EP0458938A1 - Fire fighting system mainly conceived to safeguard forests. - Google Patents

Fire fighting system mainly conceived to safeguard forests.

Info

Publication number
EP0458938A1
EP0458938A1 EP91901284A EP91901284A EP0458938A1 EP 0458938 A1 EP0458938 A1 EP 0458938A1 EP 91901284 A EP91901284 A EP 91901284A EP 91901284 A EP91901284 A EP 91901284A EP 0458938 A1 EP0458938 A1 EP 0458938A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
safeguard
fire fighting
fighting system
peripheral
fire
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP91901284A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0458938B1 (en
Inventor
Giulio Brogi
Luca Pietranera
Francesco Frau
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Leonardo SpA
Original Assignee
Selenia Industrie Elettroniche Associate SpA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Selenia Industrie Elettroniche Associate SpA filed Critical Selenia Industrie Elettroniche Associate SpA
Publication of EP0458938A1 publication Critical patent/EP0458938A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0458938B1 publication Critical patent/EP0458938B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B17/00—Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion
    • G08B17/005—Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion for forest fires, e.g. detecting fires spread over a large or outdoors area
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B17/00—Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion
    • G08B17/12—Actuation by presence of radiation or particles, e.g. of infrared radiation or of ions
    • G08B17/125—Actuation by presence of radiation or particles, e.g. of infrared radiation or of ions by using a video camera to detect fire or smoke

Definitions

  • Fire fighting system mainly conceived to safeguard forests
  • the invention presented regards an integrated system which is particularly well suited for the safeguard of wooded areas against fires.
  • the scope of this invention is therefore a system which offers automatic monitoring of fires.
  • the utilisation of infrared sensors and of all the devices which form the system, are a noteworthy step ahead in the safeguard of wooded areas, till present trusted to towers and look out personnel. But of course the most frequent inconvenience has always been the late arrival of fire fighters due to the fact that there has never been an instantaneous detection of fire and alarm transmission.
  • the invention consists of two sub assemblies: the remote detector and the local control centre. More than one detector can be connected to the local control centre, in quantities from 5 to 10. For illustrative non limiting purposes the invention will now be decribed with reference to the tables of drawings attached.
  • Figure 1 shows the block diagram of the entire system, where the arrows stand for the connections among the units of the system:
  • Peripheral detector (usually each system includes more than one detector); this block is expanded in fiure 2;
  • Figure 2 is a schematic representation of the peripheral detector, indicated as block A in figure 1. Here we can see:
  • the remote detector consists of:
  • An infrared sensor 10 which has a spectral sensitivity such as to provide an optimum detection of hot sources (300-700 degrees C) against an ambient temperature background (0-40 degrees C).
  • a spectral sensitivity such as to provide an optimum detection of hot sources (300-700 degrees C) against an ambient temperature background (0-40 degrees C).
  • a group of weather sensors 14 which provide data on temperature, relative humidity, pressure, wind speed and direction, solar radiation and rain rate.
  • a TV camera 11 for possible visual monitoring of the surveilled area.
  • a motor driven platform 12 which confers an azimuth scan to the infrared sensor and to the TV camera over 360 degrees.
  • a processor 13 which acquires data from the infrared sensor and provides for extraction of possible alarms, acquires weather sensor data, manages data exchange with the local control centre, from which it receives all commands.
  • the infrared sensor data processing is based upon the following procedure: The infrared sensor measures the radiation flow coming from a small angular region, such as 1 degree x 1 degree; the vertical coverage of the sensor is 15 to 20 degrees and is obtained by means of a linear array of sensitive elements. All data coming from a detector is taken into account: in our case taken as an example, there are 360 datum points, one per azimuth degree covered. The number of data may be less if the area to be monitored is only part of a whole
  • the processor calculates the value of the derivative of the signal. This provides for the elimination of the signal long term changing effects, on an angle scale of 10 degrees for instance.
  • Such variations are typically due to the variation of the angle between the line of sight of the sensor and the position of the sun . On the contrary, point variations are left unchanged, when less or equal to 1 degree, as these are typical signals of fires developing.
  • the processor then extracts the mean square value of the fluctuations of the signal subject to derivation for each group of data corresponding to a vertical position which we shall call line .
  • Such value is proportional to the fluctuations of the background on the line itself and, multiplied by a suitable constant value, it is taken as a threshold for the detection of possible signals.
  • the processor Based upon the threshold determined above, the processor identifies any signal present above such threshold on a line basis. The azimuth angle of the signal is compared with that of signals detected in the previous scans. This is necessary to confer a better reliability to the alarm through a number of consecutive confirmed appearances.
  • a communications system 15 such as a radio link remotely controlled by the processor, provides for digital transmission of detected alarms detected by the IR sensor, of weather data and of the TV image to the local control centre.
  • the local control centre consists of the following:
  • One or more processors with the following functions:
  • A Control of the peripheral stations, exchange of commands and data.
  • E Recording of data on hard disc or on peripheric units 8 such as tape recorders or optical discs.
  • the function provided by the program may be performed during operation of the fire fighting system (called in the following on line functions) or separately (off line).
  • the main functions performed by the program are the following:
  • Digitising of topographic and thematic maps are the substrate absolutely necessary for the visualization of alarms on the monitor display of the processor and for the development of the forecast algorithms of the fire development.
  • Peripheral management This function preferably used off line transports onto paper the graphics displayed on the monitor; this is the documentation required by the fire fighting squads.
  • Intervisibility management which is performed between any point of the map and one of the peripheral detection stations. This function is used mostly during setting up of the system and it guides in the selection of the best sighting of the peripheral detectors .
  • Forecast of the fire development is based upon the speed and direction of the wind, on ground gradient and type of fuel, resulting in a propagation speed of the fire as a function of absolute azimuth against north.
  • the algorithm adopted utilises the following parameters:
  • Vfc Variation of the fire propagation speed depending upon the type and humidity of the burning vegetation. Data on the distribution of vegetation is each time read from the data bank.
  • - Ci increment constant due to the greater oxygenation due to wind. It is independent of angle with wind direction, but depends on its intensity .
  • the program provides a graphic output overlayed on the digitised topographic map showing the successive positions of the fire front edge at pre established time intervals.
  • the data which is detected by the infrared sensor 10 are acquired and processed by local processor 13.
  • One of the tasks of the processor is also the management of rotating platform 12 onto which the IR sensor and the TV camera 11 are fitted.
  • the processor transmits the position of any possible fire together with weather data by means of the communications system 15.
  • the TV camera transmits images directly to the local control centre by means of the communications system.
  • the data coming from the peripheric detection station 1 is sorted by the communications subsystem 2.
  • the TV video is visualized on monitor 6 and can also be recorded 7.
  • the infrared sensor data regarding the position of any alarm is fed to processor 3 which places them on the topographic maps.
  • the modelling program 4 develops a forecast of the fire evolution in the hours following detections, relying upon historic, weather, vegetation and other data contained in data bank 5.
  • the weather data acquired in the last scan are inserted in the data bank.

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Emergency Management (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Alarm Systems (AREA)
  • Fire Alarms (AREA)
  • Chemical And Physical Treatments For Wood And The Like (AREA)
  • Fire-Extinguishing Compositions (AREA)
  • Fire-Extinguishing By Fire Departments, And Fire-Extinguishing Equipment And Control Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

Le système de lutte contre les incendies décrit, qui est essentiellement conçu pour la sauvegarde de régions boisées, se compose d'un certain nombre de détecteurs périphériques (1) composés chacun d'un capteur à infrarouges (10), d'une caméra TV (11), d'une plate-forme rotative (12), d'un processeur local (13), d'un groupe de capteurs météorologiques (14) et d'un sous-système de transmission (15). Les capteurs périphériques sont reliés à un centre de commande local, lequel comprend: un détecteur périphérique (généralement plus d'un détecteur par système) (1), un sous-système de transmission (2), un processeur central (3), une modélisation par logiciel (4) pour les prévisions du développement de l'incendie surveillé, une base de données historiques (5), un moniteur TV (6), un enregistreur vidéo (7), une unité de mémoire (disque dur, unité de bande) (8), ainsi qu'une imprimante (9).The fire-fighting system described, which is essentially designed for the safeguarding of wooded areas, consists of a number of peripheral detectors (1) each composed of an infrared sensor (10), a TV camera (11), a rotary platform (12), a local processor (13), a group of weather sensors (14) and a transmission subsystem (15). The peripheral sensors are linked to a local control center, which comprises: a peripheral detector (generally more than one detector per system) (1), a transmission subsystem (2), a central processor (3), a software modeling (4) for forecasting the development of the monitored fire, a historical database (5), a TV monitor (6), a video recorder (7), a memory unit (hard disk, unit of tape) (8), as well as a printer (9).

Description

_
Fire fighting system mainly conceived to safeguard forests
Description
The invention presented regards an integrated system which is particularly well suited for the safeguard of wooded areas against fires.
At present, the problem of fires in wooded areas has reached worrying levels. The forests of Argentario and Sardinia are sad evidence of this.
The scope of this invention is therefore a system which offers automatic monitoring of fires. The utilisation of infrared sensors and of all the devices which form the system, are a noteworthy step ahead in the safeguard of wooded areas, till present trusted to towers and look out personnel. But of course the most frequent inconvenience has always been the late arrival of fire fighters due to the fact that there has never been an instantaneous detection of fire and alarm transmission.
The invention consists of two sub assemblies: the remote detector and the local control centre. More than one detector can be connected to the local control centre, in quantities from 5 to 10. For illustrative non limiting purposes the invention will now be decribed with reference to the tables of drawings attached.
Figure 1 shows the block diagram of the entire system, where the arrows stand for the connections among the units of the system:
1 Peripheral detector (usually each system includes more than one detector); this block is expanded in fiure 2;
2 Communications subsystem;
3 Central processor;
4 Observed fire evolution prediction model;
5 Historical data base;
6 TV monitor;
7 Video recorder;
8 Memory unit (hard disk, tape unit);
9 Printer. Figure 2 is a schematic representation of the peripheral detector, indicated as block A in figure 1. Here we can see:
10 Infrared sensor;
11 TV camera;
12 Rotating platform;
13 Local processor;
14 Weather sensor group;
15 Communications subsystem.
More in detail, the remote detector consists of:
An infrared sensor 10 which has a spectral sensitivity such as to provide an optimum detection of hot sources (300-700 degrees C) against an ambient temperature background (0-40 degrees C). As regards operation and structure of such sensor, refer to the invention filed in Italy on December 21, 1989 with number
48685-A/89.
A group of weather sensors 14 which provide data on temperature, relative humidity, pressure, wind speed and direction, solar radiation and rain rate. A TV camera 11 for possible visual monitoring of the surveilled area. A motor driven platform 12 which confers an azimuth scan to the infrared sensor and to the TV camera over 360 degrees. A processor 13 which acquires data from the infrared sensor and provides for extraction of possible alarms, acquires weather sensor data, manages data exchange with the local control centre, from which it receives all commands. The infrared sensor data processing is based upon the following procedure: The infrared sensor measures the radiation flow coming from a small angular region, such as 1 degree x 1 degree; the vertical coverage of the sensor is 15 to 20 degrees and is obtained by means of a linear array of sensitive elements. All data coming from a detector is taken into account: in our case taken as an example, there are 360 datum points, one per azimuth degree covered. The number of data may be less if the area to be monitored is only part of a whole round angle.
The processor calculates the value of the derivative of the signal. This provides for the elimination of the signal long term changing effects, on an angle scale of 10 degrees for instance.
Such variations are typically due to the variation of the angle between the line of sight of the sensor and the position of the sun . On the contrary, point variations are left unchanged, when less or equal to 1 degree, as these are typical signals of fires developing. The processor then extracts the mean square value of the fluctuations of the signal subject to derivation for each group of data corresponding to a vertical position which we shall call line .
Such value is proportional to the fluctuations of the background on the line itself and, multiplied by a suitable constant value, it is taken as a threshold for the detection of possible signals.
Based upon the threshold determined above, the processor identifies any signal present above such threshold on a line basis. The azimuth angle of the signal is compared with that of signals detected in the previous scans. This is necessary to confer a better reliability to the alarm through a number of consecutive confirmed appearances.
In operation, an alarm is taken as true and therefore transmitted to the local control centre only if it has received a number of confirmations greater than or equal to two in four successive s c an s It is to be noted that this procedure may be completed by the peripheral detection unit in about three minutes, therefore reducing the present detection times of a fire in wooded areas quite considerably.
A communications system 15, such as a radio link remotely controlled by the processor, provides for digital transmission of detected alarms detected by the IR sensor, of weather data and of the TV image to the local control centre.
At the local control centre, the transmitted data is sent to units which perform their processing, registration and integration with data available in cartographic, thematic and historical archives. The local control centre consists of the following:
A TV monitor 6 and a video recorder 7 for the viewing and possible recording of the TV images coming from the remote detection centres.
One or more processors with the following functions:
A: Control of the peripheral stations, exchange of commands and data.
B: Visualization of alarms, notified by the peripheral detection stations, on topographic maps of the area by means of three dimensional projection; calculation of possible intersections between alarms coming from different peripheral stations so as to assure an even more accurate location.
C: Integration of alarms with instantaneous weather data, with data banks containing information on the distribution of vegetation, on recent weather conditions and on human presence in the area .
D: Following integration of data and as a function of it, a fire propagation model is developed; such model is described later on in detail and it is one of the most innovative points of this invention .
E: Recording of data on hard disc or on peripheric units 8 such as tape recorders or optical discs.
F: System status display including possible alarm messages on printer 9.
We shall now describe briefly the procedure adopted for the forecast of the evolution of the observed fire.
The function provided by the program may be performed during operation of the fire fighting system (called in the following on line functions) or separately (off line). The main functions performed by the program are the following:
Digitising of topographic and thematic maps. The data which is available from this digitising are the substrate absolutely necessary for the visualization of alarms on the monitor display of the processor and for the development of the forecast algorithms of the fire development.
Peripheral management: This function preferably used off line transports onto paper the graphics displayed on the monitor; this is the documentation required by the fire fighting squads.
Intervisibility management which is performed between any point of the map and one of the peripheral detection stations. This function is used mostly during setting up of the system and it guides in the selection of the best sighting of the peripheral detectors .
Forecast of the fire development. The model is based upon the speed and direction of the wind, on ground gradient and type of fuel, resulting in a propagation speed of the fire as a function of absolute azimuth against north. The algorithm adopted utilises the following parameters:
- Vfo = Intrinsic average speed of propagation of the fire.
Vfc = Variation of the fire propagation speed depending upon the type and humidity of the burning vegetation. Data on the distribution of vegetation is each time read from the data bank.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET The effect of wind is quantified by the following parameters which have an effect on the propagation speed:
- Ci = increment constant due to the greater oxygenation due to wind. It is independent of angle with wind direction, but depends on its intensity .
- Ct = transport constant of the fire front edge, which depends upon the angle between the propagation line and wind direction.
The program provides a graphic output overlayed on the digitised topographic map showing the successive positions of the fire front edge at pre established time intervals.
Now we shall proceed with the detailed description of system operation, with illustrative non limiting purposes, making reference to the two figures mentioned above.
At the peripheral detection site (Figure 2), the data which is detected by the infrared sensor 10 are acquired and processed by local processor 13. One of the tasks of the processor is also the management of rotating platform 12 onto which the IR sensor and the TV camera 11 are fitted. Following interrogation of weather station 14, the processor transmits the position of any possible fire together with weather data by means of the communications system 15. The TV camera transmits images directly to the local control centre by means of the communications system. The data coming from the peripheric detection station 1 is sorted by the communications subsystem 2. The TV video is visualized on monitor 6 and can also be recorded 7. The infrared sensor data regarding the position of any alarm is fed to processor 3 which places them on the topographic maps. The modelling program 4 develops a forecast of the fire evolution in the hours following detections, relying upon historic, weather, vegetation and other data contained in data bank 5. The weather data acquired in the last scan are inserted in the data bank.
All alarms are processed on the system monitor, on printer 9 and possibly recorded on mass memory 8.

Claims

Claims
1. Fire fighting system, mainly conceived for the safeguard of wooded areas, consisting of the following:
Peripheral detection station (generally there are more than one station for each system shown in figure 2) (1);
- Communications subsystem (2);
- Central processor (3);
- Model for the forecast of the evolution of the observed fire (4);
- Data base with historic data (5);
- TV monitor (6) ;
- Videorecorder (7);
- Memory unit (hard disk, tape unit) (8);
- Printer (9).
2. Fire fighting system mainly conceived for the safeguard of wooded areas, where the detection station 1 in Figure 1, consists of the following:
- Infrared sensor (10);
- T camera ( 11) ;
- Rotating platform (12);
- Local processor (13);
- Weather sensor group (14);
- Peripheral station communication subsystem (15). - 1 2 -
3. Fire fighting system mainly conceived for the safeguard o wooded areas, where the infrared sensor of the peripheral statio is made in accordance with the invention filed in Italy o December 21, 1989 with the Number 48685-A/89.
4. Fire fighting system mainly conceived for the safeguard o wooded areas where the infrared signal detected by sensor (10) reaches a processor which by means of a suitable progra discriminates the signals coming from hot sources.
5. Fire fighting system, mainly conceived for the safeguard o wooded areas, where the prediction model provides a result whic derives from the integration of the position of the signal detected with the weather data acquired in real time, wit historical weather data and with the site cartographi characteristics.
EP91901284A 1989-12-20 1990-12-19 Fire fighting system mainly conceived to safeguard forests Expired - Lifetime EP0458938B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT04868689A IT1237262B (en) 1989-12-20 1989-12-20 FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM PREVALENTLY DESIGNED FOR THE PROTECTION OF FORESTS.
IT4868689 1989-12-20
PCT/EP1990/002244 WO1991009390A1 (en) 1989-12-20 1990-12-19 Fire fighting system mainly conceived to safeguard forests

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0458938A1 true EP0458938A1 (en) 1991-12-04
EP0458938B1 EP0458938B1 (en) 1996-08-28

Family

ID=11268042

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP91901284A Expired - Lifetime EP0458938B1 (en) 1989-12-20 1990-12-19 Fire fighting system mainly conceived to safeguard forests

Country Status (11)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0458938B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE142039T1 (en)
BR (1) BR9007134A (en)
CA (1) CA2047190C (en)
DE (1) DE69028296T2 (en)
ES (1) ES2094807T3 (en)
GR (1) GR3021588T3 (en)
IT (1) IT1237262B (en)
PT (1) PT96268B (en)
TN (1) TNSN90156A1 (en)
WO (1) WO1991009390A1 (en)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN111354152A (en) * 2018-12-24 2020-06-30 北京华航无线电测量研究所 Flame detecting and positioning system

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GB9216811D0 (en) * 1992-08-07 1992-09-23 Graviner Ltd Kidde Flame detection methods and apparatus
SG84488A1 (en) * 1992-10-09 2001-11-20 Mutuo Tanaka Remote monitoring unit
ES2070710B1 (en) * 1993-02-10 1997-05-01 Nacional Bazan De Construccion SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM AND DETECTION OF HEAT SPOTS IN OPEN AREAS.
DE9417289U1 (en) * 1994-10-27 1995-01-26 Meinke, Peter, Prof. Dr.-Ing., 82319 Starnberg Detector device, detector system and immunosensor for detecting fires
DE19603828A1 (en) * 1996-02-02 1997-08-07 Sel Alcatel Ag Device for generating an alarm and for monitoring an area
ES2235605B1 (en) * 2003-06-02 2006-10-16 Universidad Politecnica De Valencia SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM FOR EARLY FIRE DETECTION.
DE102007007492A1 (en) * 2007-02-15 2008-08-21 Airmatic Gesellschaft für Umwelt und Technik mbH Forest fire suppressing method, involves determining simulation model of temporary fire process by considering extinguishing effects of different extinguishing techniques, and providing simulation results to central control room
CN102280005B (en) * 2011-06-09 2014-10-29 广州飒特红外股份有限公司 Early warning system for fire prevention of forest based on infrared thermal imaging technology and method
CN106355811B (en) * 2016-07-22 2019-05-14 河南城建学院 A kind of electrical fire monitoring system
CN106997461B (en) 2017-03-28 2019-09-17 浙江大华技术股份有限公司 A kind of firework detecting method and device
US10653904B2 (en) 2017-12-02 2020-05-19 M-Fire Holdings, Llc Methods of suppressing wild fires raging across regions of land in the direction of prevailing winds by forming anti-fire (AF) chemical fire-breaking systems using environmentally clean anti-fire (AF) liquid spray applied using GPS-tracking techniques
US11865390B2 (en) 2017-12-03 2024-01-09 Mighty Fire Breaker Llc Environmentally-clean water-based fire inhibiting biochemical compositions, and methods of and apparatus for applying the same to protect property against wildfire
US11865394B2 (en) 2017-12-03 2024-01-09 Mighty Fire Breaker Llc Environmentally-clean biodegradable water-based concentrates for producing fire inhibiting and fire extinguishing liquids for fighting class A and class B fires
CN108096752A (en) * 2017-12-19 2018-06-01 江苏盖亚建筑工程有限公司 A kind of fire-fighting system
US11826592B2 (en) 2018-01-09 2023-11-28 Mighty Fire Breaker Llc Process of forming strategic chemical-type wildfire breaks on ground surfaces to proactively prevent fire ignition and flame spread, and reduce the production of smoke in the presence of a wild fire
CN110251861B (en) * 2019-06-19 2021-02-09 深圳市恒升森林消防装备有限公司 Forest fire-fighting system
US11911643B2 (en) 2021-02-04 2024-02-27 Mighty Fire Breaker Llc Environmentally-clean fire inhibiting and extinguishing compositions and products for sorbing flammable liquids while inhibiting ignition and extinguishing fire
GR20200100134A (en) * 2020-03-13 2021-10-13 Νικολαος Κωνσταντινου Ζερβος Fire detection warning system
CN118570943B (en) * 2024-01-10 2024-10-29 吉林省林业科学研究院(吉林省林业生物防治中心站) Forest fire prevention monitoring and early warning system

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CN111354152A (en) * 2018-12-24 2020-06-30 北京华航无线电测量研究所 Flame detecting and positioning system

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BR9007134A (en) 1991-12-17
ATE142039T1 (en) 1996-09-15
EP0458938B1 (en) 1996-08-28
DE69028296T2 (en) 1997-04-24
CA2047190A1 (en) 1991-06-21
PT96268B (en) 1998-07-31
CA2047190C (en) 1999-05-11
GR3021588T3 (en) 1997-02-28
ES2094807T3 (en) 1997-02-01
IT1237262B (en) 1993-05-27
IT8948686A0 (en) 1989-12-21
DE69028296D1 (en) 1996-10-02
WO1991009390A1 (en) 1991-06-27
PT96268A (en) 1992-09-30
TNSN90156A1 (en) 1991-03-05

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