EP0491787A1 - Skeletal implants - Google Patents
Skeletal implantsInfo
- Publication number
- EP0491787A1 EP0491787A1 EP90913726A EP90913726A EP0491787A1 EP 0491787 A1 EP0491787 A1 EP 0491787A1 EP 90913726 A EP90913726 A EP 90913726A EP 90913726 A EP90913726 A EP 90913726A EP 0491787 A1 EP0491787 A1 EP 0491787A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- εtem
- bone
- canal
- bone canal
- diεtal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/30721—Accessories
- A61F2/30723—Plugs or restrictors for sealing a cement-receiving space
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/30721—Accessories
- A61F2/30724—Spacers for centering an implant in a bone cavity, e.g. in a cement-receiving cavity
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/30721—Accessories
- A61F2/30734—Modular inserts, sleeves or augments, e.g. placed on proximal part of stem for fixation purposes or wedges for bridging a bone defect
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/3094—Designing or manufacturing processes
- A61F2/30942—Designing or manufacturing processes for designing or making customized prostheses, e.g. using templates, CT or NMR scans, finite-element analysis or CAD-CAM techniques
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/32—Joints for the hip
- A61F2/36—Femoral heads ; Femoral endoprostheses
- A61F2/3662—Femoral shafts
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/32—Joints for the hip
- A61F2/36—Femoral heads ; Femoral endoprostheses
- A61F2/3662—Femoral shafts
- A61F2/3676—Distal or diaphyseal parts of shafts
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2002/30001—Additional features of subject-matter classified in A61F2/28, A61F2/30 and subgroups thereof
- A61F2002/30003—Material related properties of the prosthesis or of a coating on the prosthesis
- A61F2002/3006—Properties of materials and coating materials
- A61F2002/30062—(bio)absorbable, biodegradable, bioerodable, (bio)resorbable, resorptive
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2002/30001—Additional features of subject-matter classified in A61F2/28, A61F2/30 and subgroups thereof
- A61F2002/30108—Shapes
- A61F2002/30199—Three-dimensional shapes
- A61F2002/30224—Three-dimensional shapes cylindrical
- A61F2002/30235—Three-dimensional shapes cylindrical tubular, e.g. sleeves
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2002/30001—Additional features of subject-matter classified in A61F2/28, A61F2/30 and subgroups thereof
- A61F2002/30316—The prosthesis having different structural features at different locations within the same prosthesis; Connections between prosthetic parts; Special structural features of bone or joint prostheses not otherwise provided for
- A61F2002/30329—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements
- A61F2002/30331—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements made by longitudinally pushing a protrusion into a complementarily-shaped recess, e.g. held by friction fit
- A61F2002/30332—Conically- or frustoconically-shaped protrusion and recess
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2002/30001—Additional features of subject-matter classified in A61F2/28, A61F2/30 and subgroups thereof
- A61F2002/30316—The prosthesis having different structural features at different locations within the same prosthesis; Connections between prosthetic parts; Special structural features of bone or joint prostheses not otherwise provided for
- A61F2002/30329—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements
- A61F2002/30331—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements made by longitudinally pushing a protrusion into a complementarily-shaped recess, e.g. held by friction fit
- A61F2002/30332—Conically- or frustoconically-shaped protrusion and recess
- A61F2002/30339—Double cones, i.e. connecting element having two conical connections, one at each of its opposite ends
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2002/30001—Additional features of subject-matter classified in A61F2/28, A61F2/30 and subgroups thereof
- A61F2002/30316—The prosthesis having different structural features at different locations within the same prosthesis; Connections between prosthetic parts; Special structural features of bone or joint prostheses not otherwise provided for
- A61F2002/30329—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements
- A61F2002/30331—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements made by longitudinally pushing a protrusion into a complementarily-shaped recess, e.g. held by friction fit
- A61F2002/30332—Conically- or frustoconically-shaped protrusion and recess
- A61F2002/30349—Conically- or frustoconically-shaped protrusion and recess the male and female complementary cones being of different conicities, i.e. for reducing the contact area
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/30721—Accessories
- A61F2/30724—Spacers for centering an implant in a bone cavity, e.g. in a cement-receiving cavity
- A61F2002/30726—Centering or guiding rods, e.g. for insertion of femoral shafts
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/30721—Accessories
- A61F2/30734—Modular inserts, sleeves or augments, e.g. placed on proximal part of stem for fixation purposes or wedges for bridging a bone defect
- A61F2002/30738—Sleeves
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/30767—Special external or bone-contacting surface, e.g. coating for improving bone ingrowth
- A61F2/30907—Nets or sleeves applied to surface of prostheses or in cement
- A61F2002/30919—Sleeves
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/3094—Designing or manufacturing processes
- A61F2/30942—Designing or manufacturing processes for designing or making customized prostheses, e.g. using templates, CT or NMR scans, finite-element analysis or CAD-CAM techniques
- A61F2002/30943—Designing or manufacturing processes for designing or making customized prostheses, e.g. using templates, CT or NMR scans, finite-element analysis or CAD-CAM techniques using mathematical models
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/3094—Designing or manufacturing processes
- A61F2/30942—Designing or manufacturing processes for designing or making customized prostheses, e.g. using templates, CT or NMR scans, finite-element analysis or CAD-CAM techniques
- A61F2002/30952—Designing or manufacturing processes for designing or making customized prostheses, e.g. using templates, CT or NMR scans, finite-element analysis or CAD-CAM techniques using CAD-CAM techniques or NC-techniques
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/32—Joints for the hip
- A61F2/36—Femoral heads ; Femoral endoprostheses
- A61F2/3662—Femoral shafts
- A61F2002/3678—Geometrical features
- A61F2002/3694—Geometrical features with longitudinal bores
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/30—Joints
- A61F2/46—Special tools or methods for implanting or extracting artificial joints, accessories, bone grafts or substitutes, or particular adaptations therefor
- A61F2002/4631—Special tools or methods for implanting or extracting artificial joints, accessories, bone grafts or substitutes, or particular adaptations therefor the prosthesis being specially adapted for being cemented
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2210/00—Particular material properties of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2210/0004—Particular material properties of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof bioabsorbable
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2220/00—Fixations or connections for prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2220/0025—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements
- A61F2220/0033—Connections or couplings between prosthetic parts, e.g. between modular parts; Connecting elements made by longitudinally pushing a protrusion into a complementary-shaped recess, e.g. held by friction fit
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
- A61F2230/00—Geometry of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
- A61F2230/0063—Three-dimensional shapes
- A61F2230/0069—Three-dimensional shapes cylindrical
Definitions
- This invention relates to endoprosthetic bone implant devices for joint replacement, particularly for total hip replacement.
- Surgical removal of the natural joint and replacement with an artificial joint is practised in the treatment of severely diseased joints, for example, arthritic joints.
- the procedure which is carried out routinely in total hip replacement surgery involves resecting the femoral head and neck, shaping the femoral canal using reamers and rasps and introducing an endoprosthetic femoral component.
- This component generally consists of a metallic stem which locates down the medullary canal of the femur, and includes a head and neck portion. The ste is fixed into the canal using a self-curing acrylic cement, or the stem is pressed into place, relying on a good mechanical fit.
- Cemented stems have generally had a good clinical record with only a small percentage of outright failures at a 10 year follow-up in old and generally inactive patients. However, for longer periods, or when the patients are younger and/or more active, failures are more common. The modes of failure include bone re ⁇ orption at the cement-bone interface due to high stresses, and cement cracking due to fatigue and stress concentrations. Uncemented press-fit stems have been used most often in the younger active group. A number of problems have been encountered with these patients.
- the present invention is directed to the alleviation of the problems discussed above and to the provision of endoprosthetic joint devices which have other advantageous eatures.
- a second approach is to define specific design features of a skeletal implant which have been found to have important practical advantages.
- an endoprosthetic joint device especially a femoral joint component, having a stem adapted to be located within a canal of a bone forming part of a joint, said stem including a proximal portion which is a close fit in the bone canal and a distal portion which is tapered and an intermediate portion, shaped to provide clearance between the stem and the bone canal .
- a method of determining the shape and dimensions of a femoral implant which comprises the following steps:-
- (d) representing the exterior contour of the stem of the implant by a cubic curve which joins the proximalmo ⁇ t section to the distal half cylindrical part of the stem, and which is a close fit proximally to the bone canal, while the distal half is a ⁇ liding fit distally.
- the present invention derive ⁇ in part from the realisation that it is highly desirable to design the prosthe ⁇ is ⁇ o that in u ⁇ e the bone i ⁇ loaded in a ⁇ imilar way to the normal condition in the body.
- the prosthesis should transmit the load to the bone from the upper part of the femur downwards in such a way that there i ⁇ a gradual load transmission from the upper part of the stem downwardly to the bone in the lower part.
- Overall loading of the bone i ⁇ important becau ⁇ e bone which is unloaded will tend to re ⁇ orb.
- ⁇ tres ⁇ es are set up which cause bone damage.
- the aim i ⁇ to produce a profile of the upper part of the ⁇ tem which i ⁇ a good fit in the proximal bone canal and a di ⁇ tal portion which applie ⁇ a gradual and uniform load di ⁇ tribution to the femur in the region of the di ⁇ tal canal.
- the intermediate portion of ⁇ tem i ⁇ ⁇ haped to provide clearance in the bone canal and the di ⁇ tal portion of the ⁇ tem is tapered over at least part of its length.
- micro-motion can be contained by in ⁇ erting a pla ⁇ tic ⁇ leeve or cap into the di ⁇ tal canal which i ⁇ a tight fit in the di ⁇ tal-most part of the canal and in which the di ⁇ tal end of the ⁇ tem i ⁇ tightly held.
- the invention includes a specific design of ⁇ leeve which not only limit ⁇ micro-motion but ⁇ pread ⁇ the load generated by micro- ⁇ winging motion of the prosthe ⁇ i ⁇ .
- the di ⁇ tal-mo ⁇ t portion i ⁇ preferably cylindrical.
- the preci ⁇ e ⁇ hape of the distal portion has wider latitude since the ⁇ tem will be spaced from the interior of the bone canal by a cement mantle.
- correct load distribution i ⁇ ju ⁇ t as important and it is an important feature of the implant ⁇ of the pre ⁇ ent invention that they can be employed in both cemented and cementle ⁇ fitting ⁇ .
- the bone is sized initially for a pres ⁇ -fit prosthesis and then downsized to provide a sufficient clearance overall to allow for a cement mantle but with the ⁇ ame relative dimen ⁇ ion ⁇ .
- an endopro ⁇ thetic femoral joint implant which compri ⁇ e ⁇ a ⁇ tem adapted to be located and cemented in place in a femoral bone canal, ⁇ aid ⁇ tem including a proximal portion which i ⁇ ⁇ haped to conform with the bone canal but with a predetermined ⁇ mall clearance intended to be filled with cement and a di ⁇ tal portion which i ⁇ tapered progressively from the proximal portion so a ⁇ to provide in the cemented implant a gradually thicker cement mantle between the implant and the bone canal and a load distribution, when said implant is inserted from the proximal end, which is concentrated in the proximal end of said femoral bone.
- the invention also include ⁇ improved method ⁇ of fitting bone implant ⁇ into bone canal ⁇ , in which a cannulated ⁇ tem i ⁇ u ⁇ ed to enable the stem to be guided into the canal on a guide rod or to enable a pres ⁇ -fit pla ⁇ tic ⁇ leeve to be located over the distal end of the ⁇ tem and thereby reduce micromovement between the stem and the bone.
- the present invention is intended to be applied mainly to femoral joint component ⁇ , but the principle ⁇ and de ⁇ ign ⁇ de ⁇ cribed hereinafter are adaptable to other joint ⁇ .
- Figure 1 i ⁇ a repre ⁇ entation of an average femur taken from mea ⁇ urement ⁇ of 26 ⁇ pecimen ⁇ .
- Figure 1A i ⁇ a view taken in the direction of the arrow A in Figure 1.
- Figure 2 i ⁇ a plan view taken in the direction of arrow B in Figure 1.
- Figure 3 i ⁇ a top plan view of the ⁇ tem of a hip pro ⁇ thesi ⁇ ⁇ howing al ⁇ o the outline of the bone canal.
- Figures 4A and 4B are lateral and posterior view ⁇ showing the fit of the stem in the proximal femur.
- Figure ⁇ 5A, 5B and 5C illustrate the manner of forming a symmetrical version of the stem of the pro ⁇ the ⁇ i ⁇ .
- Figure ⁇ 6A & 6B how re ⁇ pectively anterior-po ⁇ terior (A-P) views of cemented and pre ⁇ -fit pro ⁇ the ⁇ i ⁇ in accordance with the invention.
- Figure ⁇ 7A & 7B how A-P and lateral views of a second embodiment of the invention.
- Figure ⁇ 8A, 8B, 8C & 8D how variou ⁇ perspective views of the proximal part of the stem of a further embodiment having a pseudo collar.
- Figure ⁇ 9A, 9B & 9C show a sequence of step ⁇ for the introduction and fixing of a cemented pro ⁇ the ⁇ i ⁇ .
- Figure ⁇ 10A & 10B illustrate the steps of fitting a pres ⁇ -fit pro ⁇ the ⁇ i ⁇ with cannulated ⁇ tem in accordance with the invention.
- Figure 11 i ⁇ a view of a pres ⁇ -fit pro ⁇ thesi ⁇ in a bone canal having a modified di ⁇ tal ⁇ leeve for ⁇ preading the di ⁇ tal load di ⁇ tribution.
- Figure ⁇ 1, 1A and 2 are repre ⁇ entation ⁇ of an average femur taken from measurements of 26 adult specimens. It will be appreciated that more or less specimen ⁇ may be taken, e.g. 15 or 30, ⁇ o long a ⁇ the number is enough to provide a representative average.
- the inner and outer contour ⁇ of the average femur were produced by mea ⁇ urement ⁇ taken of ⁇ lice ⁇ made from ⁇ pecimen ⁇ and plotted u ⁇ ing the computer-aided technique de ⁇ cribed by Walker et al in Clinical Orthopaedic ⁇ and Related Re ⁇ earch, No. 235, October 1988, page 25. The inner and outer contour ⁇ were digiti ⁇ ed into a computer and ⁇ plined to determine 40 uniformly spaced points.
- the next step i ⁇ to define the ⁇ hape of the stem and in particular the proximal part which will give the optimal fit in proximal portion of the re ⁇ ected femur. It ha ⁇ been determined that optimal fit i ⁇ achieved by implant-cortical bone contact (i.e. an implant bone ⁇ pacing of 1mm or le ⁇ ), between the cortex and the implant.
- implant-cortical bone contact i.e. an implant bone ⁇ pacing of 1mm or le ⁇
- An anterior circle B i ⁇ drawn with the ⁇ ame diameter as lateral circle A.
- a medial circle C i ⁇ drawn a ⁇ the be ⁇ t fit to the proximal end of the bone canal.
- the outline of the proximal ⁇ ection of the device i ⁇ then determined by the mutual tangent ⁇ T ⁇ , T2 and T3.
- Figure 4 shows the preferred ⁇ hape of the proximal portion of the ⁇ tem 41 of the device.
- the cro ⁇ -hatched part 35 repre ⁇ ent ⁇ the cubic curve in the anterior and lateral view ⁇ and the relation ⁇ hip of the device to the bone canal.
- the contour of the upper region 40 of the ⁇ tem 41 i ⁇ a clo ⁇ e fit proximally to the bone canal, which provides good load tran ⁇ fer.
- Upper ⁇ ection 40 merges into an intermediate ⁇ ection 42 in which clearance i ⁇ provided from the bone in the area between the le ⁇ er trochanter and the mid-point of the length of the ⁇ tem, (the di ⁇ tal end of which i ⁇ not ⁇ hown in Figure 4), which i ⁇ indicated by the arrow 43.
- Thi ⁇ arrangement has two advantage ⁇ . Fir ⁇ t, loads are tran ⁇ mitted between the ⁇ tem and the bone proximally at 40, which corre ⁇ pond ⁇ to the phy ⁇ iological ⁇ ituation. Secondly, it avoid ⁇ the danger of hanging up of the ⁇ tem in the region 42 a ⁇ the ⁇ tem i ⁇ being introduced ⁇ urgically. The next ⁇ tep in the de ⁇ ign of the device i ⁇ to add a neck portion (together, if de ⁇ ired, with a partial collar a ⁇ de ⁇ cribed below) and a modular femoral head.
- Figure ⁇ 6A & B the left-hand figure ( Figure 6A) ⁇ how ⁇ the outline of the ⁇ tem 41, the canal 46 and the intervening cement mantle 47.
- a tapered di ⁇ tal portion 44 i ⁇ preferred since thi ⁇ prevent ⁇ high ⁇ tre ⁇ concentration at the tip. With a taper, load is tran ⁇ ferred to the bone uniformly, rather than abruptly near the tip a ⁇ would occur if the ⁇ tem were of uniform thickne ⁇ s.
- Figure 6B show ⁇ the pre ⁇ -fit embodiment, in which the extreme distal end part i ⁇ closer to a cylindrical ⁇ hape and the loading on the distal load i ⁇ ⁇ pread by u ⁇ e of a pla ⁇ tic ⁇ leeve S, having a clo ⁇ ed lower end, which i ⁇ a pre ⁇ -fit in the canal.
- the proximal part taper ⁇ ⁇ omewhat to approximately the di ⁇ tal quarter of the stem.
- Radial or tor ⁇ ional micro-motion e.g. of up to about 50 micron ⁇ and angular movements of up to about 0.1° can be readily tolerated.
- spreading of the load which is transmitted to the bone i ⁇ neverthele ⁇ desirable.
- T i ⁇ spreading of the load is achieved in the embodiment shown in Figure 11 by internal shaping of the pla ⁇ tic ⁇ ⁇ leeve.
- the pla ⁇ tic ⁇ sleeve • 110 (which i ⁇ a tight-fit in the di ⁇ tal bone canal 111) ha ⁇ a non-uniform bore and in ⁇ ection ha ⁇ a convex internal shape 112.
- the ⁇ ituation i ⁇ exaggerated in Figure 11, but the internal ⁇ hape i ⁇ such that the di ⁇ tal portion of the ⁇ tem 113 i ⁇ a tighter fit in the intermediate part of the bore in the ⁇ leeve 110 than at its ends.
- the groove ⁇ or recesse ⁇ X extend longitudinally of the ⁇ tem and preferably have rounded upper end ⁇ .
- the groove ⁇ X begin ju ⁇ t below the neck or collar and form two ⁇ helve ⁇ Y which are capable of taking axial force and resisting ⁇ inkage.
- the grooves are machined down the stem in a direction parallel to the axi ⁇ of the ⁇ tem so as to terminate at a point in the region of the mid-point of the stem or just above it.
- the ⁇ tem could be removed ( in case of a uture problem) by simply tapping it upward ⁇ out of it ⁇ cement bed (where present), becau ⁇ e of the ⁇ tem divergence in the upper ⁇ tem, which greatly facilitate ⁇ a revision procedure.
- Grooves formed in this way also provide axial load ⁇ upport and reduced ⁇ tem ⁇ tiffne ⁇ .
- Figure ⁇ 8A-D include ⁇ everal view ⁇ of a p ⁇ eudo (partial) collar which is another advantageous, preferred feature of the de ⁇ ign.
- a protru ⁇ ion or ledge i ⁇ provided, e.g. medially, anteriorly and po ⁇ teriorly but not laterally.
- the p ⁇ eudo collar i ⁇ formed integrally between the upper ⁇ ection cf the ⁇ tem and the neck of the device.
- Figure ⁇ 9A, 9B & 9C illu ⁇ trate the methods of introducing cemented ⁇ tems and Figures 10A & 10B the method of inserting pres ⁇ -fit ⁇ tem ⁇ in accordance with the invention.
- the ⁇ tem is cannulated to receive a guide rod 91.
- the polymer will gradually resorb, allowing some ⁇ pace for downward movement of the ⁇ tem within the pla ⁇ tic ⁇ leeve.
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
- Vascular Medicine (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Cardiology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Transplantation (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Geometry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Prostheses (AREA)
Abstract
Est présenté un système d'endoprothèse plus particulièrement conçu pour la chirurgie de remplacement de la hanche, destiné à une transmission progressive de la charge sur l'os à partir de l'extrémité terminale. Le système comprend une fibre ayant un contact serré avec l'implant d'os dans la région proximale (40), une partie distale (43) ayant une section s'amincissant et une section intermédiaire (42) ayant un espace intermédiaire entre l'os et l'implant. Lorsque le système est implanté par ajustage serré, il comprend un manchon (45) qui est ajusté de manière serrée dans le canal de l'os distal et qui permet à la fibre de se glisser à l'intérieur. Sont également présentées des méthodes d'implantation des systèmes à l'aide de techniques de cimentation et d'ajustage serré.A stent system more particularly designed for hip replacement surgery is presented, intended for a progressive transmission of the load on the bone from the terminal end. The system includes a fiber having close contact with the bone implant in the proximal region (40), a distal portion (43) having a thinner section and an intermediate section (42) having an intermediate space between the bone and implant. When the system is implanted by a press fit, it includes a sleeve (45) which is tightly fitted into the distal bone channel and which allows the fiber to slide inside. Also presented are methods of implementing the systems using cementing and tight fitting techniques.
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB8921008 | 1989-09-15 | ||
GB898921008A GB8921008D0 (en) | 1989-09-15 | 1989-09-15 | Skeletal implants |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0491787A1 true EP0491787A1 (en) | 1992-07-01 |
Family
ID=10663192
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP90913726A Withdrawn EP0491787A1 (en) | 1989-09-15 | 1990-09-13 | Skeletal implants |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0491787A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH05500177A (en) |
AU (1) | AU646814B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2064779A1 (en) |
GB (2) | GB8921008D0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1991003992A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN110193926A (en) * | 2019-05-08 | 2019-09-03 | 西安交通大学 | A kind of design and manufacturing method of the bionical multi-level joint prosthesis of polyether-ether-ketone |
Families Citing this family (18)
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WO1991018561A1 (en) * | 1990-05-23 | 1991-12-12 | Elting, James, J. | Femoral stem prosthesis |
US5047035A (en) * | 1990-08-10 | 1991-09-10 | Mikhail Michael W E | System for performing hip prosthesis revision surgery |
GB9026592D0 (en) * | 1990-12-06 | 1991-01-23 | Meswania Jayantilal M | Surgical instrument |
EP0523926A3 (en) * | 1991-07-15 | 1993-12-01 | Smith & Nephew Richards Inc | Prosthetic implants with bioabsorbable coating |
WO1994007438A1 (en) * | 1992-10-01 | 1994-04-14 | Tronzo Raymond G | Bearing mechanism built into the femoral component |
US5358534A (en) * | 1993-04-29 | 1994-10-25 | Howmedica Inc. | Femoral component for a hip prosthesis |
ES2067422B1 (en) * | 1993-09-02 | 1995-11-01 | Traiber S A | INTRACEMENTED PROSTHESIS FOR HUMAN HIPS. |
FR2725617B1 (en) * | 1994-10-12 | 1997-09-19 | Prost Didier | FEMALE ROD FOR HIP PROSTHESIS |
US5776204A (en) * | 1996-05-24 | 1998-07-07 | Howmedica Inc. | Asymmetric hip stem |
DE19730073C1 (en) * | 1997-07-14 | 1999-07-15 | Jansson Volkmar Priv Doz Dr Me | Endoprosthesis system |
US5976188A (en) * | 1997-10-21 | 1999-11-02 | Johnson & Johnson Professional, Inc. | Modular prosthesis system with hybrid fixation |
EP0983035B1 (en) * | 1998-03-20 | 2004-05-19 | Johnson & Johnson Medical Limited | Centraliser |
US6464728B1 (en) | 1998-04-14 | 2002-10-15 | Ian P. Murray | Modular neck for femur replacement surgery |
US6974483B2 (en) | 1998-04-14 | 2005-12-13 | Encore Medical Corporation | Modular neck for femur replacement surgery |
JP4095003B2 (en) * | 2003-09-12 | 2008-06-04 | 泉工医科工業株式会社 | Mid- and distal-tips for artificial joints |
US10610364B2 (en) | 2008-12-04 | 2020-04-07 | Subchondral Solutions, Inc. | Method for ameliorating joint conditions and diseases and preventing bone hypertrophy |
US8268007B2 (en) | 2009-06-26 | 2012-09-18 | The Cleveland Clinic Foundation | Multi-piece prosthetic joint component |
BR112018010562B1 (en) | 2015-11-25 | 2023-05-02 | Subchondral Solutions, Inc | IMPLANTABLE ORTHOPEDIC DEVICE AND KIT TO REPAIR AN ANATOMIC JOINT |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US4408359A (en) * | 1981-04-07 | 1983-10-11 | New York Society For The Relief Of The Ruptured And Crippled, Maintaining The Hospital For Special Surgery | Hip joint prosthesis |
EP0112423A1 (en) * | 1982-12-17 | 1984-07-04 | Francis Henri Bréard | Joint prosthesis, especially femoral prosthesis with self-blocking, wedge-shaped intramedullary stem |
GB8426866D0 (en) * | 1984-10-24 | 1984-11-28 | Finsbury Instr Ltd | Bone implants |
CH664081A5 (en) * | 1984-12-13 | 1988-02-15 | Sulzer Ag | HIP PROSTHESIS. |
AT390183B (en) * | 1985-07-16 | 1990-03-26 | Boehler Gmbh | BONE IMPLANT FOR ENDOPROTHESIS |
US4813963A (en) * | 1987-08-24 | 1989-03-21 | Zimmer, Inc. | Femoral component for a hip prosthesis |
DE3730814A1 (en) * | 1987-09-14 | 1989-03-23 | Gernot Dr Med Felmet | Cementlessly implanted, self-tensioning hip joint stem |
NL8702626A (en) * | 1987-11-03 | 1989-06-01 | Orthopaedic Tech Bv | METHOD FOR FORMING A GEOMETRY OF AN ENDOPROTHESIS, A FEMUR HEAD PROSTHESIS, AN ACETABULUM PROSTHESIS, A METHOD FOR BOTTING A FEMUR HEAD PROSTHESIS AND AN INSTRUMENT FOR PLACING ACROTHESES |
NZ230483A (en) * | 1988-08-31 | 1991-03-26 | Boehringer Mannheim Corp | Femoral implant with reduced cross-sectional area at the implants mid portion |
GB2222776B (en) * | 1988-09-15 | 1992-12-02 | Mclardy Smith Peter David | A prosthesis |
US5002580A (en) * | 1988-10-07 | 1991-03-26 | Pfizer Hospital Products Group, Inc. | Prosthetic device and method of implantation |
-
1989
- 1989-09-15 GB GB898921008A patent/GB8921008D0/en active Pending
-
1990
- 1990-09-13 AU AU64087/90A patent/AU646814B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1990-09-13 GB GB9020035A patent/GB2236679B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-09-13 EP EP90913726A patent/EP0491787A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1990-09-13 WO PCT/GB1990/001411 patent/WO1991003992A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1990-09-13 CA CA002064779A patent/CA2064779A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1990-09-13 JP JP2512908A patent/JPH05500177A/en active Pending
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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See references of WO9103992A1 * |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN110193926A (en) * | 2019-05-08 | 2019-09-03 | 西安交通大学 | A kind of design and manufacturing method of the bionical multi-level joint prosthesis of polyether-ether-ketone |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB2236679A (en) | 1991-04-17 |
WO1991003992A1 (en) | 1991-04-04 |
GB9020035D0 (en) | 1990-10-24 |
JPH05500177A (en) | 1993-01-21 |
AU646814B2 (en) | 1994-03-10 |
CA2064779A1 (en) | 1991-03-16 |
GB2236679B (en) | 1994-02-16 |
GB8921008D0 (en) | 1989-11-01 |
AU6408790A (en) | 1991-04-18 |
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