EP0449817A1 - Microwave connector. - Google Patents

Microwave connector.

Info

Publication number
EP0449817A1
EP0449817A1 EP19890904688 EP89904688A EP0449817A1 EP 0449817 A1 EP0449817 A1 EP 0449817A1 EP 19890904688 EP19890904688 EP 19890904688 EP 89904688 A EP89904688 A EP 89904688A EP 0449817 A1 EP0449817 A1 EP 0449817A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
microwave
central
connector
contact
insulating sleeve
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP19890904688
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0449817B1 (en
Inventor
James Duncan Shaw Martin
Grant Thompson Rounding
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
WL Gore and Associates Inc
Original Assignee
WL Gore and Associates Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by WL Gore and Associates Inc filed Critical WL Gore and Associates Inc
Publication of EP0449817A1 publication Critical patent/EP0449817A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0449817B1 publication Critical patent/EP0449817B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R24/00—Two-part coupling devices, or either of their cooperating parts, characterised by their overall structure
    • H01R24/38—Two-part coupling devices, or either of their cooperating parts, characterised by their overall structure having concentrically or coaxially arranged contacts
    • H01R24/40—Two-part coupling devices, or either of their cooperating parts, characterised by their overall structure having concentrically or coaxially arranged contacts specially adapted for high frequency
    • H01R24/52—Two-part coupling devices, or either of their cooperating parts, characterised by their overall structure having concentrically or coaxially arranged contacts specially adapted for high frequency mounted in or to a panel or structure
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R13/00—Details of coupling devices of the kinds covered by groups H01R12/70 or H01R24/00 - H01R33/00
    • H01R13/46—Bases; Cases
    • H01R13/52—Dustproof, splashproof, drip-proof, waterproof, or flameproof cases
    • H01R13/523—Dustproof, splashproof, drip-proof, waterproof, or flameproof cases for use under water
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R2103/00—Two poles

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a microwave connector for use in pro- viding a microwave connection between two environments separated by a barrier, the connector also functioning as a seal should the connecting systems be breached.
  • the invention will be described with particular reference to an embodiment thereof in which the microwave connector is of subminiature 'A' type (SMA type) configuration, it being understood that this is in no way intended to limit the scope of the invention.
  • the invention originates from a requirement for a microwave connector to operate within a submarine mast environment.
  • Modern submarine mast design dictates the placement of electronic equipment in an electronics pod at the mast head connected by microwave transmission lines to processing equipment in the hull.
  • This arrangement creates the requirement for a connector capable of providing a microwave connection through a pressure boundary without compro ⁇ mising the nature of that boundary, the boundaries concerned being the submarine hull and the mast junction of the electronics pod.
  • the connector is required to function in the conventional manner while preventing the penetration of water, pressurized or otherwise, through the boundaries should the mast head or connecting cable systems be breached.
  • the present invention does not rely on this kind of joint to provide the pressure sealing characteristics of the connector.
  • connectors em ⁇ bodying the invention provide enhanced Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSW R) performance up to 40 GHz while the design of the connector as a disaster seal enables it to withstand a pressure differential of up to 1000 PSI (6.89 x 10 ⁇ Nm"2).
  • VSW R Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
  • a further advantage of such connectors is that it is possible to pre-test the sealing characteristics of each connector before attaching micro ⁇ wave transmission lines or before installation in a particular barrier so that differing bulkhead requirements may be accomodated.
  • a microwave connector for use in providing a microwave connection between two environments separated by a barrier, the connector also capable of functioning as a seal should the connecting cable systems be breached, the connector comprising a connector body having a central opening extending throughout its length, a central contact located within said central opening and connecting means also located therein to provide a suitable connection for the transmission of microwaves between a transmission line on one side of said barrier and said central contact, and having an insulating sleeve within which said central contact is located and which ensures an interference fit within said central opening between said central contact, said insulating sleeve and said connector body.
  • Fig. 1 is a top plan view of the microwave connector according to the invention.
  • Fig. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the connector of the invention taken along line 2-2 of Fig. 1.
  • the microwave connector for use in providing a microwave connection between two environments separated by a barrier and also capable of functioning as a seal should the connecting cable systems be oreache ⁇ , is provided with an insulating sleeve located within a central opening extending throughout the length of the body of the connector. A central contact is pressed into the insulating sleeve causing the sleeve to expand radially creating a dimensional interference between the central contact, the insulating sleeve and the connector body.
  • the microwave connector is shown in Figs. 1 and 2 to comprise a connector body 10, situated within an opening 12 in a barrier 14, and held in place by a retaining nut 16, the barrier 14 serving to separate the two environments 18 and
  • the connector body 10 terminates in a standard SMA connector 22 and has a central opening therein which extends throughout the length of the connector body, the diameter of the central opening being such that it slidably receives insulating sleeve 24.
  • Insulating sleeve 24 abuts rear insulator 26 also located within the central opening but in a region of increased internal diameter.
  • the insulating sleeve 24 and the rear insulator 26 are both preferably of polytetra- fluoroethylene (PTFE) or a material with similar mechanical and dielectric properties.
  • PTFE polytetra- fluoroethylene
  • Central contact 28 is rod-shaped and has a diameter that is standard within SMA connector technology and a tip portion 30, of reduced diameter, which forms the central contact within SMA connector 22.
  • the internal diameter of insulating sleeve 24 is toleranced such that an interference fit exists between the central contact and the sleeve.
  • the central contact 28 is pressed, via a support guide, into the central opening of insulating sleeve 24 until the tip portion 30 protrudes from the sleeve forming part of SMA connector 22. This operation radially expands the insulating sleeve causing a dimensional interference between the sleeve and the connector body 10 thus providing the pressure sealing charac ⁇ teristics of the connector.
  • a twofold advantage of the connector described is tnat these sealing characteristics are not reliant on solder joints or adhesive and may be fully tested before attachment to any existing microwave transmission lines or before installation into a particular barrier so that any bulkhead require- ment may be accomodated.
  • coaxial cable 32 The microwave transmission line to be connected through the boundary is shown in the figures as coaxial cable 32, the central conductor 34 of which is soldered to contact bucket 36.
  • Contact bucket 36 is received within insulator 26 and is attached to central contact 28 by means of screw threads. Both contact bucket 36 and central contact 28 are preferably of the same material, such as gold-plated brass or more preferably, a gold-plated beryilium-copper alloy.
  • Coaxial cable 32 is held by an SMA hat 38 and SMA retaining nut 40.
  • This retaining means obviates the need to over-tighten the contact bucket 36 on to central contact 28 causing the central conductor 34 of the coaxial cable to twist, the retaining means also immobilizing coaxial cable 32 thus enhancing the reliability of the solder joint between the central conductor 34 and the contact bucket 36.
  • a further microwave transmission line may be attached to SMA connector 22, if provided with suitable connecting means for mating therewith, thus completing the microwave connection between environments 18 and 20 without loss of transmission characteristics and without compromising the nature of the boundary.
  • Central contact 28 has an overall length of approximately 59.74mm (2.352 inches) of which about 2.16mm (0.085 inch) is taken up by the tip portion 30, and about 4.75mm (0.187 inch) by the threaded portion at the opposing end.
  • the decreased diameter of the tip portion is approximately 0.91mm (0.036 inch), while the diameter of the remainder of the central contact is approximately 1.27mm (0.050 inch).
  • the above dimensions dictate much of the size and shape of insulating sleeve 24. In order to achieve a slide fit within the central opening of the connector body, the outer diameter of the sleeve is also approximately 4.06mm (0.160 inch).
  • the internal diameter of sleeve 24 is made approximately 1.17mm (0.046 inch) so that about 0.10mm (0.004 inch) interference exists within said internal diameter. It has been shown that an interference fit of the kind described above gives rise to a connector capable of withstanding a pressure differential of up to 6.89 x 10 6 Nm ⁇ 2 (1000 psi) at ambient temperature. It is expected that this pressure differential can be maintained over a temperature range from -40°C to +70°C.
  • Contact bucket 36 has an overall length of about 11.33mm (0.446 inch).
  • the section of smaller external diameter has a length of about 5.49mm (0.216 inch) and an external diameter of approximately 2.18mm (0.086 inch), this section receiving the threaded portion of central contact 28 and being received by rear insulator 26.
  • the rear insulator has a length of approximately 6.27mm (0.247 inch) and an external diameter of about 6.96mm (0.274 inch) and is located abutting the insulating sleeve within a region of the connector body in which the central opening therethrough has a diameter of approximately 6.99mm (0.275 inch).
  • Central contact 28 passes through a central opening within rear insulator 26 of approximate diameter 1.30mm (0.051 inch) before being received in a threaded opening, about 5.08mm (0.200 inch) in length, within the contact bucket, the contact bucket also being received in a central opening within the rear insulator but of approximate diameter 2.21mm (0.087 inch).
  • the contact bucket and central contact are attached by means of the screw threads which are preferably 12 B.A. type.
  • the section of contact bucket 36 of larger external diameter is about

Abstract

On a mis au point un connecteur de micro-ondes assurant la connexion de micro-ondes entre deux environnements séparés par une barrière et pouvant également faire office d'élément d'étanchéité en cas de rupture du système de câble de connexion. Ledit connecteur de micro-ondes comprend un manchon isolant placé à l'intérieur d'une ouverture centrale s'étendant sur toute la longueur du corps dudit connecteur. On presse un contact central dans le manchon isolant, ce qui provoque la dilatation radiale dudit manchon et crée une interférence dimensionnelle entre le contact central, le manchon isolant et ledit corps (10) du connecteur.A microwave connector has been developed ensuring the connection of microwaves between two environments separated by a barrier and which can also act as a sealing element in the event of rupture of the connection cable system. Said microwave connector includes an insulating sleeve placed inside a central opening extending over the entire length of the body of said connector. A central contact is pressed into the insulating sleeve, which causes the radial expansion of said sleeve and creates dimensional interference between the central contact, the insulating sleeve and said body (10) of the connector.

Description

MICROWAVE CONNECTOR BacKground of the invention Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a microwave connector for use in pro- viding a microwave connection between two environments separated by a barrier, the connector also functioning as a seal should the connecting systems be breached. The invention will be described with particular reference to an embodiment thereof in which the microwave connector is of subminiature 'A' type (SMA type) configuration, it being understood that this is in no way intended to limit the scope of the invention.
2. Description of Related Art
The invention originates from a requirement for a microwave connector to operate within a submarine mast environment. Modern submarine mast design dictates the placement of electronic equipment in an electronics pod at the mast head connected by microwave transmission lines to processing equipment in the hull. This arrangement creates the requirement for a connector capable of providing a microwave connection through a pressure boundary without compro¬ mising the nature of that boundary, the boundaries concerned being the submarine hull and the mast junction of the electronics pod. Hence, in normal use the connector is required to function in the conventional manner while preventing the penetration of water, pressurized or otherwise, through the boundaries should the mast head or connecting cable systems be breached.
In the past, microwave connections through boundaries have been facili¬ tated by the use of small lengths of semi-rigid coaxial cable that protrude either side of the interface. In this construction, female SMA "bullets" are soldered to the center conductor, one at each end of the semi-rigid coaxial cable before the cable is housed in a metal sheath. This solder joint forms part of the pressure sealing and is a weak link giving rise to reliability problems during installation and normal service. This problem is further compounded by the need to have two such solder joints within each construction.
The present invention does not rely on this kind of joint to provide the pressure sealing characteristics of the connector. Moreover, connectors em¬ bodying the invention provide enhanced Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSW R) performance up to 40 GHz while the design of the connector as a disaster seal enables it to withstand a pressure differential of up to 1000 PSI (6.89 x 10^ Nm"2). A further advantage of such connectors is that it is possible to pre-test the sealing characteristics of each connector before attaching micro¬ wave transmission lines or before installation in a particular barrier so that differing bulkhead requirements may be accomodated.
Although the present invention originated from a consideration of the problems of microwave transmission in submarine mast environments, connectors embodying the invention are equally suited to other applications wherein a micro¬ wave connection is required between two environments, possibly of differing chemical composition or under different physical conditions, and separated by a barrier or bulkhead. Summary of the Invention
According to the present invention, there is provided a microwave connector for use in providing a microwave connection between two environments separated by a barrier, the connector also capable of functioning as a seal should the connecting cable systems be breached, the connector comprising a connector body having a central opening extending throughout its length, a central contact located within said central opening and connecting means also located therein to provide a suitable connection for the transmission of microwaves between a transmission line on one side of said barrier and said central contact, and having an insulating sleeve within which said central contact is located and which ensures an interference fit within said central opening between said central contact, said insulating sleeve and said connector body.
Brief Description of the Drawings Fig. 1 is a top plan view of the microwave connector according to the invention. Fig. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the connector of the invention taken along line 2-2 of Fig. 1.
Detailed Description of the Invention and Preferred Embodiments with
Reference to the Drawings The microwave connector, for use in providing a microwave connection between two environments separated by a barrier and also capable of functioning as a seal should the connecting cable systems be oreacheα, is provided with an insulating sleeve located within a central opening extending throughout the length of the body of the connector. A central contact is pressed into the insulating sleeve causing the sleeve to expand radially creating a dimensional interference between the central contact, the insulating sleeve and the connector body. A microwave connector embodying the invention will now be particularly described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The microwave connector is shown in Figs. 1 and 2 to comprise a connector body 10, situated within an opening 12 in a barrier 14, and held in place by a retaining nut 16, the barrier 14 serving to separate the two environments 18 and
20. The connector body 10 terminates in a standard SMA connector 22 and has a central opening therein which extends throughout the length of the connector body, the diameter of the central opening being such that it slidably receives insulating sleeve 24. Insulating sleeve 24 abuts rear insulator 26 also located within the central opening but in a region of increased internal diameter. The insulating sleeve 24 and the rear insulator 26 are both preferably of polytetra- fluoroethylene (PTFE) or a material with similar mechanical and dielectric properties. The mechanical properties of PTFE, together with its low dielectric loss, combine to provide the connector with enhanced pressure sealing properties while maintaining a mode-free operation characteristic at microwave frequencies of up to 40 GHz.
Central contact 28 is rod-shaped and has a diameter that is standard within SMA connector technology and a tip portion 30, of reduced diameter, which forms the central contact within SMA connector 22. The internal diameter of insulating sleeve 24 is toleranced such that an interference fit exists between the central contact and the sleeve. The central contact 28 is pressed, via a support guide, into the central opening of insulating sleeve 24 until the tip portion 30 protrudes from the sleeve forming part of SMA connector 22. This operation radially expands the insulating sleeve causing a dimensional interference between the sleeve and the connector body 10 thus providing the pressure sealing charac¬ teristics of the connector. A twofold advantage of the connector described is tnat these sealing characteristics are not reliant on solder joints or adhesive and may be fully tested before attachment to any existing microwave transmission lines or before installation into a particular barrier so that any bulkhead require- ment may be accomodated.
The microwave transmission line to be connected through the boundary is shown in the figures as coaxial cable 32, the central conductor 34 of which is soldered to contact bucket 36. Contact bucket 36 is received within insulator 26 and is attached to central contact 28 by means of screw threads. Both contact bucket 36 and central contact 28 are preferably of the same material, such as gold-plated brass or more preferably, a gold-plated beryilium-copper alloy. Coaxial cable 32 is held by an SMA hat 38 and SMA retaining nut 40. This retaining means obviates the need to over-tighten the contact bucket 36 on to central contact 28 causing the central conductor 34 of the coaxial cable to twist, the retaining means also immobilizing coaxial cable 32 thus enhancing the reliability of the solder joint between the central conductor 34 and the contact bucket 36.
A further microwave transmission line (not shown) may be attached to SMA connector 22, if provided with suitable connecting means for mating therewith, thus completing the microwave connection between environments 18 and 20 without loss of transmission characteristics and without compromising the nature of the boundary.
The connector will now be further described by reference to particular dimensions, it being understood that any dimensions so given are exemplary and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way. The central opening within the connector body 10, between SMA connector
22 and rear insulator 26, is preferably of constant diameter and further preferably has a diameter of about 4.06mm (0.160 inch). Central contact 28 has an overall length of approximately 59.74mm (2.352 inches) of which about 2.16mm (0.085 inch) is taken up by the tip portion 30, and about 4.75mm (0.187 inch) by the threaded portion at the opposing end. The decreased diameter of the tip portion is approximately 0.91mm (0.036 inch), while the diameter of the remainder of the central contact is approximately 1.27mm (0.050 inch). The above dimensions dictate much of the size and shape of insulating sleeve 24. In order to achieve a slide fit within the central opening of the connector body, the outer diameter of the sleeve is also approximately 4.06mm (0.160 inch). The internal diameter of sleeve 24 is made approximately 1.17mm (0.046 inch) so that about 0.10mm (0.004 inch) interference exists within said internal diameter. It has been shown that an interference fit of the kind described above gives rise to a connector capable of withstanding a pressure differential of up to 6.89 x 106 Nm~2 (1000 psi) at ambient temperature. It is expected that this pressure differential can be maintained over a temperature range from -40°C to +70°C.
Contact bucket 36 has an overall length of about 11.33mm (0.446 inch). The section of smaller external diameter has a length of about 5.49mm (0.216 inch) and an external diameter of approximately 2.18mm (0.086 inch), this section receiving the threaded portion of central contact 28 and being received by rear insulator 26. The rear insulator has a length of approximately 6.27mm (0.247 inch) and an external diameter of about 6.96mm (0.274 inch) and is located abutting the insulating sleeve within a region of the connector body in which the central opening therethrough has a diameter of approximately 6.99mm (0.275 inch). Central contact 28 passes through a central opening within rear insulator 26 of approximate diameter 1.30mm (0.051 inch) before being received in a threaded opening, about 5.08mm (0.200 inch) in length, within the contact bucket, the contact bucket also being received in a central opening within the rear insulator but of approximate diameter 2.21mm (0.087 inch). The contact bucket and central contact are attached by means of the screw threads which are preferably 12 B.A. type.
The section of contact bucket 36 of larger external diameter is about
5.84mm (0.230 inch) in length and has an external diameter of approximately
3.05mm (0.120 inch). Within this section is a central opening of approximate diameter 2.18mm (0.086 inch) within which coaxial cable 32 is attached to the contact bucket by means of a solder joint.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to a particular embodiment, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that the invention is in no way limited to coaxial connectors of SMA type configuration but is equally applicable to other types of microwave connectors. While the invention has been disclosed herein in connection with certain embodiments and detailed descriptions, it will be clear to one skilled in the art that modifications or variations of such details can be made without deviating from this gist of this invention, and such modifications or variations are con¬ sidered to be within the scope of the claims hereinbelow.

Claims

1. A microwave eonnector for use in providing a microwave connection between two environments separated by a barrier, the eonnector also capable of functioning as a seal should the connecting cable systems be breached, the connector comprising a connector body having a central opening extending throughout its length, a central contact located within said central opening and connecting means also located therein to provide a suitable connection for the transmission of microwaves between a transmission line on one side of said barrier and said central contact, and having an insulating sleeve within which said central contact is located and which ensures an interference fit within said central opening between said central contact, said insulating sleeve and said connector body.
2. A microwave connector according to claim 1 wherein said connecting means comprises a contact bucket attached to said central contaet by means of screw threads and connected to said transmission line by means of solder.
3. A microwave connector according to claim 2 wherein said central contaet and said contact bucket are of gold-plated brass.
4. A microwave connector according to claim 2 wherein said central contact and said contaet bucket are of a gold-plated berylium-copper alloy.
5. A microwave eonnector according to claim 1 wherein said insulating sleeve is of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or a material with similar mechanical and dielectric properties.
6. A microwave connector according to claim 1 wherein said connector body and said central contact terminate in a standard SMA type connector.
7. A microwave connector according to claim 1 wherein said inter- ference fit is approximately 0.010mm (0.004 inch) interference fit within said central opening between .said central contact, said insulating sleeve and said connector body.
8. A microwave connector according to claim 1 wherein said central opening within said central connector body has a diameter of approximately 4.06mm (0.160 inch) substantially throughout the length of the portion containing the insulating sleeve; and wherein said central contact has a diameter of about 1.27mm (0.050 inch) substantially throughout its length.
9. A microwave connector according to claim 1 wherein said trans¬ mission line on one side of said barrier is held by SMA retaining means.
10. A microwave connector according to claim 1 wherein said trans¬ mission line on one side of said barrier is a coaxial cabie.
EP19890904688 1988-03-12 1989-03-10 Microwave connector Expired - Lifetime EP0449817B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB8805913A GB2215530B (en) 1988-03-12 1988-03-12 Microwave connector
GB8805913 1988-03-12

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0449817A1 true EP0449817A1 (en) 1991-10-09
EP0449817B1 EP0449817B1 (en) 1993-05-05

Family

ID=10633322

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19890904688 Expired - Lifetime EP0449817B1 (en) 1988-03-12 1989-03-10 Microwave connector

Country Status (7)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0449817B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH0727784B2 (en)
AU (1) AU3420889A (en)
CA (1) CA1301866C (en)
GB (1) GB2215530B (en)
HK (1) HK122193A (en)
WO (1) WO1989008935A1 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2000043460A1 (en) * 1999-01-20 2000-07-27 Akzo Nobel N.V. Antifouling paint

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5802710A (en) * 1996-10-24 1998-09-08 Andrew Corporation Method of attaching a connector to a coaxial cable and the resulting assembly
US5944556A (en) * 1997-04-07 1999-08-31 Andrew Corporation Connector for coaxial cable
US6024609A (en) * 1997-11-03 2000-02-15 Andrew Corporation Outer contact spring

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GB938402A (en) * 1959-09-11 1963-10-02 Sealectro Corp Improvements in or relating to electrical socket contacts
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2000043460A1 (en) * 1999-01-20 2000-07-27 Akzo Nobel N.V. Antifouling paint

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB2215530A (en) 1989-09-20
GB8805913D0 (en) 1988-04-13
JPH03504178A (en) 1991-09-12
EP0449817B1 (en) 1993-05-05
HK122193A (en) 1993-11-19
CA1301866C (en) 1992-05-26
JPH0727784B2 (en) 1995-03-29
GB2215530B (en) 1992-07-29
AU3420889A (en) 1989-10-05
WO1989008935A1 (en) 1989-09-21

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