EP0463353A1 - Pneumatic control system - Google Patents

Pneumatic control system Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0463353A1
EP0463353A1 EP19910108072 EP91108072A EP0463353A1 EP 0463353 A1 EP0463353 A1 EP 0463353A1 EP 19910108072 EP19910108072 EP 19910108072 EP 91108072 A EP91108072 A EP 91108072A EP 0463353 A1 EP0463353 A1 EP 0463353A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pressure
control system
circuit board
pressure sensor
pneumatic control
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP19910108072
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0463353B1 (en
Inventor
Klaus Dipl.-Ing. Kiefer
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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Publication date
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Publication of EP0463353A1 publication Critical patent/EP0463353A1/en
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Publication of EP0463353B1 publication Critical patent/EP0463353B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H35/00—Switches operated by change of a physical condition
    • H01H35/24—Switches operated by change of fluid pressure, by fluid pressure waves, or by change of fluid flow
    • H01H35/26—Details
    • H01H35/2657—Details with different switches operated at substantially different pressures

Definitions

  • the invention is based on a pneumatic control system according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • the connected systems that is to say the consumers, are each assigned pressure switches.
  • these pressure switches must be specially matched to the individual systems, so that there is a large number of components to be used. Due to the tolerances of the components of the switches, each switch must be adjusted individually. There are also many hand soldering points that prevent assembly-friendly manufacture. If a pressure switch is responsible for several consumers, it has several fixed switching points. The arrangement of the solenoid valves downstream of the pressure switches creates a throttling effect that causes different switching points for the consumers. Replacing the pressure switches with sensors would not reduce the assembly effort.
  • the pneumatic control system according to the invention with the characterizing features of claim 1 has the advantage that the control system is particularly inexpensive and easy to assemble.
  • the use of a multiple pressure sensor manufactured as an installation part results in a 2 to 2.5-fold reduction in price compared to the use of individual sensors. Due to the compact design, only a small amount of space is required for the pressure sensor on the circuit board for the electronic evaluation circuit. Furthermore, the arrangement of the pressure sensor on the circuit board of the evaluation circuit eliminates the need for individual soldering processes.
  • the board can be brazed in a wave in a single, simple assembly step.
  • FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of the pneumatic switchgear in a schematic representation
  • FIG. 2 shows a section through a multiple pressure sensor.
  • 10 denotes a printed circuit board which consists of an electrically non-conductive material.
  • a ceramic or plastic plate can be used for this.
  • a multiple pressure sensor 11, as exemplified in FIG. 2, is arranged on the printed circuit board 10 and is integrated in an operational amplifier 12.
  • the operational amplifier 12 also has a PTC resistor 13, that is to say a resistor made of a material with a positive temperature coefficient, for temperature compensation.
  • the electrical connection contacts 19 for the electrical connection lines 20 of solenoid valves 21 are located on the printed circuit board 10 in the area of the microcomputer 16.
  • the solenoid valves 21 are fastened on a conventionally known base plate 22, which is used to control the compressed air from a bidirectional pump 23 (not shown) Channels in the base plate 22 serve the consumers.
  • the connections 24 for the lines leading to the consumers are shown on the base plate 22 in FIG.
  • consumers, for. B. be connected central locking, orthopedic backrest, headlight range control, climate flap control.
  • a bi-pressure pump 23 is a commercially available feed pump for compressed air that can deliver in both directions of rotation of the pump. As a result, an overpressure and an underpressure can be generated in a system connected to the base plate 22.
  • connection 25a, 25b for a so-called closed system are also present on the base plate 22. This is a system in which pressure fluctuations can be compensated for with the help of accumulators.
  • the connection 25a is therefore designated as P + as the positive pressure connection and the connection 25b as P- as the negative pressure connection.
  • the solenoid valves 21 are shown as examples in FIG. 1 as 3/2-way valves.
  • the control of the individual solenoid valves 21 is carried out in a known manner via the series-connected electromagnets of the solenoid valves 21 against the force of a return spring 27.
  • Pressure lines lead from the base plate 22 to the individual transducers of the multiple pressure sensors 11.
  • a pressure line 30 connected to the transducer 11a is provided for pressure detection of the consumers which can be controlled simultaneously or individually by means of the solenoid valves 21.
  • a pressure line 31 for detecting the overpressure P + in the closed system and a pressure line 32 for detecting the underpressure P-in the closed system lead to the two other individual sensors 11 and 11 of the multiple pressure sensor 11.
  • the representation with three individual sensors is only an exemplary representation thought.
  • the multiple pressure sensor 11 is shown in more detail in FIG. 2 in a longitudinal section. It has a common housing 35 which is divided into reference chambers 37 by partitions 36 according to the number of individual transducers 11 to 11 c.
  • the reference chambers 37 are covered by a membrane 38 which can be applied to the openings of the reference chambers 37 in one operation.
  • the pressure to be determined in each case acts on the membrane 38, i. H. the pressure in the consumers or P + or P- in the closed system against the reference pressures prevailing in the reference chambers 37.
  • Contact pins 40 which are operatively connected to the membrane 38 are fastened in the housing base 39, the electrical lines 41 of which are led through the housing base 39 to the operational amplifier 12.
  • the decisive factor is the pressure detection with the aid of a multiple sensor, with several individual sensors being arranged in one component to save space. Furthermore, the multiple pressure sensor is attached directly to the printed circuit board 10 of the evaluation circuit in an assembly-friendly manner.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Measuring Fluid Pressure (AREA)
  • Control Of Fluid Pressure (AREA)

Abstract

In a pneumatic control system, the pressure medium delivered from a pressure-medium source (23) is directed to a plurality of consuming devices by means of a plurality of pilot-controlled directional valves (21). To monitor the pressure in the consuming devices, which constitute an open system, and to monitor the positive pressure or the negative pressure in a closed system, a multiple pressure sensor is arranged on the circuit board (10) of an analysing circuit. The multiple pressure sensor (11) constitutes a single component which has a plurality of individual pressure sensors (11a - 11c). A compact arrangement on the circuit board (10) is thereby possible. Furthermore, the multiple pressure sensor (11) and the electronic components of the analysing circuit can be arranged on the circuit board (10) and be electrically bonded in a single operation. <IMAGE>

Description

Stand der TechnikState of the art

Die Erfindung geht aus von einer pneumatischen Steueranlage nach der Gattung des Anspruchs 1. Bei bekannten Steueranlagen sind den angeschlossenen Systemen, das heißt den Verbrauchern, jeweils Druckschalter zugeordnet. Diese Druckschalter müssen aber speziell auf die einzelnen Systeme abgestimmt sein, so daß sich eine große Anzahl von zu verwendenden Bauteilen ergibt. Durch die Toleranzen der Bauteile der Schalter bedingt, muß jeder Schalter einzeln justiert werden. Ferner sind viele Handlötstellen vorhanden, die eine montagefreundliche Herstellung verhindern. Ist ein Druckschalter für mehrere Verbraucher zuständig, so hat er mehrere fest eingestellte Schaltpunkte. Durch die Anordnung der den Druckschaltern nachgeschalteten Magnetventile entsteht eine Drosselwirkung, die unterschiedliche Schaltpunkte für die Verbraucher bewirkt. Ein Austausch der Druckschalter durch Sensoren würde zu keiner Verringerung des Montageaufwandes führen.The invention is based on a pneumatic control system according to the preamble of claim 1. In known control systems, the connected systems, that is to say the consumers, are each assigned pressure switches. However, these pressure switches must be specially matched to the individual systems, so that there is a large number of components to be used. Due to the tolerances of the components of the switches, each switch must be adjusted individually. There are also many hand soldering points that prevent assembly-friendly manufacture. If a pressure switch is responsible for several consumers, it has several fixed switching points. The arrangement of the solenoid valves downstream of the pressure switches creates a throttling effect that causes different switching points for the consumers. Replacing the pressure switches with sensors would not reduce the assembly effort.

Vorteile der ErfindungAdvantages of the invention

Die erfindungsgemäße pneumatische Steueranlage mit den kennzeichnenden Merkmalen des Anspruchs 1 hat demgegenüber den Vorteil, daß die Steueranlage besonders preisgünstig und montagefreundlich herstellbar ist. Durch die Verwendung eines als Einbauteil hergestellten Mehrfachdrucksensors ergibt sich gegenüber der Verwendung von Einzelsensoren eine Verbilligung um das 2 bis 2,5-fache. Durch die kompakte Bauweise ist für den Drucksensor auf der Platine für die elektronische Auswerteschaltung nur ein geringer Platzbedarf notwendig. Ferner entfallen durch die Anordnung des Drucksensors auf der Platine der Auswerteschaltung eventuelle Einzellötvorgänge. Die Platine kann in einem einzigen, einfachen Montageschritt in einem Schwallbad hartgelötet werden.The pneumatic control system according to the invention with the characterizing features of claim 1 has the advantage that the control system is particularly inexpensive and easy to assemble. The use of a multiple pressure sensor manufactured as an installation part results in a 2 to 2.5-fold reduction in price compared to the use of individual sensors. Due to the compact design, only a small amount of space is required for the pressure sensor on the circuit board for the electronic evaluation circuit. Furthermore, the arrangement of the pressure sensor on the circuit board of the evaluation circuit eliminates the need for individual soldering processes. The board can be brazed in a wave in a single, simple assembly step.

Durch die in den Unteransprüchen aufgeführten Maßnahmen sind vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen des im Anspruch 1 angegebenen Drucksensors möglich.The measures listed in the subclaims allow advantageous developments of the pressure sensor specified in claim 1.

Zeichnungdrawing

Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung ist in der Zeichnung dargestellt und in der nachfolgenden Beschreibung näher erläutert. Es zeigen die Figur 1 ein Blockschaltbild der pneumatischen Schaltanlage in schematischer Darstellung und Figur 2 einen Schnitt durch einen Mehrfachdrucksensor.An embodiment of the invention is shown in the drawing and explained in more detail in the following description. 1 shows a block diagram of the pneumatic switchgear in a schematic representation and FIG. 2 shows a section through a multiple pressure sensor.

Beschreibung des AusführungsbeispielsDescription of the embodiment

In der Figur 1 ist mit 10 eine Leiterplatte bezeichnet, die aus einem elektrisch nicht leitendem Werkstoff besteht. Hierzu kann eine Keramik- oder Kunststoffplatte verwendet werden. Auf der Leiterplatte 10 ist ein Mehrfachdrucksensor 11, wie er beispielhaft in der Figur 2 näher dargestellt ist, angeordnet, der in einem Operationsverstärker 12 integriert ist. Der Operationsverstärker 12 weist ferner einen PTC-Widerstand 13, das heißt einen Widerstand aus einem Material mit einem positiven Temperaturkoeffizienten, zur Temperaturkompensation auf. Vom Operationsverstärker 12 führt ein Bus 14, der Verbindungsleitungen entsprechend der Anzahl der einzelnen Aufnehmer des Mehrfachdrucksensors 11 aufweist, zu einem Analog/Digital-(A/D)-Wandler 15, der in einem Mikrocomputer 16 integriert ist. Alle Bauteile 11 bis 16 sind auf der Leiterplatte 10 angeordnet.In FIG. 1, 10 denotes a printed circuit board which consists of an electrically non-conductive material. A ceramic or plastic plate can be used for this. A multiple pressure sensor 11, as exemplified in FIG. 2, is arranged on the printed circuit board 10 and is integrated in an operational amplifier 12. The operational amplifier 12 also has a PTC resistor 13, that is to say a resistor made of a material with a positive temperature coefficient, for temperature compensation. A bus 14, which has connection lines corresponding to the number of individual sensors of the multiple pressure sensor 11, leads from the operational amplifier 12 to an analog / digital (A / D) converter 15, which is integrated in a microcomputer 16. All components 11 to 16 are arranged on the printed circuit board 10.

Ferner befinden sich auf der Leiterplatte 10 im Bereich des Mikrocomputers 16 die elektrischen Anschlußkontakte 19 für die elektrischen Anschlußleitungen 20 von Magnetventilen 21. Die Magnetventile 21 sind auf einer herkömmlich bekannten Grundplatte 22 befestigt, die zur Steuerung der Druckluft von einer nicht näher dargestellten Bidruckpumpe 23 über Kanäle in der Grundplatte 22 zu den Verbrauchern dienen. In der Figur 1 sind hierzu an der Grundplatte 22 die Anschlüsse 24 für die zu den Verbrauchern führenden Leitungen dargestellt. Als Verbraucher können z. B. angeschlossen sein Zentralverriegelung, orthopödische Lehne, Leuchtweitenregelung, Klimaklappensteuerung. Eine Bidruckpumpe 23 ist eine im Handel erhältliche Förderpumpe für Druckluft, die in beide Drehrichtungen der Pumpe fördern kann. Dadurch kann in einem an der Grundplatte 22 angeschlossenen System ein Über- und ein Unterdruck erzeugt werden. Die an den Anschlüssen 24 angeschlossenen Verbraucher stellen ein sogenanntes offenes System dar, was bedeutet, daß die Druckluft über Auslaßöffnungen an den Verbrauchern ins Freie abgeleitet werden kann. An der Grundplatte 22 sind auch Anschlüsse 25a, 25b für ein sogenanntes geschlossenes System vorhanden. Hierbei handelt es sich um ein System, in dem Druckschwankungen mit Hilfe von Speichern ausgeglichen werden können. In der Figur 1 ist deshalb der Anschluß 25a mit P+ als Überdruckanschluß und der Anschluß 25b mit P- als Unterdruckanschluß bezeichnet.Furthermore, the electrical connection contacts 19 for the electrical connection lines 20 of solenoid valves 21 are located on the printed circuit board 10 in the area of the microcomputer 16. The solenoid valves 21 are fastened on a conventionally known base plate 22, which is used to control the compressed air from a bidirectional pump 23 (not shown) Channels in the base plate 22 serve the consumers. For this purpose, the connections 24 for the lines leading to the consumers are shown on the base plate 22 in FIG. As consumers, for. B. be connected central locking, orthopedic backrest, headlight range control, climate flap control. A bi-pressure pump 23 is a commercially available feed pump for compressed air that can deliver in both directions of rotation of the pump. As a result, an overpressure and an underpressure can be generated in a system connected to the base plate 22. The consumers connected to the connections 24 represent a so-called open system, which means that the compressed air can be discharged to the outside via outlet openings on the consumers. Connections 25a, 25b for a so-called closed system are also present on the base plate 22. This is a system in which pressure fluctuations can be compensated for with the help of accumulators. In FIG. 1, the connection 25a is therefore designated as P + as the positive pressure connection and the connection 25b as P- as the negative pressure connection.

Die Magnetventile 21 sind in der Figur 1 als 3/2-Wegeventile beispielhaft dargestellt. Die Ansteuerung der einzelnen Magnetventile 21 wird in bekannter Weise über die in Reihe verschalteten Elektromagnete der Magnetventile 21 gegen die Kraft einer Rückstellfeder 27 vorgenommen.The solenoid valves 21 are shown as examples in FIG. 1 as 3/2-way valves. The control of the individual solenoid valves 21 is carried out in a known manner via the series-connected electromagnets of the solenoid valves 21 against the force of a return spring 27.

Von der Grundplatte 22 führen Druckleitungen zu den einzelnen Aufnehmern des Mehrfachdrucksensors 11. Hier ist eine am Aufnehmer 11 a angeschlossene Druckleitung 30 zur Druckerfassung der mit Hilfe der Magnetventile 21 gleichzeitig oder einzeln ansteuerbaren Verbraucher vorgesehen. Eine Druckleitung 31 zur Erfassung des Überdrucks P + im geschlossenen System und eine Druckleitung 32 zur Erfassung des Unterdrucks P-im geschlossenen System führen zu den beiden anderen einzelnen Aufnehmern 11 und 11 des Mehrfachdrucksensors 11. Die Darstellung mit drei einzelnen Aufnehmern ist nur als beispielhafte Darstellung gedacht.Pressure lines lead from the base plate 22 to the individual transducers of the multiple pressure sensors 11. Here, a pressure line 30 connected to the transducer 11a is provided for pressure detection of the consumers which can be controlled simultaneously or individually by means of the solenoid valves 21. A pressure line 31 for detecting the overpressure P + in the closed system and a pressure line 32 for detecting the underpressure P-in the closed system lead to the two other individual sensors 11 and 11 of the multiple pressure sensor 11. The representation with three individual sensors is only an exemplary representation thought.

Der Mehrfachdrucksensor 11 ist in der Figur 2 in einem Längsschnitt näher dargestellt. Er weist ein gemeinsames Gehäuse 35 auf, das entsprechend der Anzahl der einzelnen Aufnehmer 11 bis 11 c durch Trennwände 36 in Referenzkammern 37 unterteilt ist. Die Referenzkammern 37 sind von einer Membran 38 abgedeckt, die in einem Arbeitsgang auf die Öffnungen der Referenzkammern 37 aufgebracht werden kann. Auf die Membran 38 wirkt der jeweils zu bestimmende Druck, d. h. der Druck in den Verbrauchern bzw. P + oder P- im geschlossenen System, gegen die in den Referenzkammern 37 herrschenden Referenzdrücke ein. Im Gehäuseboden 39 sind mit der Membran 38 in Wirkverbindung stehende Kontaktstifte 40 befestigt, deren elektrische Leitungen 41 durch den Gehäuseboden 39 hindurch zum Operationsverstärker 12 geführt werden. Entscheidend ist die Druckerfassung mit Hilfe eines Mehrfachsensors, wobei mehrere einzelne Aufnehmer in einem Bauteil platzsparend angeordnet sind. Ferner ist der Mehrfachdrucksensor montagefreundlich direkt auf der Leiterplatte 10 der Auswerteschaltung befestigt.The multiple pressure sensor 11 is shown in more detail in FIG. 2 in a longitudinal section. It has a common housing 35 which is divided into reference chambers 37 by partitions 36 according to the number of individual transducers 11 to 11 c. The reference chambers 37 are covered by a membrane 38 which can be applied to the openings of the reference chambers 37 in one operation. The pressure to be determined in each case acts on the membrane 38, i. H. the pressure in the consumers or P + or P- in the closed system against the reference pressures prevailing in the reference chambers 37. Contact pins 40 which are operatively connected to the membrane 38 are fastened in the housing base 39, the electrical lines 41 of which are led through the housing base 39 to the operational amplifier 12. The decisive factor is the pressure detection with the aid of a multiple sensor, with several individual sensors being arranged in one component to save space. Furthermore, the multiple pressure sensor is attached directly to the printed circuit board 10 of the evaluation circuit in an assembly-friendly manner.

Claims (5)

1. Pneumatische Steueranlage mit mindestens einer Druckmittelquelle (23), mehreren steuerbaren Wegeventilen (21), die das Druckmittel zu mehreren Verbrauchern steuern, und mit mehreren Druckaufnehmern (11a - 11c), dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Druckaufnehmer (11 a - 11c) als Teil eines Mehrfachdrucksensors in einem mehrere Druckmeßflächen (38) aufweisenden Bauteil (35) ausgebildet sind.1. Pneumatic control system with at least one pressure medium source (23), a plurality of controllable directional valves (21) which control the pressure medium to several consumers, and with a plurality of pressure transducers (11a-11c), characterized in that the pressure transducers (11a-11c) as Part of a multiple pressure sensor are formed in a component (35) having a plurality of pressure measuring surfaces (38). 2. Steueranlage nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Bauteil (35) sich auf der Leiterplatte (10) einer Auswerteschaltung befindet.2. Control system according to claim 1, characterized in that the component (35) is on the circuit board (10) of an evaluation circuit. 3. Steueranlage nach Anspruch 1 und/oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Bauteil (35) mehrere Referenzdruckkammern (37) aufweist, die von als Druckmeßflächen dienenden Membranen (38) abgeschlossen sind.3. Control system according to claim 1 and / or 2, characterized in that the component (35) has a plurality of reference pressure chambers (37) which are closed by membranes (38) serving as pressure measuring surfaces. 4. Steueranlage nach Anspruch 2 und/oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Auswerteschaltung einen Operationsverstärker (12), einen Analog/Digital-Wandler (15) und einen Mikrocomputer (16) zur Steuerung der Wegeventile4. Control system according to claim 2 and / or 3, characterized in that the evaluation circuit an operational amplifier (12), an analog / digital converter (15) and a microcomputer (16) for controlling the directional control valves (21) und der Druckmittelquelle (23) aufweist.(21) and the pressure medium source (23).
EP91108072A 1990-06-23 1991-05-18 Pneumatic control system Expired - Lifetime EP0463353B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4020108 1990-06-23
DE4020108A DE4020108A1 (en) 1990-06-23 1990-06-23 PNEUMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM

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EP0463353A1 true EP0463353A1 (en) 1992-01-02
EP0463353B1 EP0463353B1 (en) 1993-07-28

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EP91108072A Expired - Lifetime EP0463353B1 (en) 1990-06-23 1991-05-18 Pneumatic control system

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2001042056A1 (en) * 1999-12-07 2001-06-14 Robert Bosch Gmbh Overpressure control circuit for vehicle pneumatic system
CN106958549A (en) * 2017-03-20 2017-07-18 东莞市泽森自动化设备有限公司 Flush pneumatic integrated system and its pneumatic module

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4135931C1 (en) * 1991-10-31 1993-04-15 Mercedes-Benz Aktiengesellschaft, 7000 Stuttgart, De Pressure supply system for providing positioning elements with differing pressures - has controllable compressor connected to elements via feed line, pressure sensor and control switches

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2558458A1 (en) * 1975-12-23 1977-07-07 Schubert & Salzer Maschinen Electropneumatic transducer with magnetic valves - has branched air pipe extending from single compressor
FR2394167A1 (en) * 1977-06-10 1979-01-05 Bosch Siemens Hausgeraete Pushbutton switch with box shaped housing - has latter divided into two chambers and has dish shaped plate attached to diaphragm sealing top of chambers

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3400945A1 (en) * 1984-01-13 1985-07-25 Robert Bosch Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart Central-locking system of a motor vehicle

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2558458A1 (en) * 1975-12-23 1977-07-07 Schubert & Salzer Maschinen Electropneumatic transducer with magnetic valves - has branched air pipe extending from single compressor
FR2394167A1 (en) * 1977-06-10 1979-01-05 Bosch Siemens Hausgeraete Pushbutton switch with box shaped housing - has latter divided into two chambers and has dish shaped plate attached to diaphragm sealing top of chambers

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2001042056A1 (en) * 1999-12-07 2001-06-14 Robert Bosch Gmbh Overpressure control circuit for vehicle pneumatic system
US6625980B1 (en) 1999-12-07 2003-09-30 Robert Bosch Gmbh Overpressure control circuit for vehicle pneumatic system
CN106958549A (en) * 2017-03-20 2017-07-18 东莞市泽森自动化设备有限公司 Flush pneumatic integrated system and its pneumatic module
CN106958549B (en) * 2017-03-20 2019-01-15 东莞市泽森自动化设备有限公司 Flush pneumatic integrated system and its gas dynamic mode group

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0463353B1 (en) 1993-07-28
DE59100222D1 (en) 1993-09-02
ES2043406T3 (en) 1993-12-16
DE4020108A1 (en) 1992-01-09
DE4020108C2 (en) 1993-06-17

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