes a recording circuit 10 comprising video signal processing circuitry, pilot signal generating circuitry and a servo-control circuit for controlling the rotary phase of the heads used to record the video and pilot signals. The video signal processing circuitry comprises a luminance/chrominance (Y/C) separator 12, a frequency modulator 13 and a frequency converter 14. The Y/C separator 12 is coupled to an input terminal 11 to receive an input video signal SN. As is usual, the Y/C separator 12 operates to separate the luminance component SY and the chrominance component SC from the input video signal SN. The frequency modulator 13 is coupled to the Y/C separator 12 and frequency modulates the luminance component SY to produce a frequency modulated signal (also referred to as an FM luminance signal) SF.
The frequency converter 14 is coupled to the Y/C separator 12 to receive the separated chrominance component SC and to convert the chrominance sub-carrier thereof to a relatively low frequency. As an example, the converted frequency f_c, of the frequency-converted chrominance component SC' is equal to 47.25f_H, or 743kHz. Figure 4 graphically illustrates the frequency spectrum wherein the frequency-converted chrominance component SC' is seen to occupy a frequency range below the spectrum of the FM luminance component SF.
An adder 15 is coupled to the frequency modulator 13 and the frequency converter 14 for combining the FM luminance component SF and the frequency-converted chrominance component SC'. As will be described, the adder 15 also superimposes onto these combined components the pilot signal SP produced by the pilot signal generating circuitry. Figure 4 indicates that the frequency of the pilot signal is lower than the spectrum occupied by the frequency-converted chrominance component SC'.
The pilot signal generating circuitry comprises a vertical sync separator 21, a cyclical counter 22, a pilot frequency generator 23 and a field discriminator 24. The vertical sync separator 21 may be of known construction and is coupled to the input terminal 11 to receive and extract from the input video signal SN the usual vertical synchronizing signal PV included therein. The extracted vertical synchronizing signal PV is supplied to the counter 22 to increment the count thereof in response to each such extracted vertical synchronizing signal.
The counter 22 preferably comprises a two-bit counter having a count output Q coupled to the pilot frequency generator 23. The two-bit count SQ generated by the counter 22 is used by the pilot frequency generator 23 to select a corresponding pilot frequency. Stated otherwise, the count SQ of the counter 22 determines the pilot frequency f_i. It will be appreciated that the count of the counter 22 represents the field period indicated in Table 1 above and, as one example, the pilot frequency generator 23 generates the pilot frequency f₁ when the count SQ of the counter 22 is indicative of field period 1. Similarly, the pilot frequency generator 23 generates the pilot frequency f₂ when the count SQ is indicative of field period 2. It will be seen that the pilot frequency generator 23 generates the pilot frequency f₃ when the count SQ is indicative of field period 3 and the pilot frequency f₄ when the count is indicative of field period 4. As one example, the pilot frequency generator 23 may include a programmable divider which divides the frequency 378f_H by the divisor 58 when count SQ is indicative of field period 1, by the divisor 50 when the count is indicative of field period 2, by the divisor 36 when the count is indicative of field period 3 and by the divisor 40 when the count is indicative of field period 4. It will readily be appreciated that other implementations of pilot frequency generator 23 may be adopted. The pilot signal SP having the frequency generated by the pilot frequency generator 23 is coupled to the adder 15 whereat it is combined with the FM luminance component SF and the frequency-converted chrominance component SC'.
In the embodiment discussed above, wherein the counter 22 is formed as a two-bit counter, it is seen that the counter 22 is cycled in response to four successive vertical synchronizing signals PV and, thus, the pilot signal frequency f_i is cycled over four fields.
The field discriminator 24 is coupled to the input terminal 11 to receive the input video signal SN and detects the sequential fields in the frames of the video signal. The field discriminator may be of known construction to detect the phase relationship between the vertical and horizontal synchronizing pulses included in the odd and even fields of the video signal. In a preferred embodiment, the field discriminator operates to produce a reset pulse PR at the beginning of the odd field in alternate frames. For example, reset pulse PR is produced by the field discriminator 24 at the beginning of the odd (or first) field of each of the nth, (n+2)th, (n+4)th, etc. frames. This reset pulse PR is supplied from the field discriminator 24 to the reset input R of the counter 22 and resets the count SQ to an initial count. Stated otherwise, reset pulse PR is supplied to the counter 22 to preset the count therein to a predetermined, or initial, count.
The field discriminator 24 also generates a field detect pulse PF at the beginning of the first, or odd, field in each frame. This field detect pulse PF is coupled to the servo-control circuit for the purpose of synchronizing the rotational phase of the recording heads with the frames, and particularly the vertical synchronizing signals therein, of the input signal SN. It will be appreciated that, if desired, reset pulse PR may be derived from field detect pulse PF by a simple divide-by-two circuit.
The servo-control circuit comprises a servo circuit 31, a pulse generator 32 and a rotary drive motor 33. The motor 33 is mechanically coupled to the recording heads 1A and 1b to rotate than across the magnetic tape 2 at a rate and phase determined by the energization of the motor 33. The pulse generator 32 senses the rotary position of the heads 1A and 1B. For example, the pulse generator 32 may comprise a suitable pick-up for generating a position pulse PG when the heads 1A and 1B rotate to a predetermined position. It will be appreciated that this position pulse PG has a repetition rate equal to the frame repetition rate of the video signal.
The servo circuit 31 senses phase differences between position pulse PG and field detect pulse PF and adjusts the energization of the motor 33 so as to eliminate, or null, this phase difference. Thus, the servo-control circuit operates to rotate the heads 1A and 1B at the video frame repetition rate and in phase synchronism with the first, or odd, field in each frame. Hence, the heads 1A and 1B operate to record a track pattern having the format illustrated in Figure 2.
The signal produced by the adder 15, comprising the combined FM luminance component SF and frequency-converted chrominance component SC' and the superimposed pilot signal SP, is supplied as a recording signal SR to the heads 1A and 1B by way of a recording amplifier 16. Although not shown, it will be appreciated that a suitable head switching arrangement is provided such that the recording signal SR is supplied alternately to the heads 1A and 1B as each respective head scans the tape 2.
Although not shown in Figure 3, it will be appreciated that the tape 2 may be transported by known control means such that, when video signals from different sources are recorded so as to produce a joint or edit point, that joint or edit point occurs between the track 3A and the track 3B. This is usual and the continuity, or periodicity, of the tracks 3A and 3B thus is maintained.
In operation, it will be seen that if the input video signal SN comprises first and second fields in successive frames, such as shown in Figure 5, the field discriminator 24 generates the field detect pulse PF at the beginning of the first, or odd, field in each frame and generates the reset pulse PR at the beginning of the first, or odd, field in alternate frames, as also shown in Figure 5. The vertical synchronizing signal PV extracted from the input video signal SN by the vertical sync separator 21 increments the counter 22 at each field interval. As count SQ changes, the count thereof determines the pilot frequency f_i generated by the pilot frequency generator 23. Hence, the frequency of the pilot signal SP changes at each field with a cycle equal to four fields or two frames. As shown in Figure 5, the frequency of the pilot signal SP changes from f₁ to f₂ to f₃ to f₄ and then returns to f₁ at successive fields. It is also seen that the reset pulse PR produced by the field discriminator 24 resets the counter 22 to its initial, or preset count at the beginning of the first, or odd, field in alternate frames, thus assuring that the frequency of pilot signal SP is preset to, for example, the frequency f₁ periodically. Consequently, the frequency f_i of the pilot signal SP has an initial frequency f₁ determined by the initial field in a four-field sequence, as detected by the field discriminator 24. Moreover, this pilot frequency f_i changes as a function of the detected sequential fields, that is, as each field in the sequence is received, or detected, the pilot frequency f_i changes.
Moreover, since the servo-control circuit is supplied with the field detect pulse PF, the rotational phase of the heads 1A and 1B is controlled such that the head 1A records the track 3A with a pilot frequency of f₁ or f₃ and the head 1B records the track 3B with a pilot signal of frequency f₂ or f₄. Thus, the track 3A will not be recorded with a pilot frequency f₂ or f₄ and, similarly, the track 3B will not be recorded with a pilot frequency f₁ or f₃. A summary of the pilot frequencies which are recorded in successive tracks by the heads 1A and 1B during sequential field periods is as follows: Table 2

Field Period Recording Head Track Pilot Frequency f ₁

1 1A 3A f ₁

2 1B 3B f ₂

1 1A 3A f ₃

2 1B 3B f ₄

1 1A 3A f₁

It is seen, therefore, that the continuity, or periodicity of the tracks 3A and 3B is maintained even when the video signal SN is derived from different sources and even when a joint or edit point is recorded on the tape 2. Therefore, framing is not disturbed, and the joint or edit point does not produce a disturbance in the reproduced video picture. Consequently, when the video signals recorded on the tape 2 by the embodiment shown in Figure 3 are reproduced and converted to a different format, disturbances and degradation in the video signal are avoided, or at least minimized, and are not attributed to difficulties that otherwise might arise at the joint or edit point.

Although the foregoing has described a video signal SN of the NTSC format, the present invention finds equal application in the EIAJ system, the CCIR monochromatic system and the PAL system. By relying upon typical colour framing techniques, satisfactory results are obtained if the input video signal SN is a PAL video signal. In that event, the relationship between the sequential fields and the pilot frequency recorded in successive tracks by the recording heads may be summarized as follows:

Table 3

Field Period	Recording Head	Track	Pilot Frequency f ₁
1	1A	3A	f	₁
2	1B	3B	f	₂
3	1A	3A	f₃
4	1B	3B	f	₄
5	1A	3A	f₁
6	1B	3B	f₂
7	1A	3A	f₃
8	1B	3B	f₄
9	1A	3A	f₁

Therefore, it is seen that, in embodiments of the present invention, the field period, recording head and pilot frequency all are maintained in a predetermined relationship during any video frame. Hence, a framing disturbance is avoided when the video signal is derived from separate sources for recording on either side of a joint or edit point on the magnetic tape. This improves the precision attainable during an edit operation and, moreover, permits simple signal format conversion by existing editing devices.
Variations are of course possible. For example, although the field detect pulse PF and the reset pulse PR are generated at the beginning of the first, or odd field, these pulses may be generated at the beginning of the second, or even, field in the frames.

Claims

Apparatus for recording a video signal in successive tracks on a record medium (2) together with a pilot signal, wherein the video signal has successive frames, each formed of a plurality of fields, and wherein the pilot signal is cyclically recorded with a different one of at least four frequencies in successive tracks for tracking control during reproduction, said apparatus comprising:
a plurality of transducer means (1A, 1B) rotatable for recording said video and pilot signals in successive tracks on said record medium (2);

field detecting means (24) supplied with said video signal for detecting a predetermined sequence of fields of said video signal; and

pilot signal generating means (23) for generating the said pilot signal, the pilot signal having a sequence of frequencies corresponding to the said sequence of fields, with an initial frequency determined by an initial field in said detected sequence of fields:
characterised by
pulse generating means (32) for generating a pulse signal (PG) indicative of a rotational phase of the transducer means (1A, 1B); and

phase control means (31) coupled to said pulse generating means (32) and said field detecting means (24) for controlling the rotation of said transducer means (1A, 1B) to maintain a constant phase relationship between said pulse signal (PG) and the detected predetermined sequence of fields.
Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said pilot signal generating means (23) includes cyclical counting means (22) supplied with said video signal for counting the fields therein; pilot frequency generating means (23) for generating a pilot frequency in response to the count of said counting means (22); and reset means coupled to said field detecting means (24) for resetting said counting means (22) to an initial count when said initial field in said detected sequence of fields is detected.
Apparatus according to claim 2 wherein each frame of the video signal includes first and second fields; and wherein said field detecting means (24) detects a predetermined one of said first and second fields in each frame.
Apparatus according to claim 3 wherein said field detecting means (24) produces a field detect pulse in response to the first field in each frame; and wherein said phase control means (31) includes servo means (31) for adjusting the rotation of said transducer means (1A, 1B) as a function of a phase difference between said field detect pulse and said pulse signal indicative of the rotational phase of said transducer means (1A, 1B).
Apparatus according to claim 3 wherein said field detecting means (24) produces a reset pulse when the first field in every other frame is detected; and said reset means includes a reset input of said counting means (22) for resetting said counting means in response to said reset pulse.
Apparatus according to claim 2 further comprising vertical sync detecting means (21) supplied with said video signal for detecting a vertical synchronizing signal included in said video signal and for incrementing said counting means (22) in response to each detected vertical synchronizing signal.
Apparatus according to claim 1 further including vertical sync detecting means (21) supplied with said video signal for detecting a vertical synchronizing signal in said video signal, and said pilot signal generating means (23) includes means (22) for presetting the frequency of said pilot signal in response to the detection of a predetermined vertical synchronizing signal.
Apparatus according to claim 7 wherein said pilot signal generating means (23) further includes means (22) for changing said frequency in response to each detected vertical synchronizing signal.
Apparatus according to claim 8 wherein said means (22) for changing said frequency comprises cyclical counting means (22) for counting each detected vertical synchronizing signal, and pilot frequency generating means (23) for generating a pilot signal frequency as a function of the count of said counting means (22).
Apparatus according to claim 9 wherein said field detecting means (24) detects a vertical synchronizing signal in a predetermined field in alternative frames of said video signal and is coupled to said counting means (22) for presetting the count thereof.
Apparatus according to claim 10 wherein said predetermined field is an initial field in alternate frames.
Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said field detecting means (24) comprises vertical sync detecting means (21) supplied with said video signal for detecting a vertical synchronizing signal in each field of the video signal, field discriminating means (24) for discriminating a predetermined field in each frame and for discriminating said predetermined field in alternate frames, and presettable counting means (22) for counting detected vertical synchronizing signals and preset in response to the discriminated predetermined field in alternate frames.
Apparatus according to claim 12 wherein said phase control means (31) comprises servo means (31) coupled to said pulse generating means (32) and said field discriminating means (24) for controlling the rotation of said transducer means (1A, 1B) as a function of a phase difference between the generated pulse and the discriminated predetermined field in each frame.
Apparatus according to claim 12 wherein said pilot signal generating means (23) comprises frequency generating means (23) coupled to said counting means (22) for generating a pilot signal frequency determined by the count of said counting means (22).