EP0498046B1 - Dispositif de saisie de signaux - Google Patents

Dispositif de saisie de signaux Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0498046B1
EP0498046B1 EP91119400A EP91119400A EP0498046B1 EP 0498046 B1 EP0498046 B1 EP 0498046B1 EP 91119400 A EP91119400 A EP 91119400A EP 91119400 A EP91119400 A EP 91119400A EP 0498046 B1 EP0498046 B1 EP 0498046B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
signals
signal
ignition
input
inputs
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP91119400A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0498046A2 (fr
EP0498046A3 (en
Inventor
Karl-Heinz Dittmann
Peter Dipl.-Ing. Etzold
Uwe Dipl.-Ing. Fischer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Robert Bosch GmbH
Original Assignee
Robert Bosch GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Robert Bosch GmbH filed Critical Robert Bosch GmbH
Publication of EP0498046A2 publication Critical patent/EP0498046A2/fr
Publication of EP0498046A3 publication Critical patent/EP0498046A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0498046B1 publication Critical patent/EP0498046B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02P—IGNITION, OTHER THAN COMPRESSION IGNITION, FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES; TESTING OF IGNITION TIMING IN COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES
    • F02P17/00—Testing of ignition installations, e.g. in combination with adjusting; Testing of ignition timing in compression-ignition engines
    • F02P17/10—Measuring dwell or antidwell time
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02P—IGNITION, OTHER THAN COMPRESSION IGNITION, FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES; TESTING OF IGNITION TIMING IN COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES
    • F02P17/00—Testing of ignition installations, e.g. in combination with adjusting; Testing of ignition timing in compression-ignition engines
    • F02P17/02—Checking or adjusting ignition timing

Definitions

  • the invention is based on a device for diagnosis of automotive ignition systems according to the genus of independent claim.
  • GB-A 2 172 115 describes a device for the diagnosis of distributorless ignition systems known.
  • On the ignition coils of the Ignition system are connected to diodes which are used in the Ignition coils occurring signals decoupled from each other forward a signal merging point.
  • the merged signals are in an evaluation circuit processed.
  • the closing phase of a Ignition circuit by the ignition process of another ignition circuit be covered.
  • the analysis of the on an ignition coil tapped signal as a function of time is therefore not possible in all operating situations.
  • DE-A 38 41 739 is also a device for Diagnosis of ignition systems that have more than one ignition coil included, known.
  • the on the switching connections of the Ignition coils occurring signal voltages are by means of Decoupling diodes led to a common output from which an overall signal can be tapped.
  • the invention has for its object a device for the diagnosis of automotive ignition systems that more than contain an ignition coil, such that a the most complete possible analysis of the signals is possible.
  • the measure according to the invention that additional funds can be provided to select one of the signals has the advantage that at the same time merged and individual signals can be analyzed. Additional Taps at the signal sources are not necessary.
  • the device according to the invention enables with little additional effort a comprehensive analysis of those occurring at the signal sources Signals.
  • a manual configuration provides a cost-effective implementation Actuation of the additional selection means before.
  • An operator selects the signal to be evaluated individually.
  • Another advantageous embodiment provides the actuation of the Selection means of a signal processing arrangement before that for Evaluation of the merged and / or the individual signals available is.
  • the selection of the individual signal can therefore be dependent carried out automatically by the analysis to be carried out will.
  • a targeted selection of the individual signal by an operator is also possible via the signal processing arrangement.
  • a particularly advantageous embodiment provides that the means a first and second group of decoupling means for merging the signals, especially diodes. With the first It is then possible for the group to combine those signals that have positive potential with respect to a reference potential, while the second group merges the signals with negative potential.
  • the device according to the invention is particularly suitable for use for diagnostic devices for motor vehicles.
  • multiple signal sources can often be observed at the same time, some of whose signals are temporally linked because the different facilities in the motor vehicle partly mutually influence.
  • the device according to the invention for use in diagnosing ignition systems with more suitable as an ignition coil.
  • the merged signal enables For example, the determination of the speed and the concentricity of the Internal combustion engine while evaluating the individual signal at the same time a precise voltage measurement or an evaluation of temporal relationships, for example determining the closing time an ignition switching element, allowed.
  • a device according to the invention for detecting signals is shown in the figure shown.
  • the ignition system 10 is shown in the figure, which is separated by dashed lines is of an inventive device 11 for detection of signals.
  • the device 11 is hereinafter referred to as a diagnostic device Designated 11.
  • the ignition system 10 contains two ignition coils 12, 13, the respective first primary connections 14, 15, second primary connections 16, 17, first secondary connections 18, 19 and second Have secondary connections 20, 21.
  • the two secondary connections 18, 20 of the first ignition coil 12 are each with spark plugs 22, 23 connected, which are connected to a mass 24.
  • the first Secondary connection 19 of the second ignition coil 13 is with the first Primary connection 15 connected, while the second secondary connection 21st is connected to a further spark plug 25, which is also against Ground 24 is switched.
  • the second primary connections 16, 17 are on led an ignition switch 26, which connects to an energy source 27 produces, which is connected to ground 24.
  • the first Primary connections 14, 15 of the ignition coil 12, 13 are each with Ignition switching elements 28, 29 connected in an ignition switching device 30 are arranged.
  • the Inputs 33, 34 are also connected to selection means 41 which apply one of the input signals to an output 42.
  • the exit 42 is also the second input of a signal processing arrangement 43, which contains a second input 44, with switching means 45 connected to either the second input 44 the first or second signal combining point 37, 40.
  • the selection means 41 have an input 46 via which a signal is selected. An output 47 is available for selection the signal processing arrangement 43 and a manual input 48 are provided.
  • the inputs 33, 34 are also each with capacitors 49, 50 connected, which are connected to ground 24.
  • the capacitors 49, 50 cooperate with a capacitor 51 connected to input lines lies between the inputs 33, 34.
  • the capacitor 51 is shown in dashed lines in the figure because it is a stray capacity occurs between input lines. As a discrete component the capacitor 51 is not present.
  • the device according to the invention for detecting signals works as follows:
  • the ignition system 10 is, for example, for operating one in the Figure not shown internal combustion engine provided.
  • the ignition system 10 contains more than one ignition coil 12, 13.
  • On the first ignition coil 12, for example, two spark plugs 22, 23 are connected give a spark at the same time.
  • At the second ignition coil 13 is for example, only one spark plug 25 is connected.
  • Examples of signal sources at which signals are to be acquired are the first primary connections 14, 15 of the ignition coils 12, 13 provided that have taps 31, 32 for connecting the Diagnostic device 11. Instead of the two shown in the figure Inputs 33, 34 of the diagnostic device 11 are any number further entrances can be provided.
  • the first group of decoupling agents 35, 36 which are preferably implemented as diodes, lead the way the signals at the inputs 33, 34 at the first signal combining point 37 together, while the second group 38, 39 of Decoupling means 38, 39, also preferably as diodes are realized, the signals at the second signal combining point 40 merge.
  • the first diode group 35, 36 leads the Input signals 33, 34 together, the positive and the second diode group 38, 39 merges the input signals 33, 34 which are negative against a reference potential.
  • the reference potential itself as well as required working resistances of the diodes 35, 36; 38, 39 are not shown in the figure for the sake of simplicity.
  • the Switching means 45 either lead to the first or to the second signal merging point 37, 40 lying merged Signal to the second input 44 of the signal processing arrangement 43 to.
  • the switching means 45 is either manual or electrically operated. For example, depending on that at the first or second signal combining point 37, 40 potential can be controlled. It is also possible to first switching means 45 from the signal processing arrangement 43 to control.
  • the signal processing arrangement 43 carries out a signal evaluation in Dependence on a signal coming from at the inputs 33, 34 lying signals is composed.
  • the signals at the inputs 33, 34 are the Selection means 41 fed from the input signals of a select and provide at exit 42.
  • the selection means 41 are used as multiplexers, especially as analog signal multiplexers designated. Depending on one at input 46 of the multiplexer 41 lying control signal is one of the input signals to the Output 42 switched through.
  • the selection can, for example, be from an operator via the manual input 48 directly.
  • the input signal selection in the multiplexer 41 also from the signal processing arrangement 43 via a Control signal located at output 47 take place.
  • the arrangement 43 The selection made can depend, for example, on certain Diagnostic routines may be provided.
  • the signal processing Arrangement 43 a further, not shown in the figure Manual input for targeted search for a signal included.
  • the signal at output 42 which corresponds exactly to an input signal, can in the signal processing arrangement that it as first input signal is supplied, simultaneously with the am second input 44 lying merged signal analyzed will.
  • the device according to the invention for acquiring signals is included in the Advantage to use wherever there is more than one signal source tapped signals both merged simultaneously as well as to be analyzed individually.
  • the device according to the invention is particularly suitable for use when diagnosing ignition systems 10 with more than one ignition coil.
  • the at the signal merging points 37, 40 existing signals, for example the speed, the concentricity or all of the ignition processes of the internal combustion engine shown.
  • the first diode group 35, 36 are in particular to evaluate the signals during the opening phase of the ignition switching elements 28, 29 occur while the second diode group 38, 39 merged signals a diagnosis allowed during the closing phase of the elements 28, 29.
  • diagnostic routines are the analysis of individual signals at the inputs 33, 34 are desirable or required. For example, a voltage measurement is on first or second tap 31, 32 provided. With this voltage measurement can, for example, the residual voltage during the closing phase of elements 28, 29 are measured.
  • the signals at the inputs 33, 34 are unadulterated by the multiplexer 41 at its output 42 forwarded. Additional connections on the signal sources are not required. Except for a precise voltage measurement also a temporal analysis of those at the inputs 33, 34 Signals possible. In the example of the diagnosis of ignition systems, these are The closing phases of the elements 28, 29 can each be evaluated separately. A Such an evaluation would only be at the signal merging points 37, 40 lying signals not in all operating states possible because the closing phases overlap at high speeds of the elements 28, 29 can occur, the precise evaluation prevented.
  • the lines that connect the taps 31, 32 to the inputs 33, 34 are preferably simple cables without shielding for cost reasons. Capacitive couplings occur between these lines on, which is symbolically entered in the figure by the capacitor 51 are. The capacitive coupling leads to crosstalk from Signals from one line to the other, which is particularly true not connected lines to misinterpretation of a supposed Measurement result. To reduce the effect the capacitive coupling are therefore at the inputs 33, 34 Capacitors 49, 50 connected to ground 24. The capacitors 49, 50 form with the capacitor 51, which is the stray capacitance represents, each a capacitive voltage divider, which the the signal components lying at the inputs 33, 34 accordingly open inputs reduced according to the division ratio. This capacitive voltage division does not affect the regular input signals.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ignition Installations For Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Testing, Inspecting, Measuring Of Stereoscopic Televisions And Televisions (AREA)
  • Testing Electric Properties And Detecting Electric Faults (AREA)

Claims (4)

  1. Dispositif de diagnostic d'une installation d'allumage (10) d'un véhicule automobile, comportant plus d'une bobine d'allumage (12, 13), des moyens (35, 36) pour réunir le signaux (33, 34) apparaissant sur les bobines d'allumage (12, 13) de l'installation d'allumage (10),
    caractérisé par :
    des moyens de sélection supplémentaires (41) transmettant l'un des signaux (33, 34) à une sortie des moyens de sélection (41) et,
    les moyens de sélection (41) sont commutés par un dispositif de traitement de signal (43) qui exploite les signaux d'entrée (33) appliqués à au moins un point de réunion de signaux (37, 41) et un signal d'entrée (33, 34) transmis à une sortie (42) du moyen de sélection (41).
  2. Dispositif selon la revendication 1,
    caractérisé en ce que
    les moyens de sélection (41) peuvent être commutés manuellement par une entrée manuelle (48).
  3. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes,
    caractérisé en ce que
    comme moyens pour réunir des signaux d'entrée (33, 34), sont prévus un premier et un second groupe (35, 36 ; 38, 39) de diodes.
  4. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes,
    caractérisé en ce que
    des condensateurs (49, 50) sont prévus aux entrées où apparaissent les signaux (33, 34), ces condensateurs formant des diviseurs de tension capacitifs avec les capacités parasites (51) apparaissant entre les entrées.
EP91119400A 1991-02-04 1991-11-14 Dispositif de saisie de signaux Expired - Lifetime EP0498046B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4103310A DE4103310A1 (de) 1991-02-04 1991-02-04 Vorrichtung zum erfassen von signalen
DE4103310 1991-02-04

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0498046A2 EP0498046A2 (fr) 1992-08-12
EP0498046A3 EP0498046A3 (en) 1993-02-10
EP0498046B1 true EP0498046B1 (fr) 1999-02-03

Family

ID=6424348

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP91119400A Expired - Lifetime EP0498046B1 (fr) 1991-02-04 1991-11-14 Dispositif de saisie de signaux

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0498046B1 (fr)
DE (2) DE4103310A1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2129024T3 (fr)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4242177A1 (de) * 1992-12-15 1994-06-16 Teves Gmbh Alfred Schaltungsanordnung zur Überwachung einer Vielzahl von Spulen

Family Cites Families (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3572103A (en) * 1967-01-06 1971-03-23 Marquette Corp Analyzer for multi-cylinder internal combustion engine having means for identifying individual cylinders
GB1540263A (en) * 1975-12-16 1979-02-07 Sun Electric Corp Engine test and display apparatus
DE2723536C3 (de) * 1977-05-25 1980-10-23 Daimler-Benz Ag, 7000 Stuttgart Vorrichtung zum Prüfen verschiedenartiger Kabelsätze
GB2064137B (en) * 1979-11-27 1984-05-10 Ti Crypton Ltd Engine analysers
US4306187A (en) * 1979-12-04 1981-12-15 Kinder Joseph C Apparatus for visually monitoring ignition voltages
DE3009997A1 (de) * 1980-03-13 1981-10-08 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München Aktiver kapazitiver spannungsteiler
DE3208587C2 (de) * 1982-03-10 1985-10-31 Daimler-Benz Ag, 7000 Stuttgart Einrichtung zur Erkennung von Zündaussetzern
GB8505874D0 (en) * 1985-03-07 1985-04-11 Ti Crypton Ltd Engine analysers
US4749947A (en) * 1986-03-10 1988-06-07 Cross-Check Systems, Inc. Grid-based, "cross-check" test structure for testing integrated circuits
US4825392A (en) * 1986-08-20 1989-04-25 Freeman Mark S Dual function DMM display
US4758791A (en) * 1986-11-28 1988-07-19 United Technologies Corporation Universal secondary high voltage sensor
US4724702A (en) * 1986-12-08 1988-02-16 General Motors Corporation LPP sensor interface circuit
US4847563A (en) * 1988-07-12 1989-07-11 Snap-On Tools Corporation Distributorless ignition interface
DE3841739A1 (de) * 1988-12-10 1990-06-13 Bosch Gmbh Robert Vorrichtung zum erfassen von zuendsignalen

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES2129024T3 (es) 1999-06-01
EP0498046A2 (fr) 1992-08-12
DE4103310A1 (de) 1992-08-06
EP0498046A3 (en) 1993-02-10
DE59109095D1 (de) 1999-03-18

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
DE10256456A1 (de) Überwachungsverfahren für einen Aktor und zugehörige Treiberschaltung
EP1032846B1 (fr) Dispositif de diagnostic destine a detecter des courts-circuits errones ou des interruptions de lignes de capteurs inductifs
DE69324078T2 (de) Vorrichtung zur Überwachung von Bildverarbeitungsoperationen
EP0561807B1 (fr) Dispositif pour l'acquisition de signaux
EP0472877B1 (fr) Dispositif pour déterminer la vitesse angulaire d'un moteur à combustion interne
EP0498046B1 (fr) Dispositif de saisie de signaux
DE2040913C3 (de) Einrichtung zur automatischen Erfassung des zeitlichen Verlaufs der Zündspannungen in einer Mehrzylinder-Brennkraftmaschine
EP0140057B1 (fr) Méthode et dispositif de transmission de signal
DE102004024375B4 (de) Klopferfassungsvorrichtung und Erfassungsverfahren
DE3902254A1 (de) Verfahren zur zuordnung von zuendsignalen zu einem bezugszylinder
DE69419785T2 (de) Schalteinrichtung zum Schalten von Fernsehsignalen für Kabelverteilungssystem
WO2020035250A1 (fr) Transformateur comprenant un circuit de test
EP0596233B1 (fr) Dispositif de détection de signaux haute tension
DE69418331T2 (de) Klopferkennungssystem
DE2431799A1 (de) Schaltung zur aufbereitung von gebersignalen, welche aus der zuendanlage eines ottomotors gewonnen werden
EP0529281B1 (fr) Procédé de détection d'une mise en contact des lignes de mesure
EP0732499B1 (fr) Dispositif pour l'évaluation d'impulsions d'allumage
DE3841739A1 (de) Vorrichtung zum erfassen von zuendsignalen
EP0496050A2 (fr) Dispositif d'essai d'installation d'allumage
WO1999001774A1 (fr) Dispositif de diagnostic de detection d'erreurs pour un capteur inductif
DE10027184B4 (de) Anordnung und Verfahren zur Aufprallerkennung in einem Fahrzeug
DE3116080C2 (fr)
DE102022201447A1 (de) Verfahren zum Prüfen der elektromagnetischen Verträglichkeit eines Prüflings mit einer Prüfvorrichtung, Prüfvorrichtung
DE19825023C2 (de) Verfahren und Anordnung zum Bestimmen der Motordrehzahl eines Kraftfahrzeugs
DE3332384A1 (de) Schaltungsanordnung zur aufbereitung von signalen

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A2

Designated state(s): CH DE ES FR GB IT LI SE

PUAL Search report despatched

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009013

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A3

Designated state(s): CH DE ES FR GB IT LI SE

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 19930707

17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 19941012

GRAG Despatch of communication of intention to grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS AGRA

GRAG Despatch of communication of intention to grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS AGRA

GRAH Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS IGRA

GRAH Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS IGRA

GRAA (expected) grant

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: B1

Designated state(s): CH DE ES FR GB IT LI SE

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: EP

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: NV

Representative=s name: SCINTILLA AG, DIREKTION

REF Corresponds to:

Ref document number: 59109095

Country of ref document: DE

Date of ref document: 19990318

ET Fr: translation filed
ITF It: translation for a ep patent filed
GBT Gb: translation of ep patent filed (gb section 77(6)(a)/1977)

Effective date: 19990408

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: ES

Ref legal event code: FG2A

Ref document number: 2129024

Country of ref document: ES

Kind code of ref document: T3

PLBE No opposition filed within time limit

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT

26N No opposition filed
REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: GB

Ref legal event code: IF02

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Payment date: 20041118

Year of fee payment: 14

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: CH

Payment date: 20041123

Year of fee payment: 14

Ref country code: SE

Payment date: 20041123

Year of fee payment: 14

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: ES

Payment date: 20041125

Year of fee payment: 14

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: ES

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20051115

Ref country code: SE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20051115

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: LI

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20051130

Ref country code: CH

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20051130

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: CH

Ref legal event code: PL

EUG Se: european patent has lapsed
PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: FR

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES

Effective date: 20060731

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: FR

Ref legal event code: ST

Effective date: 20060731

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: ES

Ref legal event code: FD2A

Effective date: 20051115

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Payment date: 20101123

Year of fee payment: 20

Ref country code: IT

Payment date: 20101124

Year of fee payment: 20

PGFP Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Payment date: 20110125

Year of fee payment: 20

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R071

Ref document number: 59109095

Country of ref document: DE

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: DE

Ref legal event code: R071

Ref document number: 59109095

Country of ref document: DE

REG Reference to a national code

Ref country code: GB

Ref legal event code: PE20

Expiry date: 20111113

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: GB

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF EXPIRATION OF PROTECTION

Effective date: 20111113

PG25 Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]

Ref country code: DE

Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF EXPIRATION OF PROTECTION

Effective date: 20111115