EP0431640B1 - Mobile cellular antenna system - Google Patents

Mobile cellular antenna system Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0431640B1
EP0431640B1 EP90123569A EP90123569A EP0431640B1 EP 0431640 B1 EP0431640 B1 EP 0431640B1 EP 90123569 A EP90123569 A EP 90123569A EP 90123569 A EP90123569 A EP 90123569A EP 0431640 B1 EP0431640 B1 EP 0431640B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
auxiliary antenna
radiator
vehicle
antenna
window
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP90123569A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0431640A2 (en
EP0431640A3 (en
Inventor
Everett T. Bryant
David M. Phemister
Alex F. Wells
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Larsen Electronics Inc
Original Assignee
Larsen Electronics Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Larsen Electronics Inc filed Critical Larsen Electronics Inc
Priority to AT90123569T priority Critical patent/ATE98055T1/en
Publication of EP0431640A2 publication Critical patent/EP0431640A2/en
Publication of EP0431640A3 publication Critical patent/EP0431640A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0431640B1 publication Critical patent/EP0431640B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/27—Adaptation for use in or on movable bodies
    • H01Q1/32—Adaptation for use in or on road or rail vehicles
    • H01Q1/325—Adaptation for use in or on road or rail vehicles characterised by the location of the antenna on the vehicle
    • H01Q1/3258—Adaptation for use in or on road or rail vehicles characterised by the location of the antenna on the vehicle using the gutter of the vehicle; Means for clamping a whip aerial on the edge of a part of the vehicle
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/1271—Supports; Mounting means for mounting on windscreens
    • H01Q1/1285—Supports; Mounting means for mounting on windscreens with capacitive feeding through the windscreen
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/27—Adaptation for use in or on movable bodies
    • H01Q1/32—Adaptation for use in or on road or rail vehicles
    • H01Q1/325—Adaptation for use in or on road or rail vehicles characterised by the location of the antenna on the vehicle
    • H01Q1/3291—Adaptation for use in or on road or rail vehicles characterised by the location of the antenna on the vehicle mounted in or on other locations inside the vehicle or vehicle body
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/24—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts
    • H04B7/26—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts at least one of which is mobile
    • H04B7/2603—Arrangements for wireless physical layer control
    • H04B7/2606—Arrangements for base station coverage control, e.g. by using relays in tunnels

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of cellular telephony, and more particularly relates to mobile antennas used with cellular telephones.
  • the present invention overcomes the above-mentioned problems. It permits users of transportable and portable telephones to gain the benefit of a vehicle-mounted antenna without requiring that tedious connections be made or broken each time the telephone is moved into or out of a car. The invention even permits portable telephones which have no provision for connection to an external antenna to gain the benefit of an external, vehicle mounted antenna.
  • signals are coupled between a vehicle mounted antenna and a cellular telephone by radio rather than by wire.
  • this is achieved by providing an on-glass vehicle antenna with an auxiliary antenna inside the vehicle. Signals are passed to and from the external antenna portion of the on-glass antenna by transmission of signals between the telephone's own antenna and the internal auxiliary antenna portion of the on-glass antenna.
  • a high gain antenna typically a parabolic dish
  • This parabolic antenna is connected by coaxial cable or waveguide to one or more antennas inside the tunnel, thereby providing radio coverage inside the tunnel.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic illustration of an antenna system according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic illustration of the antenna system of Fig. 1 used in the passenger compartment of a vehicle in conjunction with a portable cellular telephone.
  • Fig. 3 is an illustration of an antenna system according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 4 is an illustration of an antenna system according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
  • vehicle mounted antennas are typically fed by one of two techniques: direct feed or through-the glass coupling (inductive or capacitive).
  • direct feed systems there is an electrical connection from the feed line to the antenna. This connection is usually made by a cable that passes through a hole drilled in the vehicle body.
  • Through-the-glass coupling is most commonly used for cellular vehicle antennas since no hole need be drilled in the vehicle.
  • Through-the-glass coupling systems usually take one of two forms.
  • a low impedance presented by the transmission line (connecting to the telephone) is transformed up to match a high impedance presented by the external antenna.
  • the Larsen and Parfitt patents illustrate this technique.
  • the transformation up to the high impedance is performed on the side of the glass outside the vehicle; the through-the-glass coupling is performed at a low impedance.
  • the transformation up to the high impedance is performed on the side of the glass inside the vehicle; the through-the-glass coupling is performed at a high impedance.
  • the present invention is applicable to all of these through-the-glass techniques, as well as to traditional direct feed techniques.
  • the invention will be illustrated with reference to the Larsen system.
  • an antenna system 10 includes an external radiator 12, an internal auxiliary antenna 14, and some means 16 for coupling energy therebetween.
  • the internal auxiliary antenna comprises a dipole dimensioned to present a low resonant impedance in the cellular telephone frequency band.
  • Each leg 14a, 14b of the dipole is connected to an inside capacitive coupling plate 18a, 18b.
  • These inside capacitive coupling plates are mounted to an inside surface 20 of a vehicle windshield 22.
  • an impedance transformation network 28 which here comprises a series-coupled inductor 30 and capacitor 32.
  • the inductor 30 is tuned to match a high resonant impedance presented by the external radiator 12 to the low impedance coupled through the vehicle windshield from the low impedance internal auxiliary antenna 14.
  • the antenna 10 of the present invention is shown mounted on the rear windshield of a vehicle 34.
  • a portable or transportable telephone 36 with its own antenna 38.
  • signals broadcast from the telephone antenna 38 are picked up by the internal auxiliary antenna 14 and rebroadcast outside the passenger compartment using the external radiator 12.
  • signals received by the external radiator 12 are rebroadcast inside the vehicle by the antenna 14 and received by the telephone antenna 38.
  • the internal auxiliary antenna may be oriented to achieve vertical or horizontal polarization. Surprisingly, best results are often achieved with horizontal polarization, despite the fact that the telephone antenna with which it is communicating is generally vertically polarized.
  • the antenna system may be adapted for removable mounting on the top of a vehicle window.
  • a spring-plastic U-shaped clip 50 can slide down over the top edge of a partially-rolled down window 52.
  • the internal auxiliary antenna can be mounted to the inside portion 54 of the clip.
  • the external radiator can be mounted to the outside portion 56 of the clip. Coupling from the internal antenna to the external radiator can be accomplished by a transmission line 58 molded into the plastic clip that connects the two (Fig. 3).
  • a capacitive or inductive coupling arrangement can be used, with one coupling component 26 attached to the outside portion of the clip and the other coupling component 18 attached to the inside portion of the clip (Fig. 4).
  • a vehicle may be provided with two or more antenna systems according to the present invention.
  • a directional radiation pattern is achieved.
  • the directional characteristics here are dependent not only on the spacings of the radiators relative to each other, but also on the location of the portable or transportable telephone's antenna within the array of internal antennas.
  • By moving the telephone within the car the relative phasings of the signals driving the radiators are altered, changing the net radiation pattern.
  • the foregoing embodiments permit transportable phones to gain the benefit of an external vehicle-mounted antenna without having to connect or disconnect the antenna each time the telephone is moved to or from the vehicle.
  • the invention similarly permits portable phones, which often cannot connect to an external antenna even by cable, to easily utilize an external antenna.
  • the invention may also be applied to direct feed antennas by directly connecting the internal auxiliary antenna to the external radiator, as was noted in connection with the second embodiment.
  • an auxiliary antenna may be positioned within the passenger compartment of the vehicle and connected to the external radiator by cabling.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
  • Input Circuits Of Receivers And Coupling Of Receivers And Audio Equipment (AREA)
  • Support Of Aerials (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
  • Radio Relay Systems (AREA)
  • Details Of Aerials (AREA)
  • Fittings On The Vehicle Exterior For Carrying Loads, And Devices For Holding Or Mounting Articles (AREA)

Abstract

A mobile cellular antenna system includes an auxiliary antenna (14) that is coupled to a radiator (12) on the exterior of a vehicle. This arrangement permits users or portable or transportable cellular telephones with built-in antennas to gain transmission and reception advantage from the exterior antenna while operating from within the passenger compartment.

Description

    Field of the Invention
  • The present invention relates to the field of cellular telephony, and more particularly relates to mobile antennas used with cellular telephones.
    • Background and Summary of the Invention
  • Cellular telephony has grown at an exponential rate in recent years. No longer are car phones the exclusive domain of the limousine set. Now they are becoming commonplace in all types of vehicles.
  • The associated technology has advanced at a dizzying pace as well. No longer are car phones heavy units bolted to the floors of vehicles. Rather, they are now small lightweight units which take a number of forms. so called "mobile" phones usually are permanently installed in a vehicle. These units must be connected to both the vehicle battery and to an external antenna (which is typically mounted on the windshield of the vehicle). "Portable" phones are adapted to be hand carried and include their own battery packs and antennas. A hybrid form of phone, termed a "transportable" can be connected to a vehicle's battery and external antenna, or it may be disconnected and removed from the vehicle, relying on an internal battery pack and its own antenna for operation.
  • In strong signal areas, all of these units perform well. In fringe areas, however, the associated antennas become more critical. To maintain good communications from a transportable phone at a fringe location, the unit must generally be connected to the vehicle-mounted antenna, rather than rely on its own. If a portable phone is used from a fringe location, it is best to operate the unit outside of the vehicle, with the phone's antenna in the clear. If either a portable or transportable is operated inside the passenger compartment of a vehicle using its built-in antenna, fringe area performance suffers, since the metal surrounding the passenger compartment interferes with transmission of the radio signals.
  • It will be recognized that it is tedious to connect and disconnect a transportable telephone to a vehicle antenna each time the phone is taken inside or outside a car. However, such action is necessitated in fringe areas. Similarly, it is troublesome for a user of a portable phone to stop the vehicle, get out, and position the portable's own antenna in the clear in order to maintain clear communications. However, this is the present state of the art.
  • The prior European Patent Application EP-A-0,429,203, published on 29th May 1991, discloses an antenna system for a vehicle comprising an external antenna, located outside the vehicle and an internal antenna located within the vehicle. This document, to which Article 54(3)EPC applies, is not relevant to the question of inventive step.
  • The present invention overcomes the above-mentioned problems. It permits users of transportable and portable telephones to gain the benefit of a vehicle-mounted antenna without requiring that tedious connections be made or broken each time the telephone is moved into or out of a car. The invention even permits portable telephones which have no provision for connection to an external antenna to gain the benefit of an external, vehicle mounted antenna.
  • In accordance with the present invention as defined in the appended claims 1 and 9, signals are coupled between a vehicle mounted antenna and a cellular telephone by radio rather than by wire. In one embodiment of the invention, this is achieved by providing an on-glass vehicle antenna with an auxiliary antenna inside the vehicle. Signals are passed to and from the external antenna portion of the on-glass antenna by transmission of signals between the telephone's own antenna and the internal auxiliary antenna portion of the on-glass antenna.
  • It will be recognised that the invention may be likened to so called "passive repeaters". Such repeaters are known in a number of fields, including relay stations to provide cellular telephone coverage in areas that would otherwise be inaccessible to radio signals, such as inside tunnels. In this application, a high gain antenna, typically a parabolic dish, is mounted outside of the tunnel and is directed towards the nearest cellular broadcasting station. This parabolic antenna is connected by coaxial cable or waveguide to one or more antennas inside the tunnel, thereby providing radio coverage inside the tunnel.
  • While passive repeaters are a well known technology, no one, to applicants' knowledge, has heretofore applied it to the problem of conveniently using portable and transportable telephones from within the passenger compartments of vehicles. Others skilled in this art failed to arrive at the present invention despite massive research and development efforts in the cellular telephony field by industry leaders in the U.S., Europe and Japan. The non-obviousness of the present invention is illustrated by the unanimity with which it has been overlooked.
  • The above-described features and advantages of the present invention will be more readily apparent from the following detailed description thereof, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying drawings.
    • Brief Description of the Drawings
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic illustration of an antenna system according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic illustration of the antenna system of Fig. 1 used in the passenger compartment of a vehicle in conjunction with a portable cellular telephone.
  • Fig. 3 is an illustration of an antenna system according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 4 is an illustration of an antenna system according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
    • Detailed Description
  • To provide a comprehensive disclosure without unduly lengthening this specification, applicants incorporate by reference the disclosures of U.S. Patents 4,862,183, 4,804,969, 4,794,319, 4,764,773 (Larsen), 4,658,259 (Blaese), 4,238,799 (Parfitt), 4,089,817, 4,028,704, 2,829,367 and 2,206,820.
  • As illustrated by the above-referenced patents, vehicle mounted antennas are typically fed by one of two techniques: direct feed or through-the glass coupling (inductive or capacitive). In direct feed systems, there is an electrical connection from the feed line to the antenna. This connection is usually made by a cable that passes through a hole drilled in the vehicle body. Through-the-glass coupling is most commonly used for cellular vehicle antennas since no hole need be drilled in the vehicle.
  • Through-the-glass coupling systems usually take one of two forms. In the first, a low impedance presented by the transmission line (connecting to the telephone) is transformed up to match a high impedance presented by the external antenna. The Larsen and Parfitt patents illustrate this technique. In the Larsen system, the transformation up to the high impedance is performed on the side of the glass outside the vehicle; the through-the-glass coupling is performed at a low impedance. In the Parfitt system, the transformation up to the high impedance is performed on the side of the glass inside the vehicle; the through-the-glass coupling is performed at a high impedance.
  • In the second type of through-the-glass coupling, a low impedance presented by the transmission line is coupled directly to a low impedance antenna without any impedance transformation. The Blaese patent illustrates this technique.
  • The present invention is applicable to all of these through-the-glass techniques, as well as to traditional direct feed techniques. For expository convenience, the invention will be illustrated with reference to the Larsen system.
  • Referring to Fig. 1, an antenna system 10 according to the present invention includes an external radiator 12, an internal auxiliary antenna 14, and some means 16 for coupling energy therebetween. In the illustrated embodiment, the internal auxiliary antenna comprises a dipole dimensioned to present a low resonant impedance in the cellular telephone frequency band. Each leg 14a, 14b of the dipole is connected to an inside capacitive coupling plate 18a, 18b. These inside capacitive coupling plates, in turn, are mounted to an inside surface 20 of a vehicle windshield 22.
  • On an outside surface 24 of the vehicle windshield 22, opposite the inside coupling plates 18a, 18b, are mounted corresponding outside capacitive coupling plates 26a, 26b. These plates, in turn, are connected to an impedance transformation network 28, which here comprises a series-coupled inductor 30 and capacitor 32. The inductor 30 is tuned to match a high resonant impedance presented by the external radiator 12 to the low impedance coupled through the vehicle windshield from the low impedance internal auxiliary antenna 14.
  • Referring now to Fig. 2, the antenna 10 of the present invention is shown mounted on the rear windshield of a vehicle 34. Inside the passenger compartment of the vehicle is a portable or transportable telephone 36 with its own antenna 38. signals broadcast from the telephone antenna 38 are picked up by the internal auxiliary antenna 14 and rebroadcast outside the passenger compartment using the external radiator 12. Similarly, signals received by the external radiator 12 are rebroadcast inside the vehicle by the antenna 14 and received by the telephone antenna 38.
  • The internal auxiliary antenna may be oriented to achieve vertical or horizontal polarization. Surprisingly, best results are often achieved with horizontal polarization, despite the fact that the telephone antenna with which it is communicating is generally vertically polarized.
  • In another embodiment of the invention (Figs. 3 and 4), the antenna system may be adapted for removable mounting on the top of a vehicle window. A spring-plastic U-shaped clip 50 can slide down over the top edge of a partially-rolled down window 52. The internal auxiliary antenna can be mounted to the inside portion 54 of the clip. The external radiator can be mounted to the outside portion 56 of the clip. Coupling from the internal antenna to the external radiator can be accomplished by a transmission line 58 molded into the plastic clip that connects the two (Fig. 3). Alternatively, a capacitive or inductive coupling arrangement can be used, with one coupling component 26 attached to the outside portion of the clip and the other coupling component 18 attached to the inside portion of the clip (Fig. 4).
  • If desired, a vehicle may be provided with two or more antenna systems according to the present invention. By using a plurality of such antenna systems, a directional radiation pattern is achieved. Unlike most phased arrays, the directional characteristics here are dependent not only on the spacings of the radiators relative to each other, but also on the location of the portable or transportable telephone's antenna within the array of internal antennas. By moving the telephone within the car, the relative phasings of the signals driving the radiators are altered, changing the net radiation pattern. Thus, by use of a plurality of antenna systems according to the present invention, it is possible to provide a steerable phased array -- steerable simply by moving the telephone inside the vehicle.
    • Conclusion
  • It will be recognized that the foregoing embodiments permit transportable phones to gain the benefit of an external vehicle-mounted antenna without having to connect or disconnect the antenna each time the telephone is moved to or from the vehicle. The invention similarly permits portable phones, which often cannot connect to an external antenna even by cable, to easily utilize an external antenna.
  • Having described and illustrated the principles of our invention with reference to several embodiments thereof, it will be apparent that the invention can be modified in arrangement and detail without departing from such principles. For example, while the invention has been illustrated with reference to an embodiment in which the internal auxiliary antenna is a dipole and presents a low impedance, in other embodiments other interior antenna configurations may be used, some of which present high impedances. Similarly, while the invention has been illustrated with reference to an embodiment in which an inductor/capacitor matching network is used outside the glass, a variety of other matching arrangements may be used on either side of the glass, or no matching network at all may be required. Of course, the invention may also be applied to direct feed antennas by directly connecting the internal auxiliary antenna to the external radiator, as was noted in connection with the second embodiment. Similarly, if a vehicle is provided with a direct feed radiator mounted on the vehicle trunk, an auxiliary antenna may be positioned within the passenger compartment of the vehicle and connected to the external radiator by cabling.

Claims (13)

  1. A combination of a vehicle (34) having a window (22, 52) and a passenger compartment, a cellular telephone (36) disposed within the passenger compartment, an exterior radiator (12) tuned for operation in the cellular telephone band, mounting means for mounting the radiator (12) on an outside surface (24) of the window (22, 52), said mounting means including means for mounting the radiator (12) in a vertical orientation and an auxiliary antenna (14) associated with the external radiator (12) and coupled thereto, said auxiliary antenna (14) also being tuned for operation in the cellular telephone band and characterised in that said auxiliary antenna (14) is oriented horizontally, orthogonally relative to the exterior radiator (12) and signals are coupled by radio between the cellular telephone (36) and the auxiliary antenna (14) such that no physical connection links the auxiliary antenna (14) to the cellular telephone (36).
  2. A combination according to claim 1 in which the auxiliary antenna (14) is a horizontally oriented dipole.
  3. A combination according to claim 1 or 2, in which the auxiliary antenna (14) is disposed inside the passenger compartment of the vehicle (34) and is mounted to an inside surface (20) of the window (22).
  4. A combination according to any preceding claim further including a matching circuit (28) associated with the exterior radiator (12), the matching circuit (28) comprising a capacitor (32) and an inductor (30) connected in series, with the junction therebetween being connected to the exterior radiator (12).
  5. A combination according to claim 1 further including a generally U-shaped clip (50) adapted to engage the top edge of the vehicle window (52) and to position the exterior radiator (12) and the auxiliary antenna (14) on opposite sides (24,20) thereof.
  6. A combination according to claim 5 further including a wired connection (58) extending between the exterior radiator (12) and the auxiliary antenna (14), the wired connection (58) generally following the U-shape of the clip (50).
  7. A combination according to claim 5 further including: a first coupling component (18) coupled to the auxiliary antenna (14) and attached to an inside portion of the clip (56); and a second coupling component (26) coupled to the exterior radiator (12) and attached to an outside portion of the clip (50), the first and second coupling components (18, 26) being adapted to transfer energy through the window (52) without a physical connection therebetween.
  8. A combination according to claim 1 further including: mounting means for mounting the exterior radiator (12) and auxiliary antenna (14) on opposite sides of the window (22); a first coupling component (18) coupled to the auxiliary antenna (14); and a second coupling component (26) coupled to the exterior radiator (12), the first and second coupling components being adapted to transfer energy through the window (22) without a physical connection therebetween.
  9. A method for coupling radio frequency energy from a cellular telephone (36) located inside a vehicle (34) to a vertical exterior radiator (12) disposed on a window (22) on the outside of the vehicle (34), the method being characterised by coupling energy from the cellular telephone (36) to a horizontally oriented auxiliary antenna (14) without a physical connection extending therebetween, and coupling energy from the horizontally oriented auxiliary antenna (14) to the vertical exterior radiator (12).
  10. A method according to claim 9 which further includes disposing the horizontally oriented auxiliary antenna (14) inside the passenger compartment of the vehicle (34) and mounting the auxiliary antenna element (14) to an inside surface (20) of the window (22).
  11. A method according to claim 9 or 10 which further includes coupling energy between the cellular telephone (36) and the vertical exterior radiator (12) through a matching circuit (28) formed by connecting an inductor (30) and a capacitor (32) in series, and feeding the vertical exterior radiator (12) from a junction between the inductor (30) and capacitor (32).
  12. A method according to claim 9 or 10 in which the horizontally oriented auxiliary antenna (14) is coupled to the vertical exterior radiator (12) through a wired connection (58) extending therebetween.
  13. A method according to any one of claims 9 to 11 in which the horizontally oriented auxiliary antenna (14) is coupled to the vertical exterior radiator (12) without a wired connection extending therebetween.
EP90123569A 1989-12-08 1990-12-07 Mobile cellular antenna system Expired - Lifetime EP0431640B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT90123569T ATE98055T1 (en) 1989-12-08 1990-12-07 ANTENNA SYSTEM FOR CELLULAR MOBILE RADIO SYSTEM.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US447720 1989-12-08
US07/447,720 US5099252A (en) 1989-12-08 1989-12-08 Mobile cellular antenna system

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0431640A2 EP0431640A2 (en) 1991-06-12
EP0431640A3 EP0431640A3 (en) 1991-09-04
EP0431640B1 true EP0431640B1 (en) 1993-12-01

Family

ID=23777470

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP90123569A Expired - Lifetime EP0431640B1 (en) 1989-12-08 1990-12-07 Mobile cellular antenna system

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (3) US5099252A (en)
EP (1) EP0431640B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE98055T1 (en)
CA (1) CA2031598C (en)
DE (2) DE69004940T2 (en)
DK (1) DK0431640T3 (en)
ES (1) ES2029216T1 (en)

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Also Published As

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CA2031598C (en) 1995-07-18
ES2029216T1 (en) 1992-08-01
DK0431640T3 (en) 1994-11-07
ATE98055T1 (en) 1993-12-15
USRE36076E (en) 1999-02-02
CA2031598A1 (en) 1991-06-09
EP0431640A2 (en) 1991-06-12
DE431640T1 (en) 1992-06-11
US5155494A (en) 1992-10-13
US5099252A (en) 1992-03-24
EP0431640A3 (en) 1991-09-04
DE69004940D1 (en) 1994-01-13
DE69004940T2 (en) 1994-03-24

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