EP0430790A1 - Silent hermetic motor-compressor - Google Patents

Silent hermetic motor-compressor Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0430790A1
EP0430790A1 EP90403348A EP90403348A EP0430790A1 EP 0430790 A1 EP0430790 A1 EP 0430790A1 EP 90403348 A EP90403348 A EP 90403348A EP 90403348 A EP90403348 A EP 90403348A EP 0430790 A1 EP0430790 A1 EP 0430790A1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
hermetic
shell
compressor
motor
component elements
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EP90403348A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0430790B1 (en
Inventor
Jean-Pierre Braga
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Lunite Hermetique SA
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Lunite Hermetique SA
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B39/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, of pumps or pumping systems specially adapted for elastic fluids, not otherwise provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F04B25/00 - F04B37/00
    • F04B39/12—Casings; Cylinders; Cylinder heads; Fluid connections
    • F04B39/123—Fluid connections
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B39/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, of pumps or pumping systems specially adapted for elastic fluids, not otherwise provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F04B25/00 - F04B37/00
    • F04B39/12—Casings; Cylinders; Cylinder heads; Fluid connections
    • F04B39/121—Casings

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a hermetic motor compressor with silent operation.
  • a hermetic motor compressor usually comprises a hermetic metal shell formed by a tank and a cover, in which are mounted a compressor unit and its drive motor.
  • Hermetic motor compressors sold commercially generally have their sheet steel hull hermetically welded.
  • the tank and the steel cover which form their shell are thus rigidly mechanically linked to each other by a steel weld bead which has the same nature as that of these tank and cover. This weld bead contributes to forming a monobloc shell having in all its parts a continuity of properties or physical characteristics.
  • hermetic compressors During operation of these hermetic compressors, their compressor unit and their drive motor generate acoustic radiation and mechanical vibrations which excite their welded metal shell which in turn vibrates and radiates a disturbing acoustic energy to the outside.
  • the hermetic sealed compressors with a welded shell available on the market are therefore noisy during their operation.
  • the aim of the present invention is to avoid these drawbacks and makes it possible to produce a hermetic motorized compressor with a metal shell operating with a minimum allowable noise, in other words with silent operation.
  • a hermetic motor compressor with metal shell formed by hermetic assembly of metal component elements is characterized in that the metal shell is provided in the joint of its assembled metal component elements, with a hermetic assembly cord having a different nature from that of these component elements and helping to form a solid hermetic composite shell.
  • a hermetic motor compressor 1 according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention illustrated in FIG. 1 comprises, on the outside, a metal shell 2 formed by a hermetic assembly of a tank 3 and a cover 4, and at the inside a compressor 5 and an electric drive motor 6.
  • the compressor 5 and motor 6 assembly is suspended inside the shell 2 by means of elastic legs or springs 8.
  • a pipe 9 for admitting a fluid gaseous refrigerant mounted at an inlet to the compressor 5 is open in the enclosure of the hermetic shell 2 in the vicinity of a pipe 12 for the return of the refrigerant in the hermetic motor compressor 1.
  • a pipe 15 for discharging the compressed refrigerant connects an outlet of this compressor 5 with an external refrigeration circuit 17, through a wall of the hermetic shell 2.
  • the compressor 5 and the drive motor 6 generate acoustic radiation and mechanical vibrations inside the metal shell 2 which tend to excite this shell 2 and cause it to vibrate. in turn.
  • the hermetic compressor 1 comprises a metal shell 2 made up of metallic component elements and provided in the joint of these assembled component elements, with a hermetic assembly cord which has a different nature from that of these component elements and contributes to forming not a one-piece shell having in all its parts a relative continuity of physical properties or characteristics but a solid hermetic composite shell having a discontinuity of physical properties or characteristics at the junction of its component elements.
  • the hermetic assembly cord of the metallic component elements of the shell 2 is preferably made of a non-metallic material.
  • the hermetic motor compressor 1 comprises a hermetic metal shell 2 formed of metallic component elements, namely a tank 3 and a cover 4 made of sheet steel and provided in the assembly joint with these metallic component elements, of a hermetic assembly cord constituted by a layer of adhesive 18.
  • the hermetic assembly cord of the component elements of the hermetic shell 2 is resistant to the action of the refrigerant and of the lubricant used in the hermetic compressor 1, and ensures a good seal of the shell 2 and a good mechanical connection of assembly. of these metallic component elements.
  • the result obtained is such that the product resists without damage the temperatures reached during the manufacturing stages.
  • the lifetime of the compressor obtained is at least equivalent to that of a compressor having a weld bead assembly.
  • the adhesive 18 which constitutes a hermetic assembly bead of the component elements of the shell 2 is an adhesive of natural or synthetic origin sold commercially.
  • the pipe 15 of discharge of the compressed refrigerant which connects an outlet of the compressor 5 with the external refrigeration circuit 17 is hermetically welded to the wall of the metal shell 2 at its crossing of this wall.
  • the pipe 15 for discharging the compressed refrigerant is hermetically sealed through a hole 19 in the wall of the metal shell 2, by means of a sleeve in one elastic material 20, securely and hermetically held on the pipe 15 and this wall of the shell 2 by a layer of an adhesive similar or identical to the adhesive 18.
  • the sleeve 20 is made of an elastic material resistant to the refrigerant and to the lubricant .

Abstract

Hermetic motor-compressor set with a metal shell formed by hermetic assembly of metal component parts, characterized by the fact that the metal shell is equipped, in the joint of its assembled metal component parts, with a hermetic assembly bead of a nature different from that of these component parts and contributing to form a solid hermetic composite shell.

Description

La présente invention concerne un motocompresseur hermétique à fonctionnement silencieux.The present invention relates to a hermetic motor compressor with silent operation.

Un motocompresseur hermétique comprend habituellement une coque métallique hermétique formée d 'une cuve et d'un couvercle, dans laquelle sont montés un groupe compresseur et son moteur d'entraînement. Les motocompresseurs hermétiques en vente dans le commerce ont généralement leur coque en tôle d'acier soudée hermétiquement. La cuve et le couvercle en acier qui forment leur coque sont ainsi rigidement liés mécaniquement l'un à l'autre par un cordon de soudure en acier qui a une même nature que celle de ces cuve et couvercle. Ce cordon de soudure contribue à former une coque monobloc présentant dans toutes ses parties une continuité de propriétés ou caractéristiques physiques.A hermetic motor compressor usually comprises a hermetic metal shell formed by a tank and a cover, in which are mounted a compressor unit and its drive motor. Hermetic motor compressors sold commercially generally have their sheet steel hull hermetically welded. The tank and the steel cover which form their shell are thus rigidly mechanically linked to each other by a steel weld bead which has the same nature as that of these tank and cover. This weld bead contributes to forming a monobloc shell having in all its parts a continuity of properties or physical characteristics.

Lors d'un fonctionnement de ces motocompresseurs hermétiques, leur groupe compresseur et leur moteur d'entraînement engendrent un rayonnement acoustique et des vibrations mécaniques lesquelles viennent exciter leur coque métallique soudée qui entre à son tour en vibration et rayonne une gênante énergie acoustique à l'extérieur. Les motocompresseurs hermétiques à coque soudée en vente dans le commerce s'avèrent ainsi bruyants durant leur fonctionnement.During operation of these hermetic compressors, their compressor unit and their drive motor generate acoustic radiation and mechanical vibrations which excite their welded metal shell which in turn vibrates and radiates a disturbing acoustic energy to the outside. The hermetic sealed compressors with a welded shell available on the market are therefore noisy during their operation.

La présente invention ayant pour but d'éviter ces inconvénients permet de réaliser un motocompresseur hermétique à coque métallique à fonctionnement avec un minimum admissible de bruit autrement dit à fonctionnement silencieux.The aim of the present invention is to avoid these drawbacks and makes it possible to produce a hermetic motorized compressor with a metal shell operating with a minimum allowable noise, in other words with silent operation.

Selon l'invention, un motocompresseur hermétique à coque métallique formée par assemblage hermétique d'éléments composants métalliques est caractérisé en ce que la coque métallique est munie dans la jointure de ses éléments composants métalliques assemblés, d'un cordon d'assemblage hermétique ayant une nature différente de celle de ces éléments composants et contribuant à former une solide coque composite hermétique.According to the invention, a hermetic motor compressor with metal shell formed by hermetic assembly of metal component elements is characterized in that the metal shell is provided in the joint of its assembled metal component elements, with a hermetic assembly cord having a different nature from that of these component elements and helping to form a solid hermetic composite shell.

Pour mieux faire comprendre l'invention, on en décrit ci-après un certain nombre d'exemples de réalisation illustrés par des dessins ci-annexés dont:

  • - la figure 1 représente une vue schématique partielle, en coupe verticale, d'un motocompresseur hermétique selon l'invention montrant une coque assemblée par collage, et
  • - la figure 2 représente une vue partielle en coupe verticale d'une variante de réalisation du motocompresseur de la figure 1, montrant un tronçon d'un tuyau de refoulement du fluide frigorigène comprimé, dans sa traversée d'une paroi de la coque de ce motocompresseur.
To better understand the invention, a number of embodiments are described below, illustrated by the attached drawings, including:
  • FIG. 1 represents a partial schematic view, in vertical section, of a hermetic motor-compressor according to the invention showing a shell assembled by gluing, and
  • - Figure 2 shows a partial view in vertical section of an alternative embodiment of the motor-compressor of Figure 1, showing a section of a hose for discharging the compressed refrigerant, in its passage through a wall of the shell of this motor-compressor.

Un motocompresseur hermétique 1 selon un exemple de réalisation de l'invention illustré dans la figure 1 comprend, à l'extérieur, une coque métallique 2 formée par un assemblage hermétique d'une cuve 3 et d'un couvercle 4, et à l'intérieur un compresseur 5 et un moteur électrique d'entraînement 6. L'ensemble compresseur 5 et moteur 6 est suspendu à l'intérieur de la coque 2 au moyen de jambes élastiques ou ressorts 8. Une tubulure 9 d'admission d'un fluide frigorigène gazeux montée à une entrée du compresseur 5 est ouverte dans l'enceinte de la coque hermétique 2 au voisinage d'un tuyau 12 de retour du fluide frigorigène dans le motocompresseur hermétique 1. Un tuyau 15 de refoulement du fluide frigorigène comprimé relie une sortie de ce compresseur 5 avec un circuit frigorifique extérieur 17, à travers une paroi de la coque hermétique 2.A hermetic motor compressor 1 according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention illustrated in FIG. 1 comprises, on the outside, a metal shell 2 formed by a hermetic assembly of a tank 3 and a cover 4, and at the inside a compressor 5 and an electric drive motor 6. The compressor 5 and motor 6 assembly is suspended inside the shell 2 by means of elastic legs or springs 8. A pipe 9 for admitting a fluid gaseous refrigerant mounted at an inlet to the compressor 5 is open in the enclosure of the hermetic shell 2 in the vicinity of a pipe 12 for the return of the refrigerant in the hermetic motor compressor 1. A pipe 15 for discharging the compressed refrigerant connects an outlet of this compressor 5 with an external refrigeration circuit 17, through a wall of the hermetic shell 2.

Lors d'un fonctionnement du motocompresseur hermétique, le compresseur 5 et le moteur d'entraînement 6 engendrent un rayonnement acoustique et des vibrations mécaniques à l'intérieur de la coque métallique 2 lesquels tendent à exciter cette coque 2 et à la faire entrer en vibration à son tour.During an operation of the hermetic compressor, the compressor 5 and the drive motor 6 generate acoustic radiation and mechanical vibrations inside the metal shell 2 which tend to excite this shell 2 and cause it to vibrate. in turn.

Selon l'invention, pour gêner ou empêcher l'entrée en vibration de la coque 2 sous une stimulation d'un rayonnement acoustique et des vibrations mécaniques émis par le compresseur 5 et le moteur d'entraînement 6, le motocompresseur hermétique 1 comprend une coque métallique 2 constituée d'éléments composants métalliques et munie dans la jointure de ces éléments composants assemblés, d'un cordon d'assemblage hermétique qui a une nature différente de celle de ces éléments composants et contribue à former non pas une coque monobloc présentant dans toutes ses parties une relative continuité de propriétés ou caractéristiques physiques mais une solide coque composite hermétique présentant une discontinuité de propriétés ou caractéristiques physiques au niveau de la jointure de ses éléments composants.According to the invention, to hinder or prevent the entry into vibration of the shell 2 under stimulation of acoustic radiation and mechanical vibrations emitted by the compressor 5 and the drive motor 6, the hermetic compressor 1 comprises a metal shell 2 made up of metallic component elements and provided in the joint of these assembled component elements, with a hermetic assembly cord which has a different nature from that of these component elements and contributes to forming not a one-piece shell having in all its parts a relative continuity of physical properties or characteristics but a solid hermetic composite shell having a discontinuity of physical properties or characteristics at the junction of its component elements.

Le cordon d'assemblage hermétique des éléments composants métalliques de la coque 2 est de préférence constitué par un matériau non métallique.The hermetic assembly cord of the metallic component elements of the shell 2 is preferably made of a non-metallic material.

Dans un exemple de réalisation illustré dans la figure 1, le motocompresseur hermétique 1 comprend une coque métallique hermétique 2 formée d'éléments composants métalliques à savoir une cuve 3 et un couvercle 4 en tôle d'acier et munie dans la jointure d'assemblage de ces éléments composants métalliques, d'un cordon d'assemblage hermétique constituée par une couche d'une colle 18.In an exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, the hermetic motor compressor 1 comprises a hermetic metal shell 2 formed of metallic component elements, namely a tank 3 and a cover 4 made of sheet steel and provided in the assembly joint with these metallic component elements, of a hermetic assembly cord constituted by a layer of adhesive 18.

Le cordon d'assemblage hermétique des éléments composants de la coque hermétique 2 est résistant à l'action du fluide frigorigène et du lubrifiant utilisés dans le motocompresseur hermétique 1, et assure une bonne étanchéité de la coque 2 et une bonne liaison mécanique d'assemblage de ces éléments composants métalliques. Le résultat obtenu est tel que le produit résiste sans dommage aux températures atteintes pendant les étapes de fabrication. La durée de vie du compresseur obtenue est au moins équivalente à celle d'un compresseur ayant un assemblage par cordon de soudure.The hermetic assembly cord of the component elements of the hermetic shell 2 is resistant to the action of the refrigerant and of the lubricant used in the hermetic compressor 1, and ensures a good seal of the shell 2 and a good mechanical connection of assembly. of these metallic component elements. The result obtained is such that the product resists without damage the temperatures reached during the manufacturing stages. The lifetime of the compressor obtained is at least equivalent to that of a compressor having a weld bead assembly.

La colle 18 qui constitue un cordon d'assemblage hermétique des éléments composants de la coque 2 est une colle d'origine naturelle ou synthétique vendue dans le commerce.The adhesive 18 which constitutes a hermetic assembly bead of the component elements of the shell 2 is an adhesive of natural or synthetic origin sold commercially.

Dans l'exemple illustré à la figure 1, le tuyau 15 de refoulement du fluide frigorigène comprimé qui relie une sortie du compresseur 5 avec le circuit frigorifique extérieur 17 est soudé hermétiquement à la paroi de la coque métallique 2 au niveau de sa traversée de cette paroi.In the example illustrated in FIG. 1, the pipe 15 of discharge of the compressed refrigerant which connects an outlet of the compressor 5 with the external refrigeration circuit 17 is hermetically welded to the wall of the metal shell 2 at its crossing of this wall.

Dans une variante de réalisation du motocompresseur 1, illustré partiellement dans la figure 2, le tuyau 15 de refoulement du fluide frigorigène comprimé est monté hermétiquement à travers un trou 19 de la paroi de la coque métallique 2, au moyen d'un manchon en un matériau élastique 20, solidement et hermétiquement maintenu sur le tuyau 15 et cette paroi de la coque 2 par une couche d'une colle analogue ou identique à la colle 18. Le manchon 20 est constitué par un matériau élastique résistant au fluide frigorigène et au lubrifiant.In an alternative embodiment of the compressor 1, partially illustrated in FIG. 2, the pipe 15 for discharging the compressed refrigerant is hermetically sealed through a hole 19 in the wall of the metal shell 2, by means of a sleeve in one elastic material 20, securely and hermetically held on the pipe 15 and this wall of the shell 2 by a layer of an adhesive similar or identical to the adhesive 18. The sleeve 20 is made of an elastic material resistant to the refrigerant and to the lubricant .

Lors d'un fonctionnement du motocompresseur 1, grâce à un cordon d'assemblage réalisé selon l'invention et destiné à maintenir assemblés hermétiquement la cuve 3 et le couvercle 4, la coque 2 excitée par le rayonnement acoustique et des vibrations mécaniques issues du compresseur 5 et du moteur d'entraînement 6, résiste efficacement à cette stimulation, freine son entrée en vibration et n'émet pas un rayonnement acoustique gênant.During operation of the compressor 1, thanks to an assembly cord produced according to the invention and intended to keep the tank 3 and the cover 4 hermetically assembled, the shell 2 excited by the acoustic radiation and mechanical vibrations from the compressor 5 and of the drive motor 6, effectively resists this stimulation, slows down its entry into vibration and does not emit annoying acoustic radiation.

Claims (4)

Motocompresseur hermétique à coque métallique formée par assemblage hermétique d'éléments composants métalliques, caractérisé en ce que la coque métallique (2) est munie dans la jointure de ses éléments composants métalliques assemblés (3, 4) d'un cordon d'assemblage hermétique constitué par une colle (18).Hermetic motor-compressor with metal shell formed by hermetic assembly of metal component elements, characterized in that the metal shell (2) is provided in the joint of its assembled metal component elements (3, 4) with a hermetic assembly cord made up by an adhesive (18). Motocompresseur selon la revendication 1, pourvu d'une coque métallique hermétique (2) ayant comme éléments composants métalliques, une cuve (3) et un couvercle (4) en tôle d'acier, caractérisé en ce que la coque métallique hermétique (2) est munie dans la jointure d'assemblage de cette cuve (3) et ce couvercle (4) en tôle d'acier, d'un cordon d'assemblage hermétique résistant à l'action du fluide frigorigène et du lubrifiant utilisés dans le motocompresseur (1) et assure une bonne étanchéité de la coque (2) et une bonne liaison mécanique d'assemblage de ces éléments composants métalliques (3, 4).Motor-compressor according to claim 1, provided with a hermetic metallic shell (2) having as metallic component elements, a tank (3) and a cover (4) made of sheet steel, characterized in that the hermetic metallic shell (2) is provided in the joining joint of this tank (3) and this cover (4) made of sheet steel, with a hermetic assembly cord resistant to the action of the refrigerant and of the lubricant used in the motor-compressor ( 1) and ensures a good seal of the shell (2) and a good mechanical connection of assembly of these metallic component elements (3, 4). Motocompresseur selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que la colle (18) qui constitue le cordon d'assemblage hermétique est une colle d'origine naturelle ou synthétique.Motor-compressor according to claim 2, characterized in that the adhesive (18) which constitutes the hermetic assembly cord is an adhesive of natural or synthetic origin. Motocompresseur selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend un tuyau (15) de refoulement du fluide frigorigène comprimé, monté hermétiquement à travers un trou (19) de la paroi de la coque (2) au moyen d'un manchon en un matériau élastique, solidement et hermétiquement maintenu sur le tuyau (15) et cette paroi de la coque (2) par une couche d'une colle (18).Motor-compressor according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that it comprises a pipe (15) for discharging the compressed refrigerant, hermetically mounted through a hole (19) in the wall of the shell (2) by means of a sleeve made of an elastic material, firmly and hermetically held on the pipe (15) and this wall of the shell (2) by a layer of adhesive (18).
EP90403348A 1989-12-01 1990-11-27 Silent hermetic motor-compressor Revoked EP0430790B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8915880A FR2655389B1 (en) 1989-12-01 1989-12-01 HERMETIC MOTOR COMPRESSOR WITH QUIET OPERATION.
FR8915880 1989-12-01

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0430790A1 true EP0430790A1 (en) 1991-06-05
EP0430790B1 EP0430790B1 (en) 1994-05-25

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EP90403348A Revoked EP0430790B1 (en) 1989-12-01 1990-11-27 Silent hermetic motor-compressor

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US (1) US5158514A (en)
EP (1) EP0430790B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH03237279A (en)
AT (1) ATE106115T1 (en)
CA (1) CA2031176A1 (en)
DE (1) DE69009154T2 (en)
DK (1) DK0430790T3 (en)
ES (1) ES2053149T3 (en)
FR (1) FR2655389B1 (en)

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FR2712352A1 (en) * 1993-11-12 1995-05-19 Necchi Compressori Hermetic motor compressor.
WO2007141326A1 (en) 2006-06-08 2007-12-13 Acc Austria Gmbh Refrigerant condenser
CN103452802A (en) * 2012-05-30 2013-12-18 株式会社丰田自动织机 Motor-driven compressor
EP3258109A1 (en) * 2016-06-14 2017-12-20 Whirlpool S.A. Improvement introduced in a system for connecting refrigerant fluid discharge tubes to cylinder caps of hermetic compressors, and corresponding process of performing thereof

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US8616860B2 (en) * 2010-03-08 2013-12-31 Trane International Inc. System and method for reducing compressor noise
US9435339B2 (en) * 2013-03-13 2016-09-06 Agilent Technologies, Inc. Vibration/noise management in a scroll compressor
CN107461338B (en) * 2017-08-30 2020-03-06 广东美芝制冷设备有限公司 Compressor with a compressor housing having a plurality of compressor blades
CN108223334A (en) * 2017-12-30 2018-06-29 浙江永昌医疗器械股份有限公司 Low noise sound tube fills air pump

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GB1229408A (en) * 1967-05-04 1971-04-21
FR2382597A1 (en) * 1977-03-02 1978-09-29 Danfoss As COMPRESSOR GROUP, ESPECIALLY FOR REFRIGERANT MACHINES
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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2712352A1 (en) * 1993-11-12 1995-05-19 Necchi Compressori Hermetic motor compressor.
WO2007141326A1 (en) 2006-06-08 2007-12-13 Acc Austria Gmbh Refrigerant condenser
CN103452802A (en) * 2012-05-30 2013-12-18 株式会社丰田自动织机 Motor-driven compressor
EP3258109A1 (en) * 2016-06-14 2017-12-20 Whirlpool S.A. Improvement introduced in a system for connecting refrigerant fluid discharge tubes to cylinder caps of hermetic compressors, and corresponding process of performing thereof
CN107503911A (en) * 2016-06-14 2017-12-22 惠而浦股份有限公司 Cryogenic fluid delivery pipe is connected to the improvement system of the cylinder cover of hermetic compressor and implements the correlation method of the system
CN107503911B (en) * 2016-06-14 2021-11-12 恩布拉科压缩机工业和制冷解决方案有限公司 Improved system for connecting a refrigerant fluid discharge pipe to the cylinder head of a hermetic compressor and corresponding method for implementing such a system

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Publication number Publication date
DK0430790T3 (en) 1994-06-20
ES2053149T3 (en) 1994-07-16
DE69009154D1 (en) 1994-06-30
ATE106115T1 (en) 1994-06-15
EP0430790B1 (en) 1994-05-25
FR2655389A1 (en) 1991-06-07
FR2655389B1 (en) 1994-05-27
JPH03237279A (en) 1991-10-23
US5158514A (en) 1992-10-27
DE69009154T2 (en) 1994-09-08
CA2031176A1 (en) 1991-06-02

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