EP0385816B1 - Pressurized-fluid accumulator - Google Patents

Pressurized-fluid accumulator Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0385816B1
EP0385816B1 EP19900400141 EP90400141A EP0385816B1 EP 0385816 B1 EP0385816 B1 EP 0385816B1 EP 19900400141 EP19900400141 EP 19900400141 EP 90400141 A EP90400141 A EP 90400141A EP 0385816 B1 EP0385816 B1 EP 0385816B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
piston
pressure
accumulator
bore
opening
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP19900400141
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0385816A1 (en
Inventor
Gilbert Bendix Europe Kervagoret
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Bendix Europe Services Techniques SA
Original Assignee
Bendix Europe Services Techniques SA
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Bendix Europe Services Techniques SA filed Critical Bendix Europe Services Techniques SA
Publication of EP0385816A1 publication Critical patent/EP0385816A1/en
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Publication of EP0385816B1 publication Critical patent/EP0385816B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T8/00—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force
    • B60T8/32—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration
    • B60T8/34—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration having a fluid pressure regulator responsive to a speed condition
    • B60T8/42—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration having a fluid pressure regulator responsive to a speed condition having expanding chambers for controlling pressure, i.e. closed systems
    • B60T8/4275—Pump-back systems
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B1/00—Installations or systems with accumulators; Supply reservoir or sump assemblies
    • F15B1/02—Installations or systems with accumulators
    • F15B1/04—Accumulators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B1/00—Installations or systems with accumulators; Supply reservoir or sump assemblies
    • F15B1/02—Installations or systems with accumulators
    • F15B1/04—Accumulators
    • F15B1/08—Accumulators using a gas cushion; Gas charging devices; Indicators or floats therefor
    • F15B1/24—Accumulators using a gas cushion; Gas charging devices; Indicators or floats therefor with rigid separating means, e.g. pistons
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2201/00—Accumulators
    • F15B2201/20—Accumulator cushioning means
    • F15B2201/21—Accumulator cushioning means using springs
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2201/00—Accumulators
    • F15B2201/30—Accumulator separating means
    • F15B2201/31—Accumulator separating means having rigid separating means, e.g. pistons
    • F15B2201/312—Sealings therefor, e.g. piston rings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2201/00—Accumulators
    • F15B2201/40—Constructional details of accumulators not otherwise provided for
    • F15B2201/41—Liquid ports
    • F15B2201/411—Liquid ports having valve means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B2201/00—Accumulators
    • F15B2201/40—Constructional details of accumulators not otherwise provided for
    • F15B2201/41—Liquid ports
    • F15B2201/413—Liquid ports having multiple liquid ports

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a pressurized fluid accumulator of the piston type.
  • Piston type pressurized fluid accumulators are well known (US-A-2986158) and commonly used in hydraulics technology for the many advantages they present. In fact, while constituting an auxiliary pressure source, they make it possible to absorb pressure pulsations, compensate for leaks from a hydraulic circuit, absorb shocks, etc. It is for this reason that they are encountered in the hydraulic circuits of motor vehicles, for example in anti-lock braking systems, power steering systems or adaptive suspension systems.
  • the pressure accumulators may be interposed between a pressure transmitter and a pressure receiver. If the pressure receiver is formed by the suction side of a pressure raising pump, the pressure transmitter can then be in vacuum, which can affect its proper functioning.
  • the present invention therefore aims to provide a pressure accumulator which avoids the drawbacks mentioned above.
  • Document DE-A-3707803 describes a membrane accumulator which can be connected to two hydraulic circuits.
  • the membrane carries a plug closing the connection to the hydraulic circuits when the accumulator is out of service, so as to avoid the passage of the gas contained in the gas pocket towards the brake fluid, a passage inherent in the porosity of the membrane.
  • the invention therefore relates to a pressure accumulator comprising in an enclosure an element constituted by a piston sliding in leaktight manner in a bore, and returned to its rest position by a spring, the piston being movable between a rest position and a position active, and defining in the enclosure a working chamber of variable volume.
  • the working chamber is connected to a pressure supply line and to a pressure release line and the communication between the pressure supply line and the pressure return line is interrupted when the piston is in the rest position.
  • a pressure accumulator of the spring type consisting of a body 10 in which a bore 12 has been formed.
  • a hollow piston 14 sealingly slides a hollow piston 14.
  • the bore 12 has at one of its ends a threaded part 16 on which a plug 18 is screwed.
  • a spring 20 Between a plug 18 and the piston 14 is arranged a spring 20.
  • an opening 22 opening into the bore 12 and capable of being connected, by a supply and pressure release pipe not shown, to a hydraulic circuit also not shown, comprising transmitters and pressure receptors.
  • the known accumulators are provided with this single opening, the pressurized fluid is introduced into the accumulator, and more precisely into the working chamber 24 defined between the body 10 and the piston 14, through the opening 22, thus causing the movement of the piston 14 against the spring 20, then discharged from the accumulator under the action of the spring 20 acting on the piston 14, through this opening 22. It is then understood that, if the discharge of the accumulator is performed by the suction side of a pump, when the accumulator is completely discharged, the pump can therefore continue its suction in other devices of the hydraulic circuit, which can become detrimental to their proper functioning. To avoid this problem, the classic solution was to have non-return valves in the circuit, expensive, delicate components and whose calibration does not remain constant.
  • a second opening 26 is produced in the body 10 opening into the bore 12.
  • This opening 26 is intended to be connected, by a pressure release pipe, not shown, to a pressure receiver not shown, while the opening 22 will no longer be connected only, by a pressure supply pipe, not shown, to a pressure transmitter not shown.
  • the roles of the openings 22 and 26 and the pipes which are connected thereto being thus differentiated, it is then easy to intervene preferentially on each of them.
  • a cylindrical extension 28 has been formed on the head of the piston 14 in the working chamber 24 around the axis of the piston, and consequently opposite the opening 26 which is in the vicinity of the axis of the bore 12.
  • this cylindrical extension acts as a shutter between the working chamber 24 and the 'opening 26. If the pressure receiver located on the pressure release line connected to the opening 26 is constituted by the suction side of a pump, the latter will then not be able to put the chamber 26 in vacuum after the return of the piston 14 in its rest position.
  • the opening 26 is formed in the side wall of the body 10, the piston then constituting itself shutter.
  • the metal-metal contact between the bore 12 and the piston 14 is then quite sufficient to ensure the required seal.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Supply Devices, Intensifiers, Converters, And Telemotors (AREA)
  • Valves And Accessory Devices For Braking Systems (AREA)
  • Pipe Accessories (AREA)

Description

La présente invention a pour objet un accumulateur de fluide sous pression de type à piston. Les accumulateurs de fluide sous pression de type à piston sont bien connus (US-A-2986158) et couramment utilisés dans la technologie de l'hydraulique pour les nombreux avantages qu'ils présentent. En effet, tout en constituant une source de pression auxiliaire, ils permettent d'absorber des pulsations de pression, de compenser les fuites d'un circuit hydraulique, d'amortir les chocs, etc... C'est à ce titre qu'on les rencontre dans les circuits hydrauliques des véhicules automobiles, par exemple dans les systèmes de freinage avec antiblocage des roues, les systèmes de direction assistée ou les systèmes de suspension adaptative.The present invention relates to a pressurized fluid accumulator of the piston type. Piston type pressurized fluid accumulators are well known (US-A-2986158) and commonly used in hydraulics technology for the many advantages they present. In fact, while constituting an auxiliary pressure source, they make it possible to absorb pressure pulsations, compensate for leaks from a hydraulic circuit, absorb shocks, etc. It is for this reason that they are encountered in the hydraulic circuits of motor vehicles, for example in anti-lock braking systems, power steering systems or adaptive suspension systems.

Dans différentes installations, et dans certaines conditions de fonctionnement, les accumulateurs de pression peuvent se trouver intercalés entre un émetteur de pression et un récepteur de pression. Si le récepteur de pression est constitué par le côté aspiration d'une pompe élévatrice de pression, l'émetteur de pression peut alors se trouver en dépression, ce qui peut nuire à son bon fonctionnement.In different installations, and under certain operating conditions, the pressure accumulators may be interposed between a pressure transmitter and a pressure receiver. If the pressure receiver is formed by the suction side of a pressure raising pump, the pressure transmitter can then be in vacuum, which can affect its proper functioning.

La présente invention a donc pour but de prévoir un accumulateur de pression qui évite les inconvénients mentionnés ci-dessus.The present invention therefore aims to provide a pressure accumulator which avoids the drawbacks mentioned above.

Le document DE-A-3707803 décrit un accumulateur à membrane pouvant être connecté à deux circuits hydrauliques. De façon usuelle, la membrane porte un bouchon venant fermer la connexion aux circuits hydrauliques lorsque l'accumulateur est hors service, de manière à éviter le passage du gaz contenu dans la poche à gaz vers le liquide de frein, passage inhérent à la porosité de la membrane.Document DE-A-3707803 describes a membrane accumulator which can be connected to two hydraulic circuits. Usually, the membrane carries a plug closing the connection to the hydraulic circuits when the accumulator is out of service, so as to avoid the passage of the gas contained in the gas pocket towards the brake fluid, a passage inherent in the porosity of the membrane.

L'invention concerne donc un accumulateur de pression comprenant dans une enceinte un élément constitué par un piston coulissant de façon étanche dans un alésage, et rappelé dans sa position de repos par un ressort, le piston étant mobile entre une position de repos et une position active, et définissant dans l'enceinte une chambre de travail de volume variable.The invention therefore relates to a pressure accumulator comprising in an enclosure an element constituted by a piston sliding in leaktight manner in a bore, and returned to its rest position by a spring, the piston being movable between a rest position and a position active, and defining in the enclosure a working chamber of variable volume.

Selon l'invention la chambre de travail est reliée à une canalisation d'alimentation en pression et à une canalisation de restitution de pression et la communication entre la canalisation d'alimentation en pression et la canalisation de restitution de pression est interrompue lorsque le piston est en position de repos.According to the invention the working chamber is connected to a pressure supply line and to a pressure release line and the communication between the pressure supply line and the pressure return line is interrupted when the piston is in the rest position.

L'invention sera mieux comprise à la lecture de la description qui va suivre d'un mode de réalisation donné à titre d'exemple en référence aux Figures 1 et 2 représentant schématiquement en coupe un accumulateur de pression réalisé conformément à la présente invention selon deux modes différents.The invention will be better understood on reading the following description of an embodiment given by way of example with reference to Figures 1 and 2 schematically showing in section a pressure accumulator produced in accordance with the present invention according to two different modes.

On a représenté sur les Figures un accumulateur de pression du type à ressort, constitué d'un corps 10 dans lequel un alésage 12 a été ménagé. Dans cet alésage 12 coulisse de façon étanche un piston creux 14. L'alésage 12 présente à l'une de ses extrémités une partie filetée 16 sur laquelle vient se visser un bouchon 18. Entre le bouchon 18 et le piston 14 est disposé un ressort 20. Dans le corps 10 est pratiquée une ouverture 22 débouchant dans l'alésage 12 et susceptible d'être reliée, par une canalisation d'alimentation et de restitution de pression non représentée, à un circuit hydraulique également non représenté, comprenant des émetteurs et des récepteurs de pression.There is shown in the Figures a pressure accumulator of the spring type, consisting of a body 10 in which a bore 12 has been formed. In this bore 12 sealingly slides a hollow piston 14. The bore 12 has at one of its ends a threaded part 16 on which a plug 18 is screwed. Between a plug 18 and the piston 14 is arranged a spring 20. In the body 10 is made an opening 22 opening into the bore 12 and capable of being connected, by a supply and pressure release pipe not shown, to a hydraulic circuit also not shown, comprising transmitters and pressure receptors.

De façon classique, les accumulateurs connus sont pourvus de cette seule ouverture, le fluide sous pression est introduit dans l'accumulateur, et plus précisément dans la chambre de travail 24 définie entre le corps 10 et le piston 14, par l'ouverture 22, causant ainsi le mouvement du piston 14 à l'encontre du ressort 20, puis déchargé de l'accumulateur sous l'action du ressort 20 agissant sur le piston 14, par cette ouverture 22. On conçoit alors que, si la décharge de l'accumulateur est effectuée par le côté aspiration d'une pompe, lorsque l'accumulateur sera complètement déchargé, la pompe pourra donc continuer son aspiration dans d'autres dispositifs du circuit hydraulique, ce qui peut devenir préjudiciable à leur bon fonctionnement. Pour éviter ce problème, la solution classique était de disposer dans le circuit des clapets anti-retour, composants coûteux, délicats et dont le tarage ne reste pas constant.Conventionally, the known accumulators are provided with this single opening, the pressurized fluid is introduced into the accumulator, and more precisely into the working chamber 24 defined between the body 10 and the piston 14, through the opening 22, thus causing the movement of the piston 14 against the spring 20, then discharged from the accumulator under the action of the spring 20 acting on the piston 14, through this opening 22. It is then understood that, if the discharge of the accumulator is performed by the suction side of a pump, when the accumulator is completely discharged, the pump can therefore continue its suction in other devices of the hydraulic circuit, which can become detrimental to their proper functioning. To avoid this problem, the classic solution was to have non-return valves in the circuit, expensive, delicate components and whose calibration does not remain constant.

On réalise dans le corps 10 une deuxième ouverture 26 débouchant dans l'alésage 12. Cette ouverture 26 est destinée à être reliée, par une canalisation de restitution de pression, non représentée, à un récepteur de pression non représenté, tandis que l'ouverture 22 ne sera plus reliée que, par une canalisation d'alimentation de pression, non représentée, à un émetteur de pression non représenté. Les rôles des ouvertures 22 et 26 et des canalisations qui y sont reliées étant ainsi différenciés, il est alors facile d'intervenir préférentiellement sur chacune d'entre elles.A second opening 26 is produced in the body 10 opening into the bore 12. This opening 26 is intended to be connected, by a pressure release pipe, not shown, to a pressure receiver not shown, while the opening 22 will no longer be connected only, by a pressure supply pipe, not shown, to a pressure transmitter not shown. The roles of the openings 22 and 26 and the pipes which are connected thereto being thus differentiated, it is then easy to intervene preferentially on each of them.

Sur la Figure 1, on a formé sur la tête du piston 14 dans la chambre de travail 24 une extension cylindrique 28 autour de l'axe du piston, et par conséquent en regard de l'ouverture 26 qui se trouve au voisinage de l'axe de l'alésage 12. De cette manière, lorsque l'accumulateur est déchargé et que le piston 14 occupe sa position de repos représentée sur la Figure, cette extension cylindrique joue le rôle d'un obturateur entre la chambre de travail 24 et l'ouverture 26. Si le récepteur de pression situé sur la canalisation de restitution de pression reliée à l'ouverture 26 est constitué par le côté aspiration d'une pompe, cette dernière ne pourra alors pas mettre la chambre 26 en dépression après le retour du piston 14 dans sa position de repos.In FIG. 1, a cylindrical extension 28 has been formed on the head of the piston 14 in the working chamber 24 around the axis of the piston, and consequently opposite the opening 26 which is in the vicinity of the axis of the bore 12. In this way, when the accumulator is discharged and the piston 14 occupies its rest position shown in the Figure, this cylindrical extension acts as a shutter between the working chamber 24 and the 'opening 26. If the pressure receiver located on the pressure release line connected to the opening 26 is constituted by the suction side of a pump, the latter will then not be able to put the chamber 26 in vacuum after the return of the piston 14 in its rest position.

Il a été vérifié que le contact métal-métal entre l'extension cylindrique 28 et le fond de l'alésage 12 était suffisant pour procurer l'étanchéité requise. Si on désire parfaire cette étanchéité, il est bien entendu possible de munir l'extension 28 ou le fond de l'alésage 12 d'un joint souple annulaire, ou même de réaliser l'extension 28 elle-même en un matériau caoutchouteux qui sera collée sur la tête du piston 14.It was verified that the metal-metal contact between the cylindrical extension 28 and the bottom of the bore 12 was sufficient to provide the required seal. If it is desired to perfect this seal, it is of course possible to provide the extension 28 or the bottom of the bore 12 with a flexible annular seal, or even to make the extension 28 itself made of a rubbery material which will be stuck on the piston head 14.

Sur la Figure 2, l'ouverture 26 est formée dans la paroi latérale du corps 10, le piston constituant alors lui-même obturateur. Le contact metal-metal entre l'alésage 12 et le piston 14 est alors tout à fait suffisant pour assurer l'étanchéité requise.In Figure 2, the opening 26 is formed in the side wall of the body 10, the piston then constituting itself shutter. The metal-metal contact between the bore 12 and the piston 14 is then quite sufficient to ensure the required seal.

Claims (4)

1. Pressure accumulator comprising, in an enclosure, an element consisting of a piston (14) sliding in leaktight manner in a bore (12), and returned to its neutral position by a spring (20), the said piston (14) being movable between a neutral position and an active position, and defining, in the enclosure, a work chamber of variable volume (24), characterized in that the work chamber (24) is connected to a pressure supply line (22) and to a pressure return line (26), and in that the communication between the pressure supply line (22) and the pressure return line (26) is broken when the said piston (14) is in the neutral position.
2. Accumulator according to Claim 1, characterized in that the communication between the work chamber (24) and the pressure return line (26) is broken by the said piston (14) when the latter occupies its neutral position.
3. Accumulator according to Claim 2, characterized in that the said communication is broken by a seal (28) formed on the head of the piston.
4. Accumulator according to Claim 3, characterized in that the seal (28) consists of a cylindrical extension of the head of the piston (14).
EP19900400141 1989-02-27 1990-01-18 Pressurized-fluid accumulator Expired - Lifetime EP0385816B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8902479A FR2643682B1 (en) 1989-02-27 1989-02-27 PRESSURE FLUID ACCUMULATOR
FR8902479 1989-02-27

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0385816A1 EP0385816A1 (en) 1990-09-05
EP0385816B1 true EP0385816B1 (en) 1992-01-22

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ID=9379130

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19900400141 Expired - Lifetime EP0385816B1 (en) 1989-02-27 1990-01-18 Pressurized-fluid accumulator

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EP (1) EP0385816B1 (en)
JP (2) JPH02240401A (en)
DE (1) DE69000013D1 (en)
ES (1) ES2029142T3 (en)
FR (1) FR2643682B1 (en)

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102006026155A1 (en) * 2006-06-06 2007-12-13 Robert Bosch Gmbh Hydraulic vehicle brake system with muscle-operated service brake and with a device for controlling the wheel slip
DE102009032212A1 (en) * 2009-07-03 2011-01-05 Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft Hydraulic swing motor
CN107202041A (en) * 2017-07-19 2017-09-26 成都翰道科技有限公司 A kind of new high carbon fiber winding type accumulator

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2986158A (en) * 1955-09-03 1961-05-30 Gratzmuller Jean Louis Self-draining hydraulic energy accumulator
DE3707803A1 (en) * 1987-03-11 1988-09-22 Integral Hydraulik Co Hydraulic accumulator

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0385816A1 (en) 1990-09-05
JP2607845Y2 (en) 2003-03-31
FR2643682A1 (en) 1990-08-31
DE69000013D1 (en) 1992-03-05
ES2029142T3 (en) 1992-07-16
JPH02240401A (en) 1990-09-25
JP2002000006U (en) 2002-01-31
FR2643682B1 (en) 1991-05-10

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