EP0438614A1 - Méthode et dispositif pour l'affichage d'informations - Google Patents

Méthode et dispositif pour l'affichage d'informations Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0438614A1
EP0438614A1 EP90101275A EP90101275A EP0438614A1 EP 0438614 A1 EP0438614 A1 EP 0438614A1 EP 90101275 A EP90101275 A EP 90101275A EP 90101275 A EP90101275 A EP 90101275A EP 0438614 A1 EP0438614 A1 EP 0438614A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
coils
elements
coloured
axis
feeding
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP90101275A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Beatriz Elvira Katz
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER Inc
Original Assignee
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER Inc filed Critical ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER Inc
Priority to EP90101275A priority Critical patent/EP0438614A1/fr
Publication of EP0438614A1 publication Critical patent/EP0438614A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09F—DISPLAYING; ADVERTISING; SIGNS; LABELS OR NAME-PLATES; SEALS
    • G09F9/00—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements
    • G09F9/30—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements
    • G09F9/37—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements being movable elements
    • G09F9/375—Indicating arrangements for variable information in which the information is built-up on a support by selection or combination of individual elements in which the desired character or characters are formed by combining individual elements being movable elements the position of the elements being controlled by the application of a magnetic field

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an outside light source display for black and white and/or colour visualization of graphic or alphanumerical communications.
  • the display has been designed in order to work both utilizing sunlight as a light source, outdoor, and with artificial light by night and indoor.
  • the invention utilises pixel matrix panels and has a modular structure, thus covering a wide range of dimensions according to each particular need, from the shop to the stadium.
  • Displays with an internal light source can be those using a matrix of LEDs or of incandescent lamps, or those utilizing a matrix of video monitors each showing a portion of the whole image. They both are rather expensive and require a high power consumption of many kWatts per square meter.
  • the display apparatuses utilizing an outside light source can be represented by the common display used in airports and/or stations to give passangers the required information about leaving/arriving times etc.
  • the messages are formed by rotation of a number of tesseras, each mounted by one of its sides on a support rod as sheets in a book. These displays do not require a high power consumption and are quite resistant, but they can show only a limited number of predetermined messages and images.
  • Another apparatus utilizing an outside light source is a matrix based display, each matrix comprising a number of axially symmetrical elements provided with differently coloured faces which are magnetically or mechanically rotated.
  • This display is rather economical and can preserve the message also during a power failure, but has the main disadvantage that can use only triangular or quadrangular elements, as disclosed in US-A-4268821.
  • the use of rotatable elements with more than four sides will lower the ratio of representative surface versus total surface to unacceptable figures.
  • the visible part of a rotatable element having more than four sides is comprising both the selected coloured face and part of the adjacent differently coloured faces. It is thus necessary to position a hiding panel in front of the visualizing plane of the panel, provided with a plurality of openings having such dimensions as to let be visible the selected faces only.
  • a display apparatus which: utilizes matrix panels, can have at least 3 colours plus black and white - preferably six different colours; has a representative efficiency which is more than 80%; can preserve the message also during a power failure; requires a law capacity; has a modular structure, where each module is easily replaceable; utilizes an outside light source and is easily and economically manufacturable.
  • An object of this invention is therefore to provide an apparatus and a method for displaying information having the mentioned requirements.
  • the invention provides an information display apparatus of the kind having a plurality of axially symmetric elements coaxially aligned by rows or columns in a matrix arrangement,provided with differently coloured surface areas and with means for their controllable rotation around their axis of symmetry in order to alternatively display said coloured areas in correspondence with a visualizing plane, characterized in that it is provided with a grid structure coplanar and adjacent to said visualizing plane and consisting of a plurality of prismatic cells, or funnels, each positioned adjacent and in correspondence to at least one of said rotatable elements, and each being provided with a first opening positioned in interfacing relationship with one coloured surface of at least one of said coaxial rotatable elements, a second opening opposed to the first one, and reflecting walls.
  • the apparatus 1 comprises a plurality of axially symmetric elements 2 which in fig. 1 are cylinders, but may be any other suitable element axially symmetric.
  • Each cylinder is provided with a plurality of coloured surface areas, e.g. 3,4 and 5, and with means (not shown) to rotate them around their simmetry axis 12 in a controlled way in order to alternatively display said coloured areas in correspondence to a visualizing plane which is the ideal plane defined by areas 5 and 3 of upper elements 2 in fig. 1 and by all the other apparatus surface areas aligned with them.
  • a visualizing plane which is the ideal plane defined by areas 5 and 3 of upper elements 2 in fig. 1 and by all the other apparatus surface areas aligned with them.
  • said elements 2 are coaxially aligned by rows, and parallel to each other by columns: i.e. the symmetry axes of the elements are coaxial in each row and parallel in each column. While this is the preferred embodiment, it is possible to have the elements 2 coaxially aligned per columns and parallel by rows.
  • a grid structure 6 which is coplanar with said visualizing plane and consists of a plurality of prismatic cells or funnels 7.
  • Each prismatic funnel 7 is corresponding to at least one rotatable element 2 and to at least one pixel of the apparatus.
  • Each funnel 7 is hollow and it is provided with a first opening 8 positioned adjacent to one or more rotatable elements 2 in an interfacing position with the displayed coloured surface area of at least one of said coaxial elements of the same row and with a second opening 9 opposed to the first one.
  • the walls of the funnel 7 are internally reflecting walls. Thus, the coloured surface areas are reflected by said internal walls from element 2 surface to opening 9.
  • the funnels 7 have a quadrangular section which may be square or rectangular depending on their required dimensions. Actually, while the apparatus can provide one funnel for each element, as shown in the lower part of fig. 1, it is preferred to have one funnel for two or more coaxial elements, as the upper funnel of fig. 1. In fact, the latter embodiment will provide a much more luminous signal, even if slightly less well defined than in the first embodiment. In any case, however, the funnel walls 10, i.e. those perpendicular to the rotation axis 12, are substantially parallel to each other, while the remaining walls 11 are raking, diverging from first opening 8 to second opening 9.
  • first opening 8 defines onto each corresponding element 2 surface an area that is substantially equal to any coloured area on that cylinder, and sides 13 of second opening 9, corresponding to walls 10, are substantially as long as, or longer than, the diameter of element 2, where "diameter” means the diameter of the circle circumscribed to the cross section of the rotating element 2 if said section is polygonal, or the actual cylinder diameter 14 if said element is a cylinder as shown in fig.2.
  • sides 13 of opening 9 which are slightly greater than said diameter 14, in order to have elements 2 spaced enough to avoid any contact and to be housed by relevant supporting means.
  • said sides 13 can not be much longer than diameter 14 : a much greater length would prevent the sight of the reflected colour from certain angles with respect to the visualizing plane.
  • the ratio of the funnel depth A i.e. the value of distance between the two openings 8 and 9 versus the value of side 13, is within 0.5 and 2.0, and most preferably within 0.7 and 1.5.
  • the element rotation axes coincide with symmetry ares 12; the elements 2 are positioned horizontally and are provided with six different colours in the form of longitudinal surface bands of identical extension.
  • said bands are positioned on an interchangeable sheath 15; in this embodiment the rotatable element 2 is provided with suitable means 16 to exactly position sheath 15.
  • the preferred number of bands is six, which is also the preferred number of coloured faces when the rotating element 2 has a poligonal cross section, but there obviously may be a different number of such colored areas.
  • the displayed coloured areas i.e. the areas positioned in correspondence with first opening 8
  • the whole pixel area will thus be seen as totally coloured in one or more discrete colours even at great observing angles; the apparatus has thus a representative efficiency (i.e.the ratio between representative surface versus total surface) higher than 90%.
  • Any suitable means may be used in order to controllably rotate elements 2.
  • a first preferred embodiment is shown in fig.4, and is essentially consisting of a multipolar stator 17 coaxial with axis 12 and provided with n/2 poles, where n is the number of the possible stop positions of the rotatable element 2, i.e. the number of coloured bands.
  • the stator has three poles 18,18' and 18''each having an angle amplitude of about 90 degrees.
  • a permanent magnet 19 Externally to the stator 17 and integral with element 2 is provided a permanent magnet 19 which is also the rotor and has two poles 20 and 20', each having an angular amplitude substantially equal to that of poles 18 - 18''.
  • Poles 18-18'' are preferably provided each with one coil 21, 21', 21'', which is connected at one end to a common node 23 (fig. 5) and a relevant electrode 22 and at the other end to electrodes 24, 24' and 24''.
  • electrode 22 is the output electrode
  • electrodes 24-24'' are feeding electrodes; rectifier elements 24a are provided between coils 21-21'' and the relevant electrodes 24-24''in order to avoid undesired energizations.
  • the feeding electrodes are connected to a source of unidirectional voltage: thus, when fed, coils 21-21'' will always create the same kind of magnetic field e.g.forming a South pole.
  • the method according to the invention provides to change the magnetic field previously created - e.g. on pole 18 when feeding its coil 21 with said unidirectional voltage - by stopping to feed said coil and feeding all the remaining coils 21' and 21''with the same unidirectional voltage.
  • induced magnetization pole 21 magnetic field will then change its sign. It is thus possible to obtain the same six possible positions for rotor 19 with an unidirectional voltage feeding as when inverting the voltage sign.
  • circuitry unit When the above disclosed circuitry unit is used for a plurality of the cited rotating appartuses in a matrix arrangement, also the circuitry is arranged in a similar matrix.
  • each optical row i.e. each pixel row v, w
  • each optical column i and k i.e. each column of elements 2
  • each feeding electrode parallel connects all the homologous coils in the same column: e.g. electrode 24i parallel connects 21iv and 21iw.
  • Each electrode is provided with switching means.
  • each column has three feeding electrodes, but more generally the number of electrodes is the same of the coils, i.e. n/2, where n is the number of colours (stop positions) of the rotating element 2.
  • a device provided with a circuitry as above disclosed is operated according to a method "by rows in parallel”. More specifically this means that the rotation of elements 2 is controlled by rows: a first electrode, e.g. 22v is activated by closing its relevant switch only, and leaving all other row switches open; then one or more feeding electrodes are operated in each column (e.g.24'i and 24'k) depending on the chosen colour for each element of row v, which thus commutes in parallel with the other row elements. Electrode 22v is then deactivated and the above cited operations are repeated for each remaining row.
  • fig.7 is disclosed an alternative embodiment of a circuitry in a matrix arrangement that also enables the preferred parallel operation of the pixels as disclosed with reference to fig.6.
  • circuitry units are the same as those shown in fig. 5, but the common node 23 is connected to a grounding electrode 23' through switching means 25.
  • All homologous coils in the whole matrix are parallel connected to one feeding electrode (not shown): the total number of such feeding electrodes is therefore equal to the number of coils in the stator 17 - i.e. three in fig. 7 embodiment and n/2 more generally.
  • switching means 25 is a bistable relay provided with a set coil 26 and a reset coil 27. All reset coils 27 are parallel connected with a single feeding electrode 30 and are grounded in a known way.
  • the set coils 26 of each optical column i.e. columns i and k in fig. 7, are parallel connected to a feeding electrode 28i and 28k, respectively, and those of each optical row, i.e. rows v and w, are connected to the same output electrodes 29v and 29w, respectively.
  • a rectifier element is provided between electrodes 28 and set coils 26. Each electrode has its relevant switching means.
  • the above disclosed matrix arrangement is operated according to a "by colour in parallel” method. More particularly, in the first step all reset coils 27 are simultaneously activated trough electrode 30 in order to open switching means 25, at this moment also the switches of set coil feeding electrodes are open.
  • the electrode of a first row - e.g. electrode 29v of row v - is closed and also are closed some of the column feeding electrodes - e.g. electrode 28i - to actuate a first plurality of set coils 26 which thus close relevant switching means 25, the bistable relays being provided with a memory, electrode 28i can be closed only temporarily.
  • Figures 8 to 15 concern alternative embodiments of an apparatus to controllably rotate elements 2.
  • each element 2 is hollow and is idle with respect to its supporting axis 29, which is coaxial with symmetry axis 12 and usually coincides with it.
  • the apparatus comprises engagement means provided at preselected positions internally to said element 2 and on axis 29, to reversibly engage axis 29 with element 2 and rotate said element by dragging it to a selected display position, and blocking means to stop element 2 in said display position. All engagement means on axis 29 are aligned between themselves and those an elements 2 are in corresponding positions with respect to the element coloured areas.
  • axis 29 which may be a single axis or may consist of several axes joined together.
  • any suitable means according to above disclosed apparatus may be used : in fig. 9 is shown a cross section of a first embodiment where the engagement means comprises a leaf spring 31 or similar radial elastic element provided onto axis 29, and a tooth 32 internally projecting from element 2. It is also possible to have the spring 31 on element 2 and tooth 32 on the drive axis 29.
  • the engagement between the radial elements is strong enough to rotate element 2 but weak enough to allow a disengagement when the rotatable element 2 is blocked in the selected display positions by the cited blocking means.
  • the reversible blocking means consist of a plurality of ferromagnetic plates 35 provided on rotating element 2 in preselected positions and of an external electromagnet 36 controllably actuated by a coil 37.
  • Fig. 11 discloses blocking means consisted of a plurality of slots 38 or similar depressions provided on selected positions on rotating element 2, which are engageable by a latch 39 operated by an electromagnetic actuator 40.
  • latch 39 is not provided with a position memory, in that it is urged in a direction contrary to that of the actuator 40 by a spring 41 to release element 2.
  • further “memory” blocking means as the leaf spring 43 that releasably blocks element 2 in the position previously selected through latch 39 when the latter is disactivated and disengages slots 38.
  • Fig. 12 embodiment provides a position memory latch which enables to avoid the use of leaf spring 43.
  • actuator 40' has two actuating coils 44 and 45 to set and reset said latch in and from an engagement position, respectively.
  • a clutch element 42 by means of its friction value, avoid latch 39 moving from the position selected through coil 44 or 45.
  • a plurality of apparatuses as above disclosed with reference to figures 9 to 12 in a device according to the invention will be operated through a matrix arranged circuitry.
  • This circuitry will control the actuation of the electromagnetic blocking means, as shown in figs. 14 and 15.
  • a circuitry for controllably operate a matrix of apparatuses without position memory as those disclosed in fig.11 is shown.
  • all the actuator coils 49 of each optical column - e.g. column i - are parallel connected to a feeding electrode - e.g. electrode 46i - most preferably through a rectifier element, and all actuator coils of each row - e.g. row v - are parallel connected to one output electrode - e.g. electrode 47v - each electrode being provided with switching means.
  • all the set coils 44 are connected to a matrix arrangement identical to that above disclosed, the only difference being that reset coils 45 are all parallel connected with one single feeding electrode (not shown) and grounded in a known way. Each electrode has its switching means.
  • the first step is to turn the rotation axis 29 for a whole revolution to "collect” all elements 2 which it supports in order to "time” them and obtain the alignement of the some coloured areas for all the elements on the same axis.
  • the rotation of the axis is stopped after every 360/n degrees - where n is the number of coloured areas - i.e. for every coloured area of element 2, to allow the blocking means block some of said row elements in a selected display position, according to the required message, and then continued until all the message is formed.
  • the blocking step is effected according to a method "by rows in parallel" which is hereinafter exemplified with reference to row v : initially all blocking means are desactivated, i.e. the switches of electrode 47v and of all column electrodes are open. Axis 29 is then rotated and the coloured areas of elements 2 in row v are aligned as previously disclosed. The rotation of axis 29 is then stopped in a first position in which all elements 2 are displaying a first colour; the switch of electrode 47v is closed and then are closed the switches of all the column electrodes corresponding to pixels which have to display said first colour in row v, thus actuating in parallel the blocking means of the correponding elements.
  • Column switches may be open after each blocking step or after the whole row has been "written", positioning elements 2 as required.
  • Electrode 47v switch is then open and the above disclosed step is repeated for all remaining rows.
  • Fig. 13 shows an alternative embodiment of a rotating device according to the invention.
  • internal engagement means comprise an engaging element 50, which rotates with axis 29 but can freely move along it inside rotating element 2 from an engagement position to a disengagement position.
  • At one end element 50 is provided with a tooth 51 which cooperates with a similar tooth 52 integral to element 2 when element 50 is in said engagement position.
  • Element 50 is advantageously moved along axis 29 by means of an electromagnetic actuator 53, and is therefore made of ferromagnetic material.
  • Actuator 53 is provided with two coils, set and reset coil respectively, and their matrix arrangement and operating method is much the same as that disclosed with reference to fig.15.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Devices For Indicating Variable Information By Combining Individual Elements (AREA)
EP90101275A 1990-01-23 1990-01-23 Méthode et dispositif pour l'affichage d'informations Withdrawn EP0438614A1 (fr)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP90101275A EP0438614A1 (fr) 1990-01-23 1990-01-23 Méthode et dispositif pour l'affichage d'informations

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP90101275A EP0438614A1 (fr) 1990-01-23 1990-01-23 Méthode et dispositif pour l'affichage d'informations

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Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6081249A (en) * 1997-08-11 2000-06-27 Harris; Ellis D. Wrap around membrane color display device
US7616368B2 (en) * 2005-02-23 2009-11-10 Pixtronix, Inc. Light concentrating reflective display methods and apparatus
US8482496B2 (en) 2006-01-06 2013-07-09 Pixtronix, Inc. Circuits for controlling MEMS display apparatus on a transparent substrate
US8520285B2 (en) 2008-08-04 2013-08-27 Pixtronix, Inc. Methods for manufacturing cold seal fluid-filled display apparatus
US8519945B2 (en) 2006-01-06 2013-08-27 Pixtronix, Inc. Circuits for controlling display apparatus
US8519923B2 (en) 2005-02-23 2013-08-27 Pixtronix, Inc. Display methods and apparatus
US8526096B2 (en) 2006-02-23 2013-09-03 Pixtronix, Inc. Mechanical light modulators with stressed beams
US8599463B2 (en) 2008-10-27 2013-12-03 Pixtronix, Inc. MEMS anchors
US9082353B2 (en) 2010-01-05 2015-07-14 Pixtronix, Inc. Circuits for controlling display apparatus
US9087486B2 (en) 2005-02-23 2015-07-21 Pixtronix, Inc. Circuits for controlling display apparatus
US9134552B2 (en) 2013-03-13 2015-09-15 Pixtronix, Inc. Display apparatus with narrow gap electrostatic actuators
US9135868B2 (en) 2005-02-23 2015-09-15 Pixtronix, Inc. Direct-view MEMS display devices and methods for generating images thereon
US9158106B2 (en) 2005-02-23 2015-10-13 Pixtronix, Inc. Display methods and apparatus
US9176318B2 (en) 2007-05-18 2015-11-03 Pixtronix, Inc. Methods for manufacturing fluid-filled MEMS displays
US9229222B2 (en) 2005-02-23 2016-01-05 Pixtronix, Inc. Alignment methods in fluid-filled MEMS displays
US9261694B2 (en) 2005-02-23 2016-02-16 Pixtronix, Inc. Display apparatus and methods for manufacture thereof
US9336732B2 (en) 2005-02-23 2016-05-10 Pixtronix, Inc. Circuits for controlling display apparatus
US9500853B2 (en) 2005-02-23 2016-11-22 Snaptrack, Inc. MEMS-based display apparatus

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1272078A (fr) * 1960-08-02 1961-09-22 Mors Electricite Dispositif d'affichage d'informations
DE1965150A1 (de) * 1969-12-17 1971-06-24 Fok Gyem Finommech Elekt Einrichtung zur bildlichen Informationsuebertragung,zweckmaessig zur Information von Reisenden
US3963326A (en) * 1973-03-07 1976-06-15 Buchert Claude Charles Data display panels
FR2294500A2 (fr) * 1974-12-12 1976-07-09 Buchert Claude Charles Procede et dispositif de commande d'elements de tableau lumineux pour l'affichage d'informations fluctuantes
US4069480A (en) * 1977-01-03 1978-01-17 Ferranti-Packard Limited Blanking circuit for electromagnetic display
EP0167445A1 (fr) * 1984-06-25 1986-01-08 SOCIETE D'ETUDES POUR LE DEVELOPPEMENT DES PRODUCTIONS ELECTRONIQUES société anonyme Dispositif d'affichage comportant des éléments unitaires à commande électrique commandés par un réseau matriciel à diodes
US4779082A (en) * 1986-03-13 1988-10-18 Salam Hassan P A Matrix display apparatus employing movable magnetic elements

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1272078A (fr) * 1960-08-02 1961-09-22 Mors Electricite Dispositif d'affichage d'informations
DE1965150A1 (de) * 1969-12-17 1971-06-24 Fok Gyem Finommech Elekt Einrichtung zur bildlichen Informationsuebertragung,zweckmaessig zur Information von Reisenden
US3963326A (en) * 1973-03-07 1976-06-15 Buchert Claude Charles Data display panels
FR2294500A2 (fr) * 1974-12-12 1976-07-09 Buchert Claude Charles Procede et dispositif de commande d'elements de tableau lumineux pour l'affichage d'informations fluctuantes
US4069480A (en) * 1977-01-03 1978-01-17 Ferranti-Packard Limited Blanking circuit for electromagnetic display
EP0167445A1 (fr) * 1984-06-25 1986-01-08 SOCIETE D'ETUDES POUR LE DEVELOPPEMENT DES PRODUCTIONS ELECTRONIQUES société anonyme Dispositif d'affichage comportant des éléments unitaires à commande électrique commandés par un réseau matriciel à diodes
US4779082A (en) * 1986-03-13 1988-10-18 Salam Hassan P A Matrix display apparatus employing movable magnetic elements

Cited By (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6081249A (en) * 1997-08-11 2000-06-27 Harris; Ellis D. Wrap around membrane color display device
US9336732B2 (en) 2005-02-23 2016-05-10 Pixtronix, Inc. Circuits for controlling display apparatus
US9500853B2 (en) 2005-02-23 2016-11-22 Snaptrack, Inc. MEMS-based display apparatus
US8519923B2 (en) 2005-02-23 2013-08-27 Pixtronix, Inc. Display methods and apparatus
US9135868B2 (en) 2005-02-23 2015-09-15 Pixtronix, Inc. Direct-view MEMS display devices and methods for generating images thereon
US9274333B2 (en) 2005-02-23 2016-03-01 Pixtronix, Inc. Alignment methods in fluid-filled MEMS displays
US9261694B2 (en) 2005-02-23 2016-02-16 Pixtronix, Inc. Display apparatus and methods for manufacture thereof
US9229222B2 (en) 2005-02-23 2016-01-05 Pixtronix, Inc. Alignment methods in fluid-filled MEMS displays
US9087486B2 (en) 2005-02-23 2015-07-21 Pixtronix, Inc. Circuits for controlling display apparatus
US9177523B2 (en) 2005-02-23 2015-11-03 Pixtronix, Inc. Circuits for controlling display apparatus
US7616368B2 (en) * 2005-02-23 2009-11-10 Pixtronix, Inc. Light concentrating reflective display methods and apparatus
US9158106B2 (en) 2005-02-23 2015-10-13 Pixtronix, Inc. Display methods and apparatus
US8482496B2 (en) 2006-01-06 2013-07-09 Pixtronix, Inc. Circuits for controlling MEMS display apparatus on a transparent substrate
US8519945B2 (en) 2006-01-06 2013-08-27 Pixtronix, Inc. Circuits for controlling display apparatus
US9128277B2 (en) 2006-02-23 2015-09-08 Pixtronix, Inc. Mechanical light modulators with stressed beams
US8526096B2 (en) 2006-02-23 2013-09-03 Pixtronix, Inc. Mechanical light modulators with stressed beams
US9176318B2 (en) 2007-05-18 2015-11-03 Pixtronix, Inc. Methods for manufacturing fluid-filled MEMS displays
US8891152B2 (en) 2008-08-04 2014-11-18 Pixtronix, Inc. Methods for manufacturing cold seal fluid-filled display apparatus
US8520285B2 (en) 2008-08-04 2013-08-27 Pixtronix, Inc. Methods for manufacturing cold seal fluid-filled display apparatus
US9116344B2 (en) 2008-10-27 2015-08-25 Pixtronix, Inc. MEMS anchors
US9182587B2 (en) 2008-10-27 2015-11-10 Pixtronix, Inc. Manufacturing structure and process for compliant mechanisms
US8599463B2 (en) 2008-10-27 2013-12-03 Pixtronix, Inc. MEMS anchors
US9082353B2 (en) 2010-01-05 2015-07-14 Pixtronix, Inc. Circuits for controlling display apparatus
US9134552B2 (en) 2013-03-13 2015-09-15 Pixtronix, Inc. Display apparatus with narrow gap electrostatic actuators

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