EP0450569B1 - Process for expanding tobacco - Google Patents

Process for expanding tobacco Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0450569B1
EP0450569B1 EP91105187A EP91105187A EP0450569B1 EP 0450569 B1 EP0450569 B1 EP 0450569B1 EP 91105187 A EP91105187 A EP 91105187A EP 91105187 A EP91105187 A EP 91105187A EP 0450569 B1 EP0450569 B1 EP 0450569B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
carbon dioxide
tobacco
pressure
approximately
cooled
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EP91105187A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0450569A3 (en
EP0450569A2 (en
Inventor
Alessio Dr. Zambelli
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Comas SpA
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Comas SpA
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24BMANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
    • A24B3/00Preparing tobacco in the factory
    • A24B3/18Other treatment of leaves, e.g. puffing, crimpling, cleaning
    • A24B3/182Puffing
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10STECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S131/00Tobacco
    • Y10S131/90Liquified gas employed in puffing tobacco

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method of expanding tobacco, wherein (a) the tobacco is cooled to a preselected temperature by mixing with cold carbon dioxide under a preselected weight ratio, (b) the cooled tobacco is increased to a preselected value by treatment with gaseous carbon dioxide Pressure and is impregnated with liquid carbon dioxide during a preselected contact time with condensation of the gaseous carbon dioxide, (c) the liquid carbon dioxide condensed in the tobacco is converted into solid carbon dioxide with rapid reduction of the carbon dioxide pressure with simultaneous formation of gaseous carbon dioxide, and (d) the solid carbon dioxide containing Tobacco undergoes hot gas expansion treatment.
  • This process makes use of carbon dioxide in all stages, which, depending on the requirements and reaction conditions, is in solid, liquid or gaseous form.
  • the amount of solid carbon dioxide used is such that a mixture of solid carbon dioxide and tobacco is still present in the subsequent stage of treating the tobacco with gaseous carbon dioxide under pressure.
  • the weight ratio of solid carbon dioxide to tobacco should preferably be between 96% and 130%, and in particular between 125% and 128%, so that, in addition to other desired properties, there is above all a sufficiently high percentage increase in the tobacco filling value during treatment final expansion with hot gases results.
  • This known method is not only uneconomical due to its very high need for carbon dioxide, in particular solid carbon dioxide, but also has the disadvantage that such excess amount of carbon dioxide is used in the subsequent treatment of the mixture of solid carbon dioxide due to the use of such a high amount of carbon dioxide and tobacco with gaseous carbon dioxide leads to further formation of solid carbon dioxide and subsequent generation of excess liquid carbon dioxide.
  • there is practically no selective absorption of the liquid carbon dioxide only in the pores and on the porous surface of the tobacco and there is also the risk of the tobacco forming lumps as a result of icing with the excess carbon dioxide.
  • This method differs from the method according to DE-A 34 45 752 mainly in that in the first stage the tobacco is cooled by treatment with liquid nitrogen, which means that in the subsequent stage of treatment with gaseous carbon dioxide a relatively high pressure is apparently applied got to.
  • the object of the invention is to create a new method for expanding tobacco, which is extremely economical due to its particularly low need and consumption of carbon dioxide and its recoverability, a selective impregnation practically only gives the pores and the porous surface of the tobacco and at the same time leads to a particularly strong increase in fill value.
  • the tobacco in stage (a) by direct expansion of liquid carbon dioxide from a pressure vessel into the interior of a closed system to form a mist-like mixture of cold gaseous carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide snow and optionally liquid Carbon dioxide and with simultaneous admixture of the tobacco to a temperature of about -30 ° C to -100 ° C, preferably from about -70 ° C to -85 ° C, is cooled.
  • step (a) the tobacco is cooled to the desired temperature in each case by direct expansion of liquid carbon dioxide with simultaneous admixing of the tobacco with the fog-like cold mixture which forms during this expansion about -30 ° C to -100 ° C, and preferably from about -70 ° C to -85 ° C.
  • stage (a) It is precisely the use of liquid carbon dioxide in stage (a) and the resulting manner of treating the tobacco to be cooled with it that are responsible for the fact that the tobacco has physical properties in this first stage is provided, which are then to a certain extent in the further stages that there is a selective absorption of the liquid carbon dioxide practically only in the pores and on the porous surface of the tobacco and the special filling value of the tobacco thus treated which can ultimately be achieved.
  • the use of a mist-like mixture formed by direct expansion of liquid carbon dioxide in stage (a) of the process according to the invention should therefore be of crucial importance for the further stages of this process.
  • the mechanism that takes place here is not known, but it is assumed that it is precisely through step (a) that the structure of the tobacco is influenced in a formative manner and possibly fixed.
  • the weight ratio of liquid carbon dioxide to be relaxed and tobacco to be cooled, which is to be used in stage (a) of the process according to the invention, is expediently chosen such that the amount of carbon dioxide snow present in the original mist-like mixture is obtained by removing heat from the tobacco after the tobacco has reached the desired temperature has been consumed to form gaseous carbon dioxide, that the amount of residual carbon dioxide snow before the beginning of the subsequent step (b) is only up to 40 percent by weight, preferably only up to 10 percent by weight, based on the weight of the cooled tobacco.
  • the amount of carbon dioxide snow still present is generally inversely proportional to the temperature which the tobacco has at the start of carrying out stage (b) of the process according to the invention.
  • the amount of residual carbon dioxide snow corresponds to, for example, 40 to 10 percent by weight, so that at a tobacco temperature of, for example, about -70 ° C to -85 ° C, for example, only more less than 10 percent by weight of residual carbon dioxide snow should be present. In this case, there is preferably no excess of residual carbon dioxide snow.
  • stage (a) of the process according to the invention is therefore carried out in such a way that a weight ratio of liquid carbon dioxide to be relaxed and tobacco to be cooled is selected such that heat is removed from the tobacco after the temperature desired for the tobacco has been reached, preferably a temperature of about -70 ° C to -100 ° C, especially a temperature of about -70 ° C to -85 ° C, practically no more carbon dioxide snow is present, so that all of the original carbon dioxide snow has been volatilized to gaseous carbon dioxide.
  • Such a state of equilibrium enables optimal control of the process and maximum increase in the filling value of the tobacco and, at the same time, a particularly economical method of operation, since this allows the amount of carbon dioxide required, in particular liquid carbon dioxide initially required, to be kept as low as possible. There can therefore be no disruptive additional formation of solid carbon dioxide and its subsequent conversion into excess liquid carbon dioxide in the subsequent step of treating the cooled tobacco with gaseous carbon dioxide.
  • step (a) after the tobacco has reached the desired temperature, a small excess of solid carbon dioxide may still be present, which is not has been evaporated to gaseous carbon dioxide.
  • the process according to the invention can be designed optimally if virtually all of the solid carbon dioxide has been converted into gaseous carbon dioxide.
  • Step (a) of the process according to the invention is generally carried out, depending on the particular temperature desired for the tobacco, in such a way that a weight ratio of liquid carbon dioxide to be relaxed and tobacco to be cooled is from about 0.4 to 1.8, preferably from about 0.7 to 1.1, is chosen, in each case based on the weight of the tobacco to be cooled, namely on a part by weight of tobacco. It is best to use in step (a) of the process according to the invention such an amount of liquid carbon dioxide to be relaxed that the preferred temperature is from about -70.degree. C. to -85.degree. C., and in particular from about -78.degree Tobacco results, in which case either only a small amount of excess carbon dioxide snow or no more carbon dioxide snow should be present.
  • the expansion of the liquid carbon dioxide into the interior of a closed system can otherwise be carried out in a manner familiar to the person skilled in the art, and it is generally carried out via a conventional expansion valve, through which a corresponding dosage of the expansion and the formation of the Cooling of the tobacco required foggy mixture can be achieved.
  • Suitable thermal insulation should also ensure that the entire cold content of the mist-like mixture of cold gaseous carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide snow and possibly liquid carbon dioxide, which is formed during the expansion of liquid carbon dioxide, is used to cool the tobacco, so that it is not consumed unnecessarily Coolant comes from the release of heat to the respective system and the environment.
  • suitable insulation of the system namely primarily the container in which the tobacco is cooled, which insulation best represents an inner lining for the container.
  • such an inner lining with thermal insulation is particularly important for the container in which the treatment of the cooled tobacco with gaseous carbon dioxide corresponding to stage (b) of the method according to the invention is carried out.
  • the respective system for example the respective mixing container, is preferably evacuated in order to thereby remove the majority of the air originally present, so that contamination of the carbon dioxide to be recovered later is kept as low as possible.
  • the pores of the tobacco that are later to be impregnated are to be freed of air as far as possible and thus be prepared even better for later impregnation.
  • stage (a) of the process according to the invention Before carrying out stage (a) of the process according to the invention, the system, for example the mixing tank in which this stage is carried out, or else a double tank system in which both stage (a) and stage (b) of the process according to the invention are carried out , therefore expediently evacuated, for example to a pressure of about 3 to 8 mbar, preferably to a pressure of 4 to 6 mbar.
  • the tobacco to be treated by the method according to the invention can be any tobacco material and it can be also tobacco material obtained by crushing or grinding tobacco stems or tobacco ribs, for example so-called reconstituted tobacco.
  • the method according to the invention is preferably applied to tobacco leaves, in particular cut tobacco.
  • the moisture content of the tobacco required as starting material for the process according to the invention is practically not critical. However, this tobacco expediently has a moisture content of 10 to 25 percent by weight.
  • the contact time of the tobacco with the mist-like mixture in step (a) is generally about 2 to 12 minutes, and preferably about 4 to 8 minutes, before step (b) is started.
  • the mist-like mixture of cold gaseous carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide snow and possibly also liquid carbon dioxide is best fed directly into a pressure vessel connected to it via the system, which is usually a mixing vessel in which it is formed, which is used for optimal implementation stage (b) of the method according to the invention is provided with thermal insulation, which is best composed of a heat-insulating lining arranged throughout the interior of this pressure vessel.
  • thermal insulation which is best composed of a heat-insulating lining arranged throughout the interior of this pressure vessel.
  • Stages (a), (b) and (c) of the method according to the invention are expediently carried out using a device in which the mixing container and the pressure container form a pressure-tight and vacuum-tight communicating double-container system.
  • a horizontally lying, box-shaped or tubular mixing container is expediently used, in one half of which a conveying device which receives the respectively required tobacco dose is arranged and in the second half of which the pressure container is arranged on the bottom side.
  • This pressure vessel is provided with a lid which can be actuated in the interior of the mixing vessel, namely opened and can be closed with the pressure vessel both in a vacuum-tight and above all pressure-tight manner.
  • This pressure vessel is preferably a cylindrical vessel which is provided on the bottom side with a bottom which can also be closed in a vacuum-tight and, above all, pressure-tight manner with the pressure vessel. With the lid and base closed, this pressure vessel can therefore be brought to the pressure with gaseous carbon dioxide which is required to carry out stage (b) of the process according to the invention.
  • the lid and base are of course preferably lined on the inside with thermal insulation.
  • the closed double container system and the tobacco dose contained therein and to be treated according to the invention are preferably evacuated before the formation of the mist-shaped mixture required for cooling and before it is mixed with the tobacco, for the reasons already given above, for example to a pressure of about 3 to 8 mbar, and preferably to a pressure of about 4 to 6 mbar, the lid of the pressure vessel naturally being open to the interior of the mixing vessel and the bottom of the pressure vessel and the loading opening for the tobacco being closed.
  • one half of the horizontally arranged mixing container is expediently the one in each case arranged required tobacco dose receiving conveyor, which preferably consists of a trough located below the loading opening for the tobacco, the bottom of which is formed by a conveyor belt and whose end facing the center of the mixing container has a metering device with which the tobacco supply present in the trough, approximately which corresponds to the tobacco dose to be treated in each case in stages (b) and (c) of the process in the pressure vessel, can be metered directly into the opening of the pressure vessel on the lid.
  • the pipeline for the introduction of liquid carbon dioxide and the expansion valve located at its end are therefore preferably arranged in the wall of the mixing container in such a way that the expansion valve points directly in the direction of the opening of the pressure container.
  • mist-like mixture of cold gaseous carbon dioxide, solid carbon dioxide snow and possibly also some liquid carbon dioxide formed during the expansion of the liquid carbon dioxide is mixed with the tobacco coming out of the conveying device immediately after its formation and brought into the pressure container in an already mixed form.
  • the evacuation of the double container system in which steps (a), (b) and (c) are carried out, where appropriate to be carried out before the start of stage (a) of the process according to the invention, can be achieved in any suitable manner, for which purpose, for example, a valve is arranged on the pressure vessel is connected to a vacuum pump via a line. If necessary, a corresponding valve can also be present on the mixing container.
  • the gaseous carbon dioxide used for this purpose expediently has a temperature of about -25.degree. C. to + 15.degree. C., preferably from about -20.degree. C. to + 10.degree.
  • the contact time with the gaseous carbon dioxide in the pressure vessel is, for example, about 2 to 12 minutes, preferably about 4 to 8 minutes, and in particular about 6 minutes.
  • the tobacco in step (b) undergoes selective weight impregnation with liquid carbon dioxide, practically only in its pores, a weight increase of about 10 to 40% compared to the original untreated tobacco.
  • the impregnated tobacco has a temperature of, for example, about -25 to -45 ° C.
  • the pressure container is charged with gaseous carbon dioxide through a shut-off valve arranged on the pressure container, which is connected via a corresponding line to a storage container for gaseous carbon dioxide.
  • This valve is expediently arranged with its line in the bottom of the pressure vessel.
  • the carbon dioxide pressure in the pressure vessel for the purpose of converting the liquid carbon dioxide present in the pores of the tobacco into solid carbon dioxide is expanded as quickly as possible from the previous condensation pressure to a substantially lower pressure, with this sudden relaxation is first expediently carried out to about atmospheric pressure.
  • This expansion can take place via the same shut-off valve and the same line, with which the previous feed of gaseous carbon dioxide was carried out in accordance with stage (b).
  • stage (b) After the pressure in the pressure vessel has been released, this will still be there Any remaining carbon dioxide is obtained by applying a weak vacuum and then returned for reuse.
  • the above relaxation converts the liquid carbon dioxide originally present in the pores of the tobacco into solid carbon dioxide, at the same time converting part of the original carbon dioxide into gaseous carbon dioxide.
  • the ratio of solid carbon dioxide formed to the resulting gaseous carbon dioxide is of course dependent on the respective process conditions. It is generally in the weight range from about 0.2 to 1.0: 1, and preferably in the range from about 0.3 to 0.6: 1.
  • the treated is in the pores Tobacco therefore generally has an amount of solid carbon dioxide of from about 2 to about 17%, preferably from about 8 to about 15%, based on the original weight of the untreated tobacco.
  • the volume of the pressure vessel in which stages (b) and (c) of the method according to the invention are carried out is adapted to the amount of cooled tobacco to be treated in order to ensure the most economical possible operation and optimal use of the required carbon dioxide, so that the pressure vessel in is generally at least two thirds filled with chilled tobacco. Depending on the process conditions and the desired effect, a lower or higher degree of filling can also be used.
  • stage (c) of the process according to the invention After stage (c) of the process according to the invention has ended, the tobacco filled in its pores with solid carbon dioxide is removed by opening the bottom of the pressure vessel and then, if appropriate via a correspondingly insulated and, if necessary, cooled storage vessel, for carrying out stage (d) of the invention Procedure into a conventional device for treating this tobacco with hot gases for the desired expansion.
  • the measures and processes to be used in this stage (d) are within the scope of the skilled person and consist, for example, in a conventional treatment of the tobacco containing solid carbon dioxide with hot gases, preferably with air, water vapor or a mixture thereof, at temperatures of generally about 150 ° C to 350 ° C, preferably from about 200 ° C to 300 ° C, during the period of time required for expansion, which is kept as short as possible depending on the temperature selected in order to avoid undesirable damage to the tobacco.
  • Step (d) of the process according to the invention can be carried out by means of a conventional device for expanding tobacco by treatment with hot gases.
  • FIG. 1 shows in detail a double container system consisting of a horizontally lying cylindrical mixing container 1 and a vertical cylindrical pressure container 2 connected to it.
  • a conveying device 3 for receiving tobacco 4 is arranged in a (right) part of the mixing container 1, and this conveying device 3 exists from a tub 5 suitable for receiving the respective tobacco dose, with a conveyor belt 6 arranged at the bottom and metering rollers 7 arranged at the end.
  • the tub 5 of the conveying device 3 is fed with the tobacco dose required for the treatment via a loading opening 9 provided with a shut-off device 8.
  • the pressure vessel 2 flanged to the bottom of the other (left) part of the mixing vessel 1 with its head-side end has a lid 10 and a bottom 11, and these two components can each be operated independently of one another, namely opened and / or closed, which in each case is shown by a broken line of the cover 10 in the closed position and the bottom 11 in the open position.
  • a shut-off valve 12 is arranged, which is connected via a line 13 to a storage container for gaseous carbon dioxide, not shown.
  • the pressure vessel 2 can be brought to the pressure required to carry out stage (b) of the process according to the invention by supplying gaseous carbon dioxide, and can be expanded to carry out stage (c) of this process and evacuated for the further removal of the remaining gaseous carbon dioxide will.
  • a shut-off valve 15 is connected via a suction line 14 to a vacuum pump (not shown), whereby the double tank system is evacuated before the start of stage (a) of the method according to the invention and can thus be freed from interfering air which is both located inside the double container system as well as in the pores of the tobacco.
  • the inside of the pressure vessel 2, namely its inner surface area, its cover 10 and its base 11, is lined with a total of thermal insulation 16.
  • an expansion valve 17 is arranged at the top, which is supplied with liquid carbon dioxide via a line 18 from a storage container, not shown.
  • a mist-like mixture 19 of cold gaseous carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide snow and some liquid carbon dioxide is formed, which is metered directly into the head-side opening of the pressure vessel 2 and at the same time is mixed with the tobacco 4, which is also metered in at the same time.
  • the trough 5 of the conveying device 3 of the mixing container 1 which has a capacity of approximately 300 l, is charged with 10 kg of cut virginia tobacco 4 via the loading opening 9 when the shut-off element 8 is open, which has a moisture content of approximately 21% and an ambient temperature (approximately 18 to 22 ° C), whereupon the shut-off element 8 of the mixing container 1 is closed.
  • the expansion valve 17 is opened and adjusted so that a total of about 8 kg of liquid carbon dioxide is metered in via line 18 within a period of about 6 minutes and converted into a cold mist-like mixture of cold gaseous carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide snow and some liquid carbon dioxide.
  • the conveyor belt 6 and the metering rollers 7 connected therewith are also operated in such a way that the total amount of 10 kg of tobacco which is in the tub 5 is also within a period of about 6 minutes , evenly metered into the interior of the pressure vessel 2 and at the same time mixed with the mist-like mixture formed via the expansion valve 17 and cooled uniformly.
  • the liquid has Carbon dioxide has a pressure of about 14 bar absolute and a temperature of about -35 ° C.
  • the pressure in the double container system increases from initially approximately 4 mbar to approximately 5 bar absolute, whereupon this pressure is evacuated via line 13 with the shut-off valve 12 open is gradually reduced to about 0.6 bar absolute.
  • the tobacco 4 has cooled to a temperature of approximately -80 ° C., and at this point the pressure prevailing in the double container system from the mixing container 1 and the pressure container 2 is raised via the vacuum pump connected to the line 13 about 0.25 bar absolutely further reduced, which makes the temperature of the tobacco 4 even more uniform and at the same time further gaseous carbon dioxide is obtained.
  • the gaseous carbon dioxide drawn off via line 13 is in each case recovered and recycled overall, for example simply brought to a higher pressure or even converted into liquid carbon dioxide by further compression. The carbon dioxide obtained in this way can thus be reused overall and recycled.
  • the pressure vessel 2 After reaching the desired temperature for the tobacco of about -80 ° C, the pressure vessel 2 is closed by closing its lid 10. Then gaseous carbon dioxide with an initial temperature of about -15 ° C and up to a final temperature of about + 15 ° C is introduced into the pressure vessel 2 via line 13 with the shut-off valve 12 open from the bottom 11 such that a pressure is present in the pressure vessel 2 of about 26 bar absolute, whereby the tobacco 4 in the pressure vessel 2 is treated for a total of about 6 minutes and is thereby selectively impregnated with liquid carbon dioxide in its pores and on its porous surface with condensation of gaseous carbon dioxide. He experiences through this impregnation increases the weight by approximately 28 percent by weight, based on the weight of the original untreated tobacco 4.
  • the pressure prevailing in the pressure vessel 2 is first rapidly relieved via line 13 to a pressure of approximately 1 bar absolute and then likewise evacuated via line 13 to a pressure of approximately 0.2 bar absolute, with all of the carbon dioxide present in the pressure vessel 2 is won.
  • This expansion which takes about 2 minutes, converts part (about a third) of the liquid carbon dioxide mainly in the pores of tobacco 4 to solid carbon dioxide, while the other part (about two thirds) is evaporated to gaseous carbon dioxide.
  • the bottom 11 of the pressure vessel 2 is opened and the tobacco containing solid carbon dioxide in its pores is emptied.
  • the tobacco obtained in this way like the original feed, is a loose material, the fibers of which are not connected to one another by possible icing. No mechanical processing of this tobacco is therefore necessary to break it up into a loose pile of material.
  • the solid carbon dioxide-containing tobacco 4 is expanded in a conventional tobacco expansion device at a temperature of about 250 ° C. with a mixture of air and water vapor, resulting in a tobacco 4 with a filling value of about 11.4 cm 3 / g compared to the original tobacco with a filling value of 5.5 cm3 / g, whereby these data were each determined after the Borgwaldt filling value test with a moisture content of the tobacco of 12.6%.
  • the fiber length of the tobacco obtained is practically unchanged from the starting tobacco, and the amount of tobacco obtained is approximately 99.7% by weight, based on the original weight of the tobacco, which shows that there is practically no loss of tobacco, for example due to abrasion, by the process according to the invention , other crushing or any other influences.
  • the aroma of the treated tobacco is practically unchanged from its original aroma.

Abstract

A process for the expansion of tobacco, wherein in step (a) the tobacco is cooled by being mixed with cold carbon dioxide; (b) the cooled tobacco is impregnated with liquid carbon dioxide through treatment with gaseous carbon dioxide under a predetermined pressure; (c) the liquid carbon dioxide condensed in the tobacco is converted to solid carbon dioxide through pressure reduction; and (d) the tobacco containing solid carbon dioxide is subjected to a hot gas treatment to achieve the expansion. In step (a) the tobacco is cooled to a temperature of -30 DEG C. to -100 DEG C. through expansion of liquid carbon dioxide and the simultaneous mixing of the tobacco therewith.

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein Verfahren zum Expandieren von Tabak, wobei (a) der Tabak durch Vermischen mit kaltem Kohlendioxid unter einem vorgewählten Gewichtsverhältnis auf eine vorgewählte Temperatur abgekühlt wird, (b) der abgekühlte Tabak durch Behandlung mit gasförmigem Kohlendioxid bis zu einem vorgewählten erhöhten Druck und während einer vorgewählten Kontaktzeit unter Kondensation des gasförmigen Kohlendioxids mit flüssigem Kohlendioxid imprägniert wird, (c) das im Tabak kondensierte flüssige Kohlendioxid durch rasche Erniedrigung des Kohlendioxiddrucks in festes Kohlendioxid unter gleichzeitiger Bildung von gasförmigem Kohlendioxid umgewandelt wird und (d) der festes Kohlendioxid enthaltende Tabak zur Expansion einer Behandlung mit Heißgasen unterzogen wird.The invention relates to a method of expanding tobacco, wherein (a) the tobacco is cooled to a preselected temperature by mixing with cold carbon dioxide under a preselected weight ratio, (b) the cooled tobacco is increased to a preselected value by treatment with gaseous carbon dioxide Pressure and is impregnated with liquid carbon dioxide during a preselected contact time with condensation of the gaseous carbon dioxide, (c) the liquid carbon dioxide condensed in the tobacco is converted into solid carbon dioxide with rapid reduction of the carbon dioxide pressure with simultaneous formation of gaseous carbon dioxide, and (d) the solid carbon dioxide containing Tobacco undergoes hot gas expansion treatment.

Ein Verfahren dieser Art ist aus DE-A 34 45 752 (= US-A 4 528 994) bekannt. Bei diesem Verfahren wird in allen Stufen von Kohlendioxid Gebrauch gemacht, das je nach den Erfordernissen und Reaktionsbedingungen in fester, flüssiger oder gasförmiger Form vorliegt. In der ersten Stufe wird dabei mit einer so großen Menge an festem Kohlendioxid gearbeitet, daß auch in der nachfolgenden Stufe der Behandlung des Tabaks mit gasförmigem Kohlendioxid unter Druck noch immer ein Gemisch aus festem Kohlendioxid und Tabak vorhanden ist. Das Gewichtsverhältnis von festem Kohlendioxid zum Tabak soll dabei vorzugsweise zwischen 96 % und 130 %, und insbesondere zwischen 125 % und 128 %, liegen, damit sich neben anderen erwünschten Eigenschaften vor allem auch eine genügend hohe prozentuale Füllwerterhöhung des Tabaks bei der durch Behandlung mit Heißgasen erfolgenden abschließenden Expansion ergibt.A method of this type is known from DE-A 34 45 752 (= US-A 4 528 994). This process makes use of carbon dioxide in all stages, which, depending on the requirements and reaction conditions, is in solid, liquid or gaseous form. In the first stage, the amount of solid carbon dioxide used is such that a mixture of solid carbon dioxide and tobacco is still present in the subsequent stage of treating the tobacco with gaseous carbon dioxide under pressure. The weight ratio of solid carbon dioxide to tobacco should preferably be between 96% and 130%, and in particular between 125% and 128%, so that, in addition to other desired properties, there is above all a sufficiently high percentage increase in the tobacco filling value during treatment final expansion with hot gases results.

Dieses bekannte Verfahren ist infolge seines sehr hohen Bedarfs an Kohlendioxid, insbesondere an festem Kohlendioxid, nicht nur unwirtschaftlich, sondern hat durch die Anwendung einer derart hohen Menge an Kohlendioxid auch den Nachteil, daß dieses überschüssige feste Kohlendioxid bei der anschließenden Behandlung des Gemisches aus festem Kohlendioxid und Tabak mit gasförmigem Kohlendioxid zu einer weiteren Bildung von festem Kohlendioxid und anschließenden Erzeugung von überschüssigem flüssigem Kohlendioxid führt. Hierdurch kommt es zu keiner selektiven Absorption des flüssigen Kohlendioxids praktisch nur in den Poren und auf der porösen Oberfläche des Tabaks, und es besteht auch die Gefahr einer Klumpenbildung des Tabaks infolge einer Vereisung mit dem überschüssigen Kohlendioxid.This known method is not only uneconomical due to its very high need for carbon dioxide, in particular solid carbon dioxide, but also has the disadvantage that such excess amount of carbon dioxide is used in the subsequent treatment of the mixture of solid carbon dioxide due to the use of such a high amount of carbon dioxide and tobacco with gaseous carbon dioxide leads to further formation of solid carbon dioxide and subsequent generation of excess liquid carbon dioxide. As a result, there is practically no selective absorption of the liquid carbon dioxide only in the pores and on the porous surface of the tobacco, and there is also the risk of the tobacco forming lumps as a result of icing with the excess carbon dioxide.

Ein entsprechendes Verfahren zum Expandieren von Tabak ist auch aus DE-A 34 45 753 (= US-A 4 630 619) bekannt. Dieses Verfahren unterscheidet sich vom Verfahren gemäß DE-A 34 45 752 im hauptsächlich dadurch, daß in der ersten Stufe der Tabak durch Behandlung mit flüssigem Stickstoff abgekühlt wird, wodurch in der nachfolgenden Stufe der Behandlung mit gasförmigem Kohlendioxid dann offenbar ein verhältnismäßig hoher Druck angewandt werden muß.A corresponding method for expanding tobacco is also known from DE-A 34 45 753 (= US-A 4 630 619). This method differs from the method according to DE-A 34 45 752 mainly in that in the first stage the tobacco is cooled by treatment with liquid nitrogen, which means that in the subsequent stage of treatment with gaseous carbon dioxide a relatively high pressure is apparently applied got to.

Bei diesem Verfahren wird durch die Stufe der Kühlung Stickstoff eingeschleppt, so daß in den nachfolgenden Stufen durchweg Gasgemische aus Stickstoff und Kohlendioxid entstehen. Eine wirtschaftliche Gewinnung und Rückführung von Kohlendioxid ist hierdurch nicht möglich. Zusätzlich dazu weist dieses bekannte Verfahren die oben erwähnten Nachteile des Verfahrens der DE-A 34 45 752 auf, da sich auch hierdurch keine selektive Absorption von flüssigem Kohlendioxid praktisch nur in den Poren und auf der porösen Oberfläche des Tabaks erreichen läßt. Es kommt vielmehr auch hierbei zur Bildung von überschüssigem festem Kohlendioxid unter anschließender Erzeugung von überschüssigem flüssigem Kohlendioxid.In this process, nitrogen is introduced through the cooling stage, so that gas mixtures of nitrogen and carbon dioxide are consistently formed in the subsequent stages. This means that it is not possible to extract and recycle carbon dioxide economically. In addition to this, this known method has the disadvantages of the method of DE-A 34 45 752 mentioned above, since this also does not result in selective absorption of liquid carbon dioxide can practically only be achieved in the pores and on the porous surface of the tobacco. Rather, excess solid carbon dioxide is also formed here, followed by the generation of excess liquid carbon dioxide.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist demgegenüber nun die Schaffung eines neuen Verfahrens zum Expandieren von Tabak, das infolge seines besonders niedrigen Bedarfs und Verbrauchs an Kohlendioxid und dessen Rückgewinnbarkeit äußerst wirtschaftlich ist, eine selektive Imprägnierung praktisch nur der Poren und der porösen Oberfläche des Tabaks ergibt und zugleich zu einer besonders starken Füllwerterhöhung führt.In contrast, the object of the invention is to create a new method for expanding tobacco, which is extremely economical due to its particularly low need and consumption of carbon dioxide and its recoverability, a selective impregnation practically only gives the pores and the porous surface of the tobacco and at the same time leads to a particularly strong increase in fill value.

Diese Aufgabe wird beim Verfahren der eingangs genannten Art erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß der Tabak in der Stufe (a) durch direkte Entspannung von flüssigem Kohlendioxid aus einem Druckgefäß ins Innere eines geschlossenen Systems unter Bildung eines nebelförmigen Gemisches aus kaltem gasförmigem Kohlendioxid, Kohlendioxidschnee und gegebenenfalls flüssigem Kohlendioxid und unter gleichzeitiger Zumischung des Tabaks auf eine Temperatur von etwa -30°C bis -100°C, vorzugsweise von etwa -70°C bis -85°C, abgekühlt wird.This object is achieved according to the invention in the process of the type mentioned at the outset in that the tobacco in stage (a) by direct expansion of liquid carbon dioxide from a pressure vessel into the interior of a closed system to form a mist-like mixture of cold gaseous carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide snow and optionally liquid Carbon dioxide and with simultaneous admixture of the tobacco to a temperature of about -30 ° C to -100 ° C, preferably from about -70 ° C to -85 ° C, is cooled.

Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren ist demnach so durchzuführen, daß in der Stufe (a) der Tabak durch direkte Entspannung von flüssigem Kohlendioxid unter gleichzeitiger Zumischung des Tabaks mit dem sich bei dieser Entspannung bildenden nebelförmigen kalten Gemisch auf die jeweils gewünschte Temperatur abgekühlt wird, die im allgemeinen von etwa -30°C bis -100°C, und vorzugsweise von etwa -70°C bis -85°C, reicht. Gerade die Anwendung von flüssigem Kohlendioxid in der Stufe (a) und die hierdurch bedingte Art und Weise der Behandlung des damit abzukühlenden Tabaks dürften dafür verantwortlich sein, daß der Tabak in dieser ersten Stufe mit physikalischen Eigenschaften versehen wird, welche dann in den weiteren Stufen dafür gewissermaßen prägend sind, daß es zu einer selektiven Absorption des flüssigen Kohlendioxids praktisch nur in den Poren und auf der porösen Oberfläche des Tabaks und der damit schließlich erzielbaren besonderen Füllwerterhöhung des so behandelten Tabaks kommt. Die Anwendung eines durch direkte Entspannung von flüssigem Kohlendioxid gebildeten nebelförmigen Gemisches in der Stufe (a) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens dürfte für die weiteren Stufen dieses Verfahrens daher von ausschlaggebender Bedeutung sein. Der sich hierbei abspielende Mechanismus ist zwar nicht bekannt, doch wird angenommen, daß gerade durch die Stufe (a) die Struktur des Tabaks in einer prägenden Weise beeinflußt und gegebenenfalls fixiert wird.The process according to the invention is accordingly to be carried out in such a way that in step (a) the tobacco is cooled to the desired temperature in each case by direct expansion of liquid carbon dioxide with simultaneous admixing of the tobacco with the fog-like cold mixture which forms during this expansion about -30 ° C to -100 ° C, and preferably from about -70 ° C to -85 ° C. It is precisely the use of liquid carbon dioxide in stage (a) and the resulting manner of treating the tobacco to be cooled with it that are responsible for the fact that the tobacco has physical properties in this first stage is provided, which are then to a certain extent in the further stages that there is a selective absorption of the liquid carbon dioxide practically only in the pores and on the porous surface of the tobacco and the special filling value of the tobacco thus treated which can ultimately be achieved. The use of a mist-like mixture formed by direct expansion of liquid carbon dioxide in stage (a) of the process according to the invention should therefore be of crucial importance for the further stages of this process. The mechanism that takes place here is not known, but it is assumed that it is precisely through step (a) that the structure of the tobacco is influenced in a formative manner and possibly fixed.

Das in der Stufe (a) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens anzuwendende Gewichtsverhältnis von zu entspannendem flüssigem Kohlendioxid und abzukühlendem Tabak wird zweckmäßigerweise so gewählt, daß durch Wärmeentzug vom Tabak nach Erreichen der für den Tabak jeweils gewünschten Temperatur der im ursprünglichen nebelförmigen Gemisch vorhandene Kohlendioxidschnee in einer solchen Menge unter Bildung von gasförmigem Kohlendioxid verbraucht worden ist, daß die Menge an restlichem Kohlendioxidschnee vor Beginn der nachfolgenden Stufe (b) nur mehr bis zu 40 Gewichtsprozent, vorzugsweise nur mehr bis zu 10 Gewichtsprozent, bezogen auf das Gewicht des abgekühlten Tabaks, beträgt. Hierbei ist die Menge an noch vorhandenem Kohlendioxidschnee im allgemeinen umgekehrt proportional zur Temperatur, welche der Tabak beim Beginn der Durchführung der Stufe (b) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens hat. Hat der Tabak daher hierbei beispielsweise eine Temperatur von lediglich etwa -30°C bis -70°C, dann entspricht die Menge an restlichem Kohlendioxidschnee beispielsweise 40 bis 10 Gewichtsprozent, so daß bei einer Tabaktemperatur von beispielsweise etwa -70°C bis -85°C beispielsweise nur mehr weniger als 10 Gewichtsprozent an restlichem Kohlendioxidschnee vorhanden sein sollen. Vorzugsweise ist dann sogar keinerlei Überschuß an restlichem Kohlendioxidschnee mehr zugegen. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform wird die Stufe (a) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens daher so geführt, daß ein solches Gewichtsverhältnis von zu entspannendem flüssigem Kohlendioxid und abzukühlendem Tabak gewählt wird, daß durch Wärmeentzug vom Tabak nach Erreichen der für den Tabak gewünschten Temperatur, vorzugsweise einer Temperatur von etwa -70°C bis -100°C, insbesondere einer Temperatur von etwa -70°C bis -85°C, praktisch kein Kohlendioxidschnee mehr vorhanden ist, so daß der gesamte ursprünglich vorhandene Kohlendioxidschnee zu gasförmigem Kohlendioxid verflüchtigt worden ist. Ein solcher Gleichgewichtszustand ermöglicht eine optimale Führung des Verfahrens und maximale Erhöhung des Füllwerts des Tabaks und zugleich eine besonders wirtschaftliche Arbeitsweise, da sich hierdurch die Menge an erforderlichem Kohlendioxid, insbesondere an anfänglich benötigtem flüssigem Kohlendioxid, so niedrig wie nur möglich halten läßt. Es kann daher dabei zu keiner störenden zusätzlichen Bildung von festem Kohlendioxid und dessen anschließender Umwandlung in überschüssiges flüssiges Kohlendioxid bei der nachfolgenden Stufe der Behandlung des abgekühlten Tabaks mit gasförmigem Kohlendioxid kommen. Wenn jedoch gewisse Verschlechterungen und Beeinträchtigungen des Verfahrensablaufs und des herzustellenden expandierten Tabaks in Kauf genommen werden, dann kann nach der Stufe (a), nachdem der Tabak die gewünschte Temperatur erreicht hat, allerdings auch noch ein geringer Überschuß an festem Kohlendioxid vorhanden sein, der nicht zu gasförmigem Kohlendioxid verflüchtigt worden ist. Optimal läßt sich das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren allerdings im allgemeinen gestalten, wenn praktisch das gesamte feste Kohlendioxid zu gasförmigem Kohlendioxid umgewandelt worden ist.The weight ratio of liquid carbon dioxide to be relaxed and tobacco to be cooled, which is to be used in stage (a) of the process according to the invention, is expediently chosen such that the amount of carbon dioxide snow present in the original mist-like mixture is obtained by removing heat from the tobacco after the tobacco has reached the desired temperature has been consumed to form gaseous carbon dioxide, that the amount of residual carbon dioxide snow before the beginning of the subsequent step (b) is only up to 40 percent by weight, preferably only up to 10 percent by weight, based on the weight of the cooled tobacco. Here, the amount of carbon dioxide snow still present is generally inversely proportional to the temperature which the tobacco has at the start of carrying out stage (b) of the process according to the invention. Therefore, if the tobacco has a temperature of only about -30 ° C to -70 ° C, the amount of residual carbon dioxide snow corresponds to, for example, 40 to 10 percent by weight, so that at a tobacco temperature of, for example, about -70 ° C to -85 ° C, for example, only more less than 10 percent by weight of residual carbon dioxide snow should be present. In this case, there is preferably no excess of residual carbon dioxide snow. In a preferred embodiment, stage (a) of the process according to the invention is therefore carried out in such a way that a weight ratio of liquid carbon dioxide to be relaxed and tobacco to be cooled is selected such that heat is removed from the tobacco after the temperature desired for the tobacco has been reached, preferably a temperature of about -70 ° C to -100 ° C, especially a temperature of about -70 ° C to -85 ° C, practically no more carbon dioxide snow is present, so that all of the original carbon dioxide snow has been volatilized to gaseous carbon dioxide. Such a state of equilibrium enables optimal control of the process and maximum increase in the filling value of the tobacco and, at the same time, a particularly economical method of operation, since this allows the amount of carbon dioxide required, in particular liquid carbon dioxide initially required, to be kept as low as possible. There can therefore be no disruptive additional formation of solid carbon dioxide and its subsequent conversion into excess liquid carbon dioxide in the subsequent step of treating the cooled tobacco with gaseous carbon dioxide. However, if certain deteriorations and impairments of the process sequence and the expanded tobacco to be produced are accepted, then after step (a), after the tobacco has reached the desired temperature, a small excess of solid carbon dioxide may still be present, which is not has been evaporated to gaseous carbon dioxide. In general, however, the process according to the invention can be designed optimally if virtually all of the solid carbon dioxide has been converted into gaseous carbon dioxide.

Die Stufe (a) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens wird - in gewisser Abhängigkeit von der für den Tabak gewünschten jeweiligen Temperatur - im allgemeinen so durchgeführt, daß ein Gewichtsverhältnis von zu entspannendem flüssigem Kohlendioxid und abzukühlendem Tabak von etwa 0,4 bis 1,8, vorzugsweise von etwa 0,7 bis 1,1, gewählt wird, und zwar jeweils bezogen auf das Gewicht des abzukühlenden Tabaks, nämlich auf einen Gewichtsteil an Tabak. Am besten wird in der Stufe (a) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens eine solche Menge an zu entspannendem flüssigem Kohlendioxid angewandt, daß sich die bevorzugte Temperatur von etwa -70°C bis -85°C, und insbesondere von etwa -78°C, für den Tabak ergibt, wobei dann entweder nur mehr eine geringe Menge an überschüssigem Kohlendioxidschnee oder überhaupt kein Kohlendioxidschnee mehr vorhanden sein soll.Step (a) of the process according to the invention is generally carried out, depending on the particular temperature desired for the tobacco, in such a way that a weight ratio of liquid carbon dioxide to be relaxed and tobacco to be cooled is from about 0.4 to 1.8, preferably from about 0.7 to 1.1, is chosen, in each case based on the weight of the tobacco to be cooled, namely on a part by weight of tobacco. It is best to use in step (a) of the process according to the invention such an amount of liquid carbon dioxide to be relaxed that the preferred temperature is from about -70.degree. C. to -85.degree. C., and in particular from about -78.degree Tobacco results, in which case either only a small amount of excess carbon dioxide snow or no more carbon dioxide snow should be present.

Die Entspannung des flüssigen Kohlendioxids aus dem jeweiligen Druckgefäß ins Innere eines geschlossenen Systems unter gleichzeitiger Zumischung des abzukühlenden Tabaks zwecks Bildung des zur Abkühlung benötigten nebelförmigen Gemisches aus kaltem gasförmigem Kohlendioxid, Kohlendioxidschnee und gegebenenfalls auch noch flüssigem Kohlendioxid erfolgt auf einen zur Bildung des benötigten nebelförmigen Gemisches ausreichenden Druck, nämlich einen Druck von im allgemeinen weniger als etwa 6 bar absolut, und vorzugsweise von etwa 0,2 bis 1,0 bar absolut, da sich hierdurch im allgemeinen die bevorzugten niedrigen Temperaturen erreichen lassen.The expansion of the liquid carbon dioxide from the respective pressure vessel into the interior of a closed system with simultaneous admixture of the tobacco to be cooled in order to form the mist-like mixture of cold gaseous carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide snow and possibly also liquid carbon dioxide required for cooling down to a sufficient quantity to form the required mist-like mixture Pressure, namely a pressure of generally less than about 6 bar absolute, and preferably from about 0.2 to 1.0 bar absolute, since this generally allows the preferred low temperatures to be achieved.

Die Entspannung des flüssigen Kohlendioxids ins Innere eines geschlossenen Systems kann im übrigen in einer Weise durchgeführt werden, wie sie dem Fachmann geläufig ist, und sie erfolgt im allgemeinen über ein übliches Entspannungsventil, durch das sich zugleich eine entsprechende Dosierung der Entspannung und der Bildung des zur Kühlung des Tabaks benötigten nebelförmigen Gemisches erreichen läßt.The expansion of the liquid carbon dioxide into the interior of a closed system can otherwise be carried out in a manner familiar to the person skilled in the art, and it is generally carried out via a conventional expansion valve, through which a corresponding dosage of the expansion and the formation of the Cooling of the tobacco required foggy mixture can be achieved.

Durch geeignete Wärmeisolierung soll zweckmäßigerweise auch dafür gesorgt werden, daß möglichst der gesamte Kälteinhalt des bei der Entspannung von flüssigem Kohlendioxid gebildeten nebelförmigen Gemisches aus kaltem gasförmigem Kohlendioxid, Kohlendioxidschnee und gegebenenfalls flüssigem Kohlendioxid zur Abkühlung des Tabaks herangezogen wird, so daß es zu keinem unnötigen Verbrauch an Kühlmittel durch Wärmeabgabe an das jeweilige System und die Umgebung kommt. Dies läßt sich durch eine geeignete Isolierung des Systems, nämlich in erster Linie des Behälters, erreichen, in welchem die Abkühlung des Tabaks vorgenommen wird, wobei eine solche Isolierung am besten eine Innenauskleidung für den Behälter darstellt. Besonders wichtig ist eine derartige Innenauskleidung mit einer Wärmeisolierung jedoch für den Behälter, in dem die der Stufe (b) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens entsprechende Behandlung des abgekühlten Tabaks mit gasförmigem Kohlendioxid durchgeführt wird.Suitable thermal insulation should also ensure that the entire cold content of the mist-like mixture of cold gaseous carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide snow and possibly liquid carbon dioxide, which is formed during the expansion of liquid carbon dioxide, is used to cool the tobacco, so that it is not consumed unnecessarily Coolant comes from the release of heat to the respective system and the environment. This can be achieved by suitable insulation of the system, namely primarily the container in which the tobacco is cooled, which insulation best represents an inner lining for the container. However, such an inner lining with thermal insulation is particularly important for the container in which the treatment of the cooled tobacco with gaseous carbon dioxide corresponding to stage (b) of the method according to the invention is carried out.

Vor Durchführung der Stufe (a) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens wird das jeweilige System, beispielsweise der jeweilige Mischbehälter, vorzugsweise evakuiert, um hierdurch den Großteil der ursprünglich vorhandenen Luft zu entfernen, so daß eine Verunreinigung des später rückzugewinnenden Kohlendioxids möglichst gering gehalten wird. Zugleich sollen hierdurch auch die später zu imprägnierenden Poren des Tabaks möglichst von Luft befreit und so noch besser für die spätere Imprägnierung vorbereitet werden. Vor Durchführung der Stufe (a) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens wird das System, beispielsweise der Mischbehälter, in dem diese Stufe durchgeführt wird, oder auch ein Doppelbehältersystem, in welchem sowohl die Stufe (a) als auch die Stufe (b) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens durchgeführt werden, daher zweckmäßigerweise evakuiert, beispielsweise auf einen Druck von etwa 3 bis 8 mbar, vorzugsweise auf einen Druck von 4 bis 6 mbar.Before carrying out stage (a) of the process according to the invention, the respective system, for example the respective mixing container, is preferably evacuated in order to thereby remove the majority of the air originally present, so that contamination of the carbon dioxide to be recovered later is kept as low as possible. At the same time, the pores of the tobacco that are later to be impregnated are to be freed of air as far as possible and thus be prepared even better for later impregnation. Before carrying out stage (a) of the process according to the invention, the system, for example the mixing tank in which this stage is carried out, or else a double tank system in which both stage (a) and stage (b) of the process according to the invention are carried out , therefore expediently evacuated, for example to a pressure of about 3 to 8 mbar, preferably to a pressure of 4 to 6 mbar.

Der nach dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren zu behandelnde Tabak kann irgendein Tabakmaterial sein, und es kann sich dabei auch um durch Zerkleinern oder Vermahlen von Tabakstengeln oder Tabakrippen erhaltenes Tabakmaterial, beispielsweise um sogenannten rekonstituierten Tabak, handeln. Vorzugsweise wird das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren jedoch auf Tabakblätter angewandt, insbesondere auf Schnittabak.The tobacco to be treated by the method according to the invention can be any tobacco material and it can be also tobacco material obtained by crushing or grinding tobacco stems or tobacco ribs, for example so-called reconstituted tobacco. However, the method according to the invention is preferably applied to tobacco leaves, in particular cut tobacco.

Der Feuchtigkeitsgehalt des für das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren als Ausgangsmaterial benötigten Tabaks ist praktisch nicht kritisch. Zweckmäßigerweise hat dieser Tabak jedoch einen Feuchtigkeitsgehalt von 10 bis 25 Gewichtsprozent.The moisture content of the tobacco required as starting material for the process according to the invention is practically not critical. However, this tobacco expediently has a moisture content of 10 to 25 percent by weight.

Die Kontaktzeit des Tabaks mit dem nebelförmigen Gemisch in der Stufe (a) beträgt im allgemeinen etwa 2 bis 12 Minuten und vorzugsweise etwa 4 bis 8 Minuten, bevor dann die Stufe (b) begonnen wird.The contact time of the tobacco with the mist-like mixture in step (a) is generally about 2 to 12 minutes, and preferably about 4 to 8 minutes, before step (b) is started.

Das nebelförmige Gemisch aus kaltem gasförmigem Kohlendioxid, Kohlendioxidschnee und gegebenenfalls auch noch flüssigem Kohlendioxid wird über das System, bei dem es sich gewöhnlich um einen Mischbehälter handelt, in welchem es gebildet wird, am besten direkt in einen damit verbundenen Druckbehälter eingespeist, welcher zur optimalen Durchführung der Stufe (b) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens mit einer Wärmeisolierung versehen ist, die am besten aus einer im gesamten Inneren dieses Druckbehälters angeordneten wärmeisolierenden Auskleidung besteht. Gerade durch eine solche Maßnahme wird sichergestellt, daß das in der Stufe (b) benötigte gasförmige Kohlendioxid nicht an den Wänden des Druckbehälters kondensiert, sondern praktisch ausschließlich und selektiv nur in den Poren des Tabaks oder begrenzt auch an der porösen Oberfläche des Tabaks. Eine störende Bildung von überschüssigem flüssigem Kohlendioxid, welche gewissermaßen eine Tränkung des Tabaks und keine direkte selektive Imprägnierung zur Folge hätte, wird besonders auch durch die zusätzliche Maßnahme der Anordnung einer wärmeisolierenden Auskleidung im Inneren des Druckbehälters weitgehend unterbunden oder sogar ganz vermieden.The mist-like mixture of cold gaseous carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide snow and possibly also liquid carbon dioxide is best fed directly into a pressure vessel connected to it via the system, which is usually a mixing vessel in which it is formed, which is used for optimal implementation stage (b) of the method according to the invention is provided with thermal insulation, which is best composed of a heat-insulating lining arranged throughout the interior of this pressure vessel. Such a measure ensures that the gaseous carbon dioxide required in stage (b) does not condense on the walls of the pressure vessel, but practically exclusively and selectively only in the pores of the tobacco or also to a limited extent on the porous surface of the tobacco. A disruptive formation of excess liquid carbon dioxide, which would to a certain extent result in an impregnation of the tobacco and no direct selective impregnation, is particularly largely prevented or even avoided entirely by the additional measure of arranging a heat-insulating lining inside the pressure vessel.

Die Stufen (a), (b) und (c) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens werden zweckmäßigerweise unter Anwendung einer Vorrichtung durchgeführt, bei der der Mischbehälter und der Druckbehälter ein druck- und vakuumdichtes kommunizierendes Doppelbehältersystem bildet. Hierzu wird zweckmäßigerweise ein waagrecht liegender, kastenförmiger oder auch rohrförmiger Mischbehälter angewandt, in dessen einer Hälfte eine die jeweils benötigte Tabakdosis aufnehmende Fördereinrichtung angeordnet ist und in dessen zweiter Hälfte bodenseitig der Druckbehälter angeordnet ist. Dieser Druckbehälter ist mit einem Deckel versehen, der im Inneren des Mischbehälters betätigt werden kann, nämlich geöffnet und sowohl vakuumdicht als vor allem auch druckdicht mit dem Druckbehälter verschlossen werden kann. Dieser Druckbehälter ist vorzugsweise ein zylindrischer Behälter, welcher bodenseitig mit einem Boden versehen ist, der ebenfalls vakuumdicht und vor allem druckdicht mit dem Druckbehälter verschlossen werden kann. Dieser Druckbehälter kann bei geschlossenem Deckel und Boden daher mit gasförmigem Kohlendioxid auf den Druck gebracht werden, der zur Durchführung der Stufe (b) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens benötigt wird. Genauso wie der Mantel des Druckbehälters sind natürlich auch Deckel und Boden vorzugsweise jeweils innen mit einer Wärmeisolierung ausgekleidet.Stages (a), (b) and (c) of the method according to the invention are expediently carried out using a device in which the mixing container and the pressure container form a pressure-tight and vacuum-tight communicating double-container system. For this purpose, a horizontally lying, box-shaped or tubular mixing container is expediently used, in one half of which a conveying device which receives the respectively required tobacco dose is arranged and in the second half of which the pressure container is arranged on the bottom side. This pressure vessel is provided with a lid which can be actuated in the interior of the mixing vessel, namely opened and can be closed with the pressure vessel both in a vacuum-tight and above all pressure-tight manner. This pressure vessel is preferably a cylindrical vessel which is provided on the bottom side with a bottom which can also be closed in a vacuum-tight and, above all, pressure-tight manner with the pressure vessel. With the lid and base closed, this pressure vessel can therefore be brought to the pressure with gaseous carbon dioxide which is required to carry out stage (b) of the process according to the invention. Just like the jacket of the pressure vessel, the lid and base are of course preferably lined on the inside with thermal insulation.

Das geschlossene Doppelbehältersystem und die darin enthaltene und erfindungsgemäß zu behandelnde Tabakdosis wird vor der Bildung des zur Kühlung benötigen nebelförmigen Gemisches und vor dessen Vermischung mit dem Tabak aus den bereits oben angegebenen Gründen vorzugsweise jeweils evakuiert, und zwar beispielsweise auf einen Druck von etwa 3 bis 8 mbar, und vorzugsweise auf einen Druck von etwa 4 bis 6 mbar, wobei der Deckel des Druckbehälters zum Inneren des Mischbehälters hin natürlich geöffnet ist und der Boden des Druckbehälters sowie die Beschickungsöffnung für den Tabak verschlossen sind.The closed double container system and the tobacco dose contained therein and to be treated according to the invention are preferably evacuated before the formation of the mist-shaped mixture required for cooling and before it is mixed with the tobacco, for the reasons already given above, for example to a pressure of about 3 to 8 mbar, and preferably to a pressure of about 4 to 6 mbar, the lid of the pressure vessel naturally being open to the interior of the mixing vessel and the bottom of the pressure vessel and the loading opening for the tobacco being closed.

In einer Hälfte des waagrecht angeordneten Mischbehälters ist, wie bereits angegeben, zweckmäßigerweise eine die jeweils benötigte Tabakdosis aufnehmende Fördereinrichtung angeordnet, welche vorzugsweise aus einer unterhalb der Beschickungsöffnung für den Tabak befindlichen Wanne besteht, deren Boden von einem Förderband gebildet wird und deren der Mitte des Mischbehälters zugewandte Stirnseite eine Dosierungseinrichtung aufweist, mit welcher der in der Wanne vorhandene Tabakvorrat, der etwa der jeweils im Druckbehälter bei den Stufen (b) und (c) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens zu behandelnden Tabakdosis entspricht, direkt in die deckelseitige Öffnung des Druckbehälters eindosiert werden kann. Die Rohrleitung für die Einführung von flüssigem Kohlendioxid und das an ihrem Ende befindliche Entspannungsventil sind daher vorzugsweise so in der Wandung des Mischbehälters angeordnet, daß das Entspannungsventil direkt in Richtung der Öffnung des Druckbehälters weist. Hierdurch wird das bei der Entspannung des flüssigen Kohlendioxids gebildete nebelförmige Gemisch aus kaltem gasförmigem Kohlendioxid, festem Kohlendioxidschnee und gegebenenfalls auch etwas flüssigem Kohlendioxid unmittelbar nach seiner Bildung mit dem dosiert aus der Fördereinrichtung kommenden Tabak vermischt und in bereits vermischter Form in den Druckbehälter gebracht.As already stated, one half of the horizontally arranged mixing container is expediently the one in each case arranged required tobacco dose receiving conveyor, which preferably consists of a trough located below the loading opening for the tobacco, the bottom of which is formed by a conveyor belt and whose end facing the center of the mixing container has a metering device with which the tobacco supply present in the trough, approximately which corresponds to the tobacco dose to be treated in each case in stages (b) and (c) of the process in the pressure vessel, can be metered directly into the opening of the pressure vessel on the lid. The pipeline for the introduction of liquid carbon dioxide and the expansion valve located at its end are therefore preferably arranged in the wall of the mixing container in such a way that the expansion valve points directly in the direction of the opening of the pressure container. As a result, the mist-like mixture of cold gaseous carbon dioxide, solid carbon dioxide snow and possibly also some liquid carbon dioxide formed during the expansion of the liquid carbon dioxide is mixed with the tobacco coming out of the conveying device immediately after its formation and brought into the pressure container in an already mixed form.

Die vor Beginn der Stufe (a) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens gegebenenfalls vorzunehmende Evakuierung des Doppelbehältersystems, in welchem die Stufen (a), (b) und (c) durchgeführt werden, läßt sich in jeder geeigneten Weise erreichen, wozu beispielsweise am Druckbehälter ein Ventil angeordnet ist, das über eine Leitung mit einer Vakuumpumpe in Verbindung steht. Gegebenenfalls kann auch am Mischbehälter ein entsprechendes Ventil vorhanden sein.The evacuation of the double container system, in which steps (a), (b) and (c) are carried out, where appropriate to be carried out before the start of stage (a) of the process according to the invention, can be achieved in any suitable manner, for which purpose, for example, a valve is arranged on the pressure vessel is connected to a vacuum pump via a line. If necessary, a corresponding valve can also be present on the mixing container.

Zur Durchführung der Stufe (b) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens wird der auf die gewünschte Temperatur von etwa -30°C bis -100°C, vorzugsweise etwa -70°C bis -85°C, abgekühlte Tabak bei geschlossenem Druckbehälter bis zu einem Druck von etwa 15 bis 35 bar, vorzugsweise von etwa 25 bis 30 bar, und insbesondere von etwa 26 bis 28 bar, aus einem Druckgefäß mit gasförmigem Kohlendioxid versetzt und der Tabak hierdurch unter selektiver Kondensation von flüssigem Kohlendioxid praktisch nur in seinen Poren weiterbehandelt. Das hierzu angewandte gasförmige Kohlendioxid hat zum Zeitpunkt seiner Einspeisung in den Druckbehälter zweckmäßigerweise eine Temperatur von etwa -25°C bis +15°C, vorzugsweise von etwa -20°C bis +10°C, und insbesondere von etwa +4°C bis +6°C, und die Kontaktzeit mit dem gasförmigen Kohlendioxid im Druckbehälter beträgt beispielsweise etwa 2 bis 12 Minuten, vorzugsweise etwa 4 bis 8 Minuten, und insbesondere etwa 6 Minuten. Hierdurch erfährt der Tabak in dieser Stufe (b) durch selektive Imprägnierung mit flüssigem Kohlendioxid praktisch lediglich in seinen Poren eine Gewichtserhöhung um etwa 10 bis 40 % gegenüber dem ursprünglichen unbehandelten Tabak. Nach erfolgter Behandlung hat der imprägnierte Tabak eine Temperatur von beispielsweise etwa-25 bis-45 °C.To carry out stage (b) of the process according to the invention, the tobacco which has been cooled to the desired temperature of about -30 ° C. to -100 ° C., preferably about -70 ° C. to -85 ° C., is closed with the pressure vessel closed to a pressure of about 15 to 35 bar, preferably from about 25 to 30 bar, and in particular from about 26 to 28 bar, from a pressure vessel with gaseous carbon dioxide is added and the tobacco is practically only further treated in its pores with the selective condensation of liquid carbon dioxide. The gaseous carbon dioxide used for this purpose expediently has a temperature of about -25.degree. C. to + 15.degree. C., preferably from about -20.degree. C. to + 10.degree. C., and in particular of about + 4.degree + 6 ° C, and the contact time with the gaseous carbon dioxide in the pressure vessel is, for example, about 2 to 12 minutes, preferably about 4 to 8 minutes, and in particular about 6 minutes. As a result, the tobacco in step (b) undergoes selective weight impregnation with liquid carbon dioxide, practically only in its pores, a weight increase of about 10 to 40% compared to the original untreated tobacco. After the treatment, the impregnated tobacco has a temperature of, for example, about -25 to -45 ° C.

Die Beschickung des Druckbehälters mit gasförmigem Kohlendioxid erfolgt durch ein am Druckbehälter angeordnetes Absperrventil, das über eine entsprechende Leitung mit einem Vorratsbehälter für gasförmiges Kohlendioxid verbunden ist. Zweckmäßigerweise ist dieses Ventil mit seiner Leitung im Boden des Druckbehälters angeordnet.The pressure container is charged with gaseous carbon dioxide through a shut-off valve arranged on the pressure container, which is connected via a corresponding line to a storage container for gaseous carbon dioxide. This valve is expediently arranged with its line in the bottom of the pressure vessel.

Nach erfolgter Imprägnierung des Tabaks mit flüssigem Kohlendioxid wird zur Durchführung der Stufe (c) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens der Kohlendioxiddruck im Druckbehälter zwecks Umwandlung des in den Poren des Tabaks befindlichen flüssigen Kohlendioxids in festes Kohlendioxid möglichst rasch vom vorherigen Kondensationsdruck auf einen wesentlich niedrigeren Druck entspannt, wobei diese plötzliche Entspannung zunächst zweckmäßigerweise auf etwa Atmosphärendruck durchgeführt wird. Diese Entspannung kann über das gleiche Absperrventil und die gleiche Leitung erfolgen, womit auch die vorherige Einspeisung von gasförmigem Kohlendioxid gemäß Stufe (b) durchgeführt wurde.Nach erfolgter Entspannung des im Druckbehälter herrschenden Drucks wird das darin noch vorhandene restliche Kohlendioxid durch Anlegung eines schwachen Vakuums gewonnen und dann zur erneuten Verwendung rückgeführt.After the tobacco has been impregnated with liquid carbon dioxide, to carry out stage (c) of the process according to the invention, the carbon dioxide pressure in the pressure vessel for the purpose of converting the liquid carbon dioxide present in the pores of the tobacco into solid carbon dioxide is expanded as quickly as possible from the previous condensation pressure to a substantially lower pressure, with this sudden relaxation is first expediently carried out to about atmospheric pressure. This expansion can take place via the same shut-off valve and the same line, with which the previous feed of gaseous carbon dioxide was carried out in accordance with stage (b). After the pressure in the pressure vessel has been released, this will still be there Any remaining carbon dioxide is obtained by applying a weak vacuum and then returned for reuse.

Durch die obige Entspannung wird, wie bereits erwähnt, das in den Poren des Tabaks ursprünglich befindliche flüssige Kohlendioxid in festes Kohlendioxid umgewandelt, wobei zugleich ein Teil des ursprünglichen Kohlendioxids zu gasförmigem Kohlendioxid umgewandelt wird. Das Verhältnis von dabei gebildetem festem Kohlendioxid zu dabei entstandenem gasförmigem Kohlendioxid ist natürlich von den jeweiligen Verfahrensbedingungen abhängig. Es liegt im allgemeinen im Gewichtsbereich von etwa 0,2 bis 1,0 : 1, und vorzugsweise im Bereich von etwa 0,3 bis 0,6 : 1. Nach Beendigung der Stufe (c) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens ist in den Poren des behandelten Tabaks daher im allgemeinen eine Menge an festem Kohlendioxid von etwa 2 bis etwa 17 %, vorzugsweise etwa 8 bis etwa 15 %, bezogen auf das ursprüngliche Gewicht des unbehandelten Tabaks, vorhanden.As already mentioned, the above relaxation converts the liquid carbon dioxide originally present in the pores of the tobacco into solid carbon dioxide, at the same time converting part of the original carbon dioxide into gaseous carbon dioxide. The ratio of solid carbon dioxide formed to the resulting gaseous carbon dioxide is of course dependent on the respective process conditions. It is generally in the weight range from about 0.2 to 1.0: 1, and preferably in the range from about 0.3 to 0.6: 1. After step (c) of the process according to the invention has ended, the treated is in the pores Tobacco therefore generally has an amount of solid carbon dioxide of from about 2 to about 17%, preferably from about 8 to about 15%, based on the original weight of the untreated tobacco.

Das Volumen des Druckbehälters, in welchem die Stufen (b) und (c) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens durchgeführt werden, ist aus Gründen einer möglichst wirtschaftlichen Arbeitsweise und optimalen Ausnutzung des benötigten Kohlendioxids der Menge des darin zu behandelnden abgekühlten Tabaks angepaßt, so daß der Druckbehälter im allgemeinen wenigstens zu zwei Drittel mit gekühltem Tabak gefüllt ist. Je nach den Verfahrensbedingungen und dem gewünschten Effekt kann auch ein geringerer oder höherer Füllungsgrad angewandt werden.The volume of the pressure vessel in which stages (b) and (c) of the method according to the invention are carried out is adapted to the amount of cooled tobacco to be treated in order to ensure the most economical possible operation and optimal use of the required carbon dioxide, so that the pressure vessel in is generally at least two thirds filled with chilled tobacco. Depending on the process conditions and the desired effect, a lower or higher degree of filling can also be used.

Nach erfolgter Beendigung der Stufe (c) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens wird der in seinen Poren mit festem Kohlendioxid gefüllte Tabak durch Öffnen des Bodens des Druckbehälters entnommen und dann, gegebenenfalls über ein entsprechend isoliertes und erforderlichenfalls gekühltes Vorratsgefäß, zur Durchführung der Stufe (d) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens in eine übliche Vorrichtung zur Behandlung dieses Tabaks mit Heißgasen zwecks der gewünschten Expansion eingeführt. Die bei dieser Stufe (d) anzuwendenden Maßnahmen und Verfahren liegen im Rahmen des fachmännischen Könnens und bestehen beispielsweise in einer üblichen Behandlung des festes Kohlendioxid enthaltenden Tabaks mit Heißgasen, vorzugsweise mit Luft, Wasserdampf oder einem Gemisch hiervon, bei Temperaturen von im allgemeinen etwa 150°C bis 350°C, vorzugsweise von etwa 200°C bis 300°C, während der jeweils zur Expansion notwendigen Zeitdauer, die in Abhängigkeit von der jeweils gewählten Temperatur zwecks Vermeidung einer unerwünschten Schädigung des Tabaks möglichst kurz gehalten wird.After stage (c) of the process according to the invention has ended, the tobacco filled in its pores with solid carbon dioxide is removed by opening the bottom of the pressure vessel and then, if appropriate via a correspondingly insulated and, if necessary, cooled storage vessel, for carrying out stage (d) of the invention Procedure into a conventional device for treating this tobacco with hot gases for the desired expansion. The measures and processes to be used in this stage (d) are within the scope of the skilled person and consist, for example, in a conventional treatment of the tobacco containing solid carbon dioxide with hot gases, preferably with air, water vapor or a mixture thereof, at temperatures of generally about 150 ° C to 350 ° C, preferably from about 200 ° C to 300 ° C, during the period of time required for expansion, which is kept as short as possible depending on the temperature selected in order to avoid undesirable damage to the tobacco.

Nach erfolgter Entleerung des Druckbehälters wird dessen Boden wieder geschlossen und das kommunizierende Doppelbehältersystem in seine Grundstellung gebracht, wodurch nach Einführung der jeweiligen Tabakdosis in die Fördereinrichtung des Mischbehälters die jeweilige Tabakcharge erneut den Stufen (a) bis (c) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens unterzogen werden kann.After the pressure container has been emptied, the bottom thereof is closed again and the communicating double container system is brought into its basic position, which means that after the respective tobacco dose has been introduced into the conveying device of the mixing container, the respective batch of tobacco can be subjected again to stages (a) to (c) of the process according to the invention.

Infolge der bei der Bildung des kalten nebelförmigen Gemisches aus dem flüssigen Kohlendioxid entstehenden größeren Mengen an gasförmigem Kohlendioxid kann es unter Umständen auch zweckmäßig sein, diesen Überschuß an gasförmigem Kohlendioxid vor der eigentlichen Durchführung der Stufe (b) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens in geeigneter Weise abzuziehen. Das hierdurch gewonnene Kohlendioxid wird genauso wie das bei der Stufe (c) vorhandene und aus dem flüssigen Kohlendioxid zusätzlich gebildete Kohlendioxid in geeigneter Weise gewonnen, beispielsweise verdichtet, abgekühlt und wieder in den Vorratsbehälter für Kohlendioxid rückgeführt. Hierdurch ist somit eine weitgehende Kreislaufführung des beim erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren benötigten Kohlendioxids möglich, was zur weiteren Erhöhung der Wirtschaftlichkeit dieses Verfahrens beiträgt. Es geht dabei dann lediglich das Kohlendioxid verloren, welches in fester Form in dem am Ende der Stufe (c) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens anfallenden Tabak vorhanden ist, da dieses Kohlendioxid ja erst in der Stufe (d) in gasförmiges Kohlendioxid umgewandelt und dabei zugleich mit den Heißgasen vermischt wird, welche bei der thermischen Behandlung zur Expansion des Tabaks benötigt werden. Eine Abtrennung des in diesem Gasgemisch vorhandenen gasförmigen Kohlendioxids ist prinzipiell zwar ebenfalls möglich, im allgemeinen jedoch nicht wirtschaftlich, so daß darauf gewöhnlich verzichtet wird.As a result of the larger amounts of gaseous carbon dioxide formed during the formation of the cold mist-like mixture from the liquid carbon dioxide, it may also be appropriate under certain circumstances to remove this excess of gaseous carbon dioxide in a suitable manner before actually carrying out stage (b) of the process according to the invention. The carbon dioxide obtained in this way, like the carbon dioxide present in step (c) and additionally formed from the liquid carbon dioxide, is obtained in a suitable manner, for example compressed, cooled and returned to the carbon dioxide storage container. As a result, extensive recycling of the carbon dioxide required in the process according to the invention is possible, which contributes to a further increase in the economy of this process. In this case, only the carbon dioxide is lost, which in solid form at the end of stage (c) the tobacco produced by the process according to the invention is present, since this carbon dioxide is only converted into gaseous carbon dioxide in stage (d) and at the same time is mixed with the hot gases which are required for the thermal treatment to expand the tobacco. In principle, it is also possible to separate off the gaseous carbon dioxide present in this gas mixture, but it is generally not economical, so that it is usually dispensed with.

Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren kann, was seine Stufen (a) bis (c) betrifft, mit einer Vorrichtung durchgeführt werden, wie sie in der einzigen Figur der Zeichnung schematisch und teilweise geschnitten dargestellt ist. Die Stufe (d) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens kann mittels einer üblichen Vorrichtung zur Expansion von Tabak durch Behandlung mit Heißgasen vorgenommen werden.As far as its stages (a) to (c) are concerned, the method according to the invention can be carried out with a device as shown schematically and partly in section in the single figure of the drawing. Step (d) of the process according to the invention can be carried out by means of a conventional device for expanding tobacco by treatment with hot gases.

Die Figur 1 zeigt im einzelnen ein Doppelbehältersystem aus einem waagrecht liegenden zylindrischen Mischbehälter 1 und einem damit verbundenen senkrecht stehenden zylindrischen Druckbehälter 2. In einem (rechten) Teil des Mischbehälters 1 ist eine Fördereinrichtung 3 zur Aufnahme von Tabak 4 angeordnet, und diese Fördereinrichtung 3 besteht aus einer zur Aufnahme der jeweiligen Tabakdosis geeigneten Wanne 5 mit bodenseitig angeordnetem Förderband 6 und stirnseitig angeordneten Dosierwalzen 7. Die Wanne 5 der Fördereinrichtung 3 wird über eine mit einem Absperrorgan 8 versehene Beschickungsöffnung 9 mit der jeweils zur Behandlung benötigten Tabakdosis beschickt. Der am Boden des anderen (linken) Teils des Mischbehälters 1 mit seinem kopfseitigen Ende angeflanschte Druckbehälter 2 weist einen Deckel 10 und einen Boden 11 auf, und diese beiden Bauteile können jeweils unabhängig voneinander betätigt werden, nämlich geöffnet und/oder geschlossen werden, was jeweils durch eine gestrichelte Darstellung des Deckels 10 in geschlossener Stellung und des Bodens 11 in geöffneter Stellung gezeigt ist. Im Boden 11 des Druckbehälters 2 ist ein Absperrventil 12 angeordnet, das über eine Leitung 13 mit einem nicht gezeigten Vorratsbehälter für gasförmiges Kohlendioxid verbunden ist. Über diese Leitung 13 kann der Druckbehälter 2 sowohl durch Zuführung von gasförmigem Kohlendioxid auf den zur Durchführung der Stufe (b) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens benötigten Druck gebracht als auch zur Durchführung der Stufe (c) dieses Verfahrens entspannt und zwecks weiterer Abführung des restlichen gasförmigen Kohlendioxids evakuiert werden. In der Wandung des Druckbehälters 2 ist ein über eine Absaugleitung 14 mit einer nicht gezeigten Vakuumpumpe in Verbindung stehendes Absperrventil 15 angeordnet, wodurch das Doppelbehältersystem vor Beginn der Stufe (a) des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens evakuiert und so von störender Luft befreit werden kann, die sich sowohl im Inneren des Doppelbehältersystems als auch in den Poren des Tabaks befindet. Der Druckbehälter 2 ist in seinem Inneren, nämlich seiner Innenmantelfläche, seinem Deckel 10 und seinem Boden 11, insgesamt mit einer Wärmeisolierung 16 ausgekleidet. Im zweiten (linken) Teil des Mischbehälters 1 ist kopfseitig ein Entspannungsventil 17 angeordnet, das über eine Leitung 18 aus einem nicht gezeigten Vorratsbehälter mit flüssigem Kohlendioxid versorgt wird. Durch Öffnung des Entspannungsventils 17 wird ein nebelförmiges Gemisch 19 aus kaltem gasförmigem Kohlendioxid, Kohlendioxidschnee und etwas flüssigem Kohlendioxid gebildet, das direkt in die kopfseitige Öffnung des Druckbehälters 2 eindosiert und dabei zugleich mit dem parallel dazu ebenfalls eindosierten Tabak 4 vermischt wird.FIG. 1 shows in detail a double container system consisting of a horizontally lying cylindrical mixing container 1 and a vertical cylindrical pressure container 2 connected to it. A conveying device 3 for receiving tobacco 4 is arranged in a (right) part of the mixing container 1, and this conveying device 3 exists from a tub 5 suitable for receiving the respective tobacco dose, with a conveyor belt 6 arranged at the bottom and metering rollers 7 arranged at the end. The tub 5 of the conveying device 3 is fed with the tobacco dose required for the treatment via a loading opening 9 provided with a shut-off device 8. The pressure vessel 2 flanged to the bottom of the other (left) part of the mixing vessel 1 with its head-side end has a lid 10 and a bottom 11, and these two components can each be operated independently of one another, namely opened and / or closed, which in each case is shown by a broken line of the cover 10 in the closed position and the bottom 11 in the open position. In the bottom 11 of the Pressure vessel 2, a shut-off valve 12 is arranged, which is connected via a line 13 to a storage container for gaseous carbon dioxide, not shown. Via this line 13, the pressure vessel 2 can be brought to the pressure required to carry out stage (b) of the process according to the invention by supplying gaseous carbon dioxide, and can be expanded to carry out stage (c) of this process and evacuated for the further removal of the remaining gaseous carbon dioxide will. In the wall of the pressure vessel 2, a shut-off valve 15 is connected via a suction line 14 to a vacuum pump (not shown), whereby the double tank system is evacuated before the start of stage (a) of the method according to the invention and can thus be freed from interfering air which is both located inside the double container system as well as in the pores of the tobacco. The inside of the pressure vessel 2, namely its inner surface area, its cover 10 and its base 11, is lined with a total of thermal insulation 16. In the second (left) part of the mixing container 1, an expansion valve 17 is arranged at the top, which is supplied with liquid carbon dioxide via a line 18 from a storage container, not shown. By opening the expansion valve 17, a mist-like mixture 19 of cold gaseous carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide snow and some liquid carbon dioxide is formed, which is metered directly into the head-side opening of the pressure vessel 2 and at the same time is mixed with the tobacco 4, which is also metered in at the same time.

Die Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens unter Anwendung der in der Figur 1 der Zeichnung gezeigten Vorrichtung, jedenfalls was die Stufen (a) bis (c) betrifft, wird durch die folgenden Beispiele weiter erläutert.The implementation of the method according to the invention using the device shown in FIG. 1 of the drawing, at least as far as steps (a) to (c) are concerned, is further explained by the following examples.

Beispiel 1example 1 Verfahrensstufe (a)Process stage (a)

Die Wanne 5 der Fördereinrichtung 3 des Mischbehälters 1, der ein Fassungsvermögen von etwa 300 l aufweist, wird über die Beschickungsöffnung 9 bei geöffnetem Absperrorgan 8 mit 10 kg geschnittenem Virginiatabak 4 beschickt, der einen Feuchtigkeitsgehalt von etwa 21 % hat und Umgebungstemperatur (etwa 18 bis 22°C) aufweist, worauf das Absperrorgan 8 des Mischbehälters 1 geschlossen wird. Das aus dem Mischbehälter 1 und dem Druckbehälter 2, welcher ein Fassungsvermögen von etwa 150 l hat, bestehende Doppelbehältersystem (mit einem gesamten Fassungsvermögen von etwa 450 l) wird dann bei geöffnetem Deckel 10 und geschlossenem Boden 11 durch Anlegen eines Vakuums an die im Mantel des Druckbehälters 2 über das Absperrventil 15 angeordnete Absaugleitung 14 praktisch von der gesamten Luft befreit, nämlich solange evakuiert, bis in diesem Doppelbehältersystem ein Druck von etwa 4 mbar absolut erreicht ist, wodurch auch die in den Poren des Tabaks 4 befindliche Luft praktisch insgesamt entfernt wird, worauf das Absperrventil 15 geschlossen wird. Sodann wird das Entspannungsventil 17 geöffnet und so eingestellt, daß innerhalb einer Zeitdauer von etwa 6 Minuten über die Leitung 18 insgesamt etwa 8 kg flüssiges Kohlendioxid eindosiert und zu einem kalten nebelförmigen Gemisch aus kaltem gasförmigem Kohlendioxid, Kohlendioxidschnee und etwas flüssigem Kohlendioxid umgewandelt werden. Zum Zeitpunkt des Öffnens des Entspannungsventils 17 setzt man auch das Förderband 6 und die damit in Verbindung stehenden Dosierwalzen 7 in einer Weise in Betrieb, daß innerhalb einer Zeitdauer von ebenfalls etwa 6 Minuten die Gesamtmenge von 10 kg Tabak, die sich in der Wanne 5 befindet, gleichmäßig in das Innere des Druckbehälters 2 eindosiert und dabei zugleich mit dem über das Entspannungsventil 17 gebildeten nebelförmigen Gemisch vermischt und gleichförmig abgekühlt wird. In der mit einem Vorratsbehälter in Verbindung stehenden Leitung 18 hat das flüssige Kohlendioxid einen Druck von etwa 14 bar absolut und eine Temperatur von etwa -35°C. Während der Eindosierung des kalten nebelförmigen Gemisches über das Entspannungsventil 17 und der Vermischung dieses Gemisches mit dem Tabak 4 erhöht sich der Druck im Doppelbehältersystem von anfänglich etwa 4 mbar auf etwa 5 bar absolut, worauf dieser Druck durch Evakuierung über die Leitung 13 bei geöffnetem Absperrventil 12 allmählich auf etwa 0,6 bar absolut erniedrigt wird. Am Ende der etwa 6 Minuten dauernden Behandlungszeit ist der Tabak 4 auf eine Temperatur von etwa -80°C abgekühlt, und zu diesem Zeitpunkt wird der im Doppelbehältersystem aus dem Mischbehälter 1 und dem Druckbehälter 2 herrschende Druck über die mit der Leitung 13 verbundene Vakuumpumpe auf etwa 0,25 bar absolut weiter abgesenkt, wodurch die Temperatur des Tabaks 4 noch gleichmäßiger gemacht und zugleich weiteres gasförmiges Kohlendioxid gewonnen wird. Das über die Leitung 13 abgezogene gasförmige Kohlendioxid wird jeweils insgesamt gewonnen und rückgeführt, beispielsweise einfach auf einen höheren Druck gebracht oder sogar durch weitere Komprimierung in flüssiges Kohlendioxid überführt. Das hierdurch jeweils gewonnene Kohlendioxid kann somit insgesamt erneut verwendet und im Kreislauf geführt werden.The trough 5 of the conveying device 3 of the mixing container 1, which has a capacity of approximately 300 l, is charged with 10 kg of cut virginia tobacco 4 via the loading opening 9 when the shut-off element 8 is open, which has a moisture content of approximately 21% and an ambient temperature (approximately 18 to 22 ° C), whereupon the shut-off element 8 of the mixing container 1 is closed. The existing from the mixing tank 1 and the pressure tank 2, which has a capacity of approximately 150 l, double container system (with a total capacity of approximately 450 l) is then opened with the lid 10 and the closed bottom 11 by applying a vacuum to the in the jacket of Pressure container 2 via the shutoff valve 15 arranged suction line 14 practically free of all air, namely evacuated until a pressure of about 4 mbar absolute is reached in this double container system, whereby practically all of the air in the pores of tobacco 4 is removed, whereupon the shut-off valve 15 is closed. Then the expansion valve 17 is opened and adjusted so that a total of about 8 kg of liquid carbon dioxide is metered in via line 18 within a period of about 6 minutes and converted into a cold mist-like mixture of cold gaseous carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide snow and some liquid carbon dioxide. At the time the expansion valve 17 is opened, the conveyor belt 6 and the metering rollers 7 connected therewith are also operated in such a way that the total amount of 10 kg of tobacco which is in the tub 5 is also within a period of about 6 minutes , evenly metered into the interior of the pressure vessel 2 and at the same time mixed with the mist-like mixture formed via the expansion valve 17 and cooled uniformly. In the line 18 connected to a storage container, the liquid has Carbon dioxide has a pressure of about 14 bar absolute and a temperature of about -35 ° C. During the metering in of the cold mist-like mixture via the expansion valve 17 and the mixing of this mixture with the tobacco 4, the pressure in the double container system increases from initially approximately 4 mbar to approximately 5 bar absolute, whereupon this pressure is evacuated via line 13 with the shut-off valve 12 open is gradually reduced to about 0.6 bar absolute. At the end of the treatment time of approximately 6 minutes, the tobacco 4 has cooled to a temperature of approximately -80 ° C., and at this point the pressure prevailing in the double container system from the mixing container 1 and the pressure container 2 is raised via the vacuum pump connected to the line 13 about 0.25 bar absolutely further reduced, which makes the temperature of the tobacco 4 even more uniform and at the same time further gaseous carbon dioxide is obtained. The gaseous carbon dioxide drawn off via line 13 is in each case recovered and recycled overall, for example simply brought to a higher pressure or even converted into liquid carbon dioxide by further compression. The carbon dioxide obtained in this way can thus be reused overall and recycled.

Verfahrensstufe (b)Process stage (b)

Nach Erreichen der für den Tabak gewünschten Temperatur von etwa -80°C wird der Druckbehälter 2 durch Schließen seines Deckels 10 verschlossen. Sodann wird in den Druckbehälter 2 über die Leitung 13 bei geöffnetem Absperrventil 12 vom Boden 11 her gasförmiges Kohlendioxid mit einer Anfangstemperatur von etwa -15°C und bis zu einer Endtemperatur von etwa +15°C derart eingeleitet, daß sich im Druckbehälter 2 ein Druck von etwa 26 bar absolut ergibt, wobei der Tabak 4 im Druckbehälter 2 auf diese Weise insgesamt etwa 6 Minuten behandelt wird und hierdurch unter Kondensation von gasförmigem Kohlendioxid selektiv in seinen Poren und auf seiner porösen Oberfläche mit flüssigem Kohlendioxid imprägniert wird. Er erfährt durch diese Imprägnierung eine Gewichtserhöhung von etwa 28 Gewichtsprozent, bezogen auf das Gewicht des ursprünglichen unbehandelten Tabaks 4.After reaching the desired temperature for the tobacco of about -80 ° C, the pressure vessel 2 is closed by closing its lid 10. Then gaseous carbon dioxide with an initial temperature of about -15 ° C and up to a final temperature of about + 15 ° C is introduced into the pressure vessel 2 via line 13 with the shut-off valve 12 open from the bottom 11 such that a pressure is present in the pressure vessel 2 of about 26 bar absolute, whereby the tobacco 4 in the pressure vessel 2 is treated for a total of about 6 minutes and is thereby selectively impregnated with liquid carbon dioxide in its pores and on its porous surface with condensation of gaseous carbon dioxide. He experiences through this impregnation increases the weight by approximately 28 percent by weight, based on the weight of the original untreated tobacco 4.

Verfahrensstufe (c)Process stage (c)

Der im Druckbehälter 2 herrschende Druck wird über die Leitung 13 zunächst rasch auf einen Druck von etwa 1 bar absolut entspannt und dann ebenfalls über die Leitung 13 auf einen Druck von etwa 0,2 bar absolut evakuiert, wobei das gesamte, im Druckbehälter 2 vorhandene Kohlendioxid gewonnen wird. Durch diese Entspannung, die etwa 2 Minuten dauert, wird ein Teil (etwa ein Drittel) des hauptsächlich in den Poren des Tabaks 4 befindlichen flüssigen Kohlendioxids zu festem Kohlendioxid umgewandelt, während der andere Teil (etwa zwei Drittel) zu gasförmigem Kohlendioxid verdampft wird. Nach erfolgter Entspannung und Evakuierung wird der Boden 11 des Druckbehälters 2 geöffnet und der in seinen Poren festes Kohlendioxid aufweisende Tabak entleert. Der hierdurch erhaltene Tabak ist genauso wie die ursprüngliche Beschickung ein lockeres Material, dessen Fasern nicht über eine eventuelle Vereisung miteinander verbunden sind. Es ist daher keinerlei mechanische Bearbeitung dieses Tabaks zwecks Aufbrechen zu einem losen Materialhaufen notwendig.The pressure prevailing in the pressure vessel 2 is first rapidly relieved via line 13 to a pressure of approximately 1 bar absolute and then likewise evacuated via line 13 to a pressure of approximately 0.2 bar absolute, with all of the carbon dioxide present in the pressure vessel 2 is won. This expansion, which takes about 2 minutes, converts part (about a third) of the liquid carbon dioxide mainly in the pores of tobacco 4 to solid carbon dioxide, while the other part (about two thirds) is evaporated to gaseous carbon dioxide. After relaxation and evacuation, the bottom 11 of the pressure vessel 2 is opened and the tobacco containing solid carbon dioxide in its pores is emptied. The tobacco obtained in this way, like the original feed, is a loose material, the fibers of which are not connected to one another by possible icing. No mechanical processing of this tobacco is therefore necessary to break it up into a loose pile of material.

Verfahrensstufe (d)Process stage (d)

Der festes Kohlendioxid enthaltende Tabak 4 wird in einer üblichen Expansionsvorrichtung für Tabak bei einer Temperatur von etwa 250°C mit einem Gemisch aus Luft und Wasserdampf expandiert, wodurch sich ein Tabak 4 mit einem Füllwert von etwa 11,4 cm³/g ergibt, und zwar im Vergleich zum ursprünglichen Tabak mit einem Füllwert von 5,5 cm³/g, wobei diese Daten jeweils nach dem Borgwaldt-Füllwerttest bei einem Feuchtigkeitsgehalt des Tabaks von 12,6 % ermittelt worden sind.The solid carbon dioxide-containing tobacco 4 is expanded in a conventional tobacco expansion device at a temperature of about 250 ° C. with a mixture of air and water vapor, resulting in a tobacco 4 with a filling value of about 11.4 cm 3 / g compared to the original tobacco with a filling value of 5.5 cm³ / g, whereby these data were each determined after the Borgwaldt filling value test with a moisture content of the tobacco of 12.6%.

Die Faserlänge des erhaltenen Tabaks ist gegenüber dem Ausgangstabak praktisch unverändert, und die erhaltene Tabakmenge beträgt etwa 99,7 Gewichtsprozent, bezogen auf das ursprüngliche Gewicht des Tabaks, was zeigt, daß es durch das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren zu praktisch keinem Verlust an Tabak, beispielsweise durch Abrieb, sonstige Zerkleinerung oder irgendwelche andere Einflüsse, kommt. Das Aroma des behandelten Tabaks ist gegenüber seinem ursprünglichen Aroma praktisch ebenfalls unverändert.The fiber length of the tobacco obtained is practically unchanged from the starting tobacco, and the amount of tobacco obtained is approximately 99.7% by weight, based on the original weight of the tobacco, which shows that there is practically no loss of tobacco, for example due to abrasion, by the process according to the invention , other crushing or any other influences. The aroma of the treated tobacco is practically unchanged from its original aroma.

Beispiele 2 bis 7Examples 2 to 7

Analog zum Beispiel 1 behandelt man im gleichen Doppelbehältersystem auch weitere Proben von Virginiatabak, deren anfänglicher Feuchtigkeitsgehalt wiederum 21 % beträgt. Die dabei angewandten und gegenüber den Bedingungen des Beispiels 1 eventuell veränderten Verfahrensbedingungen und die erhaltenen Versuchsergebnisse gehen aus der folgenden Tabelle hervor.

Figure imgb0001
Analogously to example 1, further samples of virginia tobacco, the initial moisture content of which is again 21%, are treated in the same double container system. The process conditions used and possibly changed compared to the conditions of Example 1 and the test results obtained are shown in the following table.
Figure imgb0001

Die anderen Eigenschaften des nach den obigen Beispielen 2 bis 7 erhaltenen Tabaks entsprechen den beim Beispiel 1 angegebenen zusätzlichen Eigenschaften.The other properties of the tobacco obtained according to Examples 2 to 7 above correspond to the additional properties given in Example 1.

Claims (19)

  1. A process for the expansion of tobacco, wherein
    (a) the tobacco is cooled to a predetermined temperature by mixing it with cold carbon dioxide in a predetermined weight ratio;
    (b) the cooled tobacco is impregnated with liquid carbon dioxide through treatment with gaseous carbon dioxide up to a predetermined pressure and for a predetermined contact period under condensation of said gaseous carbon dioxide;
    (c) the liquid carbon dioxide condensed in the tobacco is converted to solid carbon dioxide through rapid reduction of the carbon dioxide pressure to form simultaneously gaseous carbon dioxide; and
    (d) the tobacco containing solid carbon dioxide is subjected to a hot gas treatment to achieve the expansion,
    characterized in that in step (a) the tobacco is cooled to a temperature of approximately -30°C to -100°C, preferably of approximately -70°C to -85°C,through direct expansion of liquid carbon dioxide from a pressure vessel into the interior of a closed system while producing a foggy mixture of cold gaseous carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide snow and optionally liquid carbon dioxide and while simultaneously adding the tobacco.
  2. The process of claim 1, characterized in that the weight ratio between liquid carbon dioxide to be expanded and tobacco to be cooled is such that through withdrawal of heat from the tobacco after having reached the temperature desired for the tobacco the carbon dioxide snow initially present in the foggy mixture has been consumed to such an extent while forming gaseous carbon dioxide that the amount of residual carbon dioxide snow is before the beginning of step (b) only up to 40 percent by weight, preferably only up to 10 percent by weight, related to the weight of the cooled tobacco.
  3. The process of claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the weight ratio between liquid carbon dioxide to be expanded and tobacco to be cooled is selected in such a manner that substantially the total carbon dioxide snow has been evaporated to gaseous carbon dioxide snow through withdrawal of heat from the tobacco after having reached the temperature desired for the tobacco.
  4. The process of anyone of the foregoing claims, characterized in that the weight ratio between liquid carbon dioxide to be expanded and tobacco to be cooled is approximately 0.4 to 1.8, preferably approximately 0.7 to 1.0, related to the weight of tobacco to be cooled.
  5. The process of anyone of the foregoing claims, characterized in that the liquid carbon dioxide is expanded to an absolute pressure of less than approximately 6 bar, preferably of 0.2 to 1.0 bar.
  6. The process of anyone of the foregoing claims, characterized in that the mixture consisting of the foggy mixture and the tobacco is directly fed through a mixing tank into a pressure tank connected to said mixing tank.
  7. The process of anyone of the foregoing claims, characterized in that step (b) is carried out in a pressure tank, the interior of said pressure tank being provided with a heat insulating lining.
  8. The process of anyone of the foregoing claims, characterized in that said mixing tank and said pressure tank are defining a communicating pressure-tight and vacuum-tight duplex tank system.
  9. The process of claim 8, characterized in that said closed duplex tank system containing the amount of tobacco to be treated is evacuated prior to the formation of said foggy mixture and prior to the intermixture thereof with the tobacco.
  10. The process of claim 9, characterized in that said duplex tank system is evacuated to a pressure of approximately 3 to 8 mbar, preferably approximately 4 to 6 mbar.
  11. The process of anyone of the foregoing claims, characterized in that said mixing tank comprises a conveying means receiving the required amount of tobacco, said conveying means uniting the tobacco in response to the amount of liquid carbon dioxide consumed and the amount of foggy mixture formed and conveying this charge to said pressure tank.
  12. The process of anyone of the foregoing claims, characterized in that said pressure tank is provided with a lid and a bottom, both thereof being pressure-tight and vacuum-tight.
  13. The process of anyone of the foregoing claims, characterized in that the cooled tobacco is treated in step (b) in the closed pressure tank at a pressure of approximately 15 to 35 bar, preferably approximately 25 to 30 bar, with gaseous carbon dioxide under selective condensation of liquid carbon dioxide substantially only in the pores of the tobacco.
  14. The process of claim 13, characterized in that when being fed into the pressure reactor the gaseous carbon dioxide has a temperature of approximately -25°C to +15°C, preferably approximately -5°C to +10°C.
  15. The process of anyone of the foregoing claims, characterized in that the contact time with the gaseous carbon dioxide is approximately 2 to 10 minutes, preferably approximately 4 to 8 minutes.
  16. The process of anyone of the foregoing claims, characterized in that the weight of the tobacco is increased in step (b) by approximately 10 to 40 % through the impregnation with liquid carbon dioxide.
  17. The process of anyone of the foregoing claims, characterized in that in step (c) the carbon dioxide pressure is possibly rapidly reduced to approximately atmospheric pressure in order to convert the liquid carbon dioxide in the pores of the tobacco to solid carbon dioxide.
  18. The process of claim 17, characterized in that the carbon dioxide present in the pressure tank and the gaseous carbon dioxide additionally formed through expansion of the liquid carbon dioxide contained in the tobacco pores are recovered and recycled through the application of a gentle vacuum.
  19. The process of anyone of the foregong claims, characterized in that in step (d) the tobacco containing solid carbon dioxide is subjected to an expansion treatment with hot gases, preferably with air, steam or a mixture thereof at a temperature of approximately 150°C to 350°C, preferably approximately 200°C to 300°C.
EP91105187A 1990-04-04 1991-04-02 Process for expanding tobacco Expired - Lifetime EP0450569B1 (en)

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DE4010892A DE4010892A1 (en) 1990-04-04 1990-04-04 METHOD FOR EXPANDING TOBACCO
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US5259403A (en) * 1992-03-18 1993-11-09 R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Process and apparatus for expanding tobacco cut filler
SK139993A3 (en) * 1992-12-17 1994-09-07 Philip Morris Prod Method of impregnation and expanding of tobacco and device for its performing
JPH104531A (en) * 1996-06-14 1998-01-06 Nikon Corp Information processor
JP3165791B2 (en) 1997-03-27 2001-05-14 日本たばこ産業株式会社 Method for producing expanded tobacco material
US7726320B2 (en) 2006-10-18 2010-06-01 R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Tobacco-containing smoking article
KR101429840B1 (en) * 2010-06-24 2014-08-12 필립모리스 프로덕츠 에스.에이. Tobacco expansion method and apparatus
US20130255702A1 (en) 2012-03-28 2013-10-03 R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Smoking article incorporating a conductive substrate
US20210015171A1 (en) 2019-07-18 2021-01-21 R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Thermal energy absorbers for tobacco heating products
CN110376091B (en) * 2019-08-26 2022-04-22 福建中烟工业有限责任公司 Method and device for measuring carbon dioxide adsorption quantity in expanded cut tobacco

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US4336814A (en) * 1977-08-08 1982-06-29 Philip Morris Incorporated Process for expanding tobacco
US4235250A (en) * 1978-03-29 1980-11-25 Philip Morris Incorporated Process for the expansion of tobacco
US4310006A (en) * 1978-03-31 1982-01-12 American Brands, Inc. Method and apparatus for expanding tobacco
US4253474A (en) * 1978-03-31 1981-03-03 American Brands, Inc. Method for expanding tobacco
US4431011A (en) * 1981-09-23 1984-02-14 Rothchild Ronald D Process for expanding tobacco with water
US4460000A (en) * 1982-06-14 1984-07-17 The Boc Group, Inc. Vacuum and gas expansion of tobacco
US4528994A (en) * 1983-12-16 1985-07-16 Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation Tobacco treating process
US4630619A (en) * 1983-12-16 1986-12-23 Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. Process for treating tobacco

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CN1028201C (en) 1995-04-19
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CN1055289A (en) 1991-10-16
DE59100336D1 (en) 1993-10-07
EP0450569A3 (en) 1992-02-26
DE4010892A1 (en) 1991-10-10
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ES2045975T3 (en) 1994-01-16
ATE93687T1 (en) 1993-09-15
EP0450569A2 (en) 1991-10-09

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