EP0385314B1 - Zero insertion force connector for cable to board applications - Google Patents
Zero insertion force connector for cable to board applications Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0385314B1 EP0385314B1 EP90103582A EP90103582A EP0385314B1 EP 0385314 B1 EP0385314 B1 EP 0385314B1 EP 90103582 A EP90103582 A EP 90103582A EP 90103582 A EP90103582 A EP 90103582A EP 0385314 B1 EP0385314 B1 EP 0385314B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- housing
- electrical connector
- terminals
- conductor receiving
- conductor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R12/00—Structural associations of a plurality of mutually-insulated electrical connecting elements, specially adapted for printed circuits, e.g. printed circuit boards [PCB], flat or ribbon cables, or like generally planar structures, e.g. terminal strips, terminal blocks; Coupling devices specially adapted for printed circuits, flat or ribbon cables, or like generally planar structures; Terminals specially adapted for contact with, or insertion into, printed circuits, flat or ribbon cables, or like generally planar structures
- H01R12/70—Coupling devices
- H01R12/82—Coupling devices connected with low or zero insertion force
- H01R12/85—Coupling devices connected with low or zero insertion force contact pressure producing means, contacts activated after insertion of printed circuits or like structures
- H01R12/89—Coupling devices connected with low or zero insertion force contact pressure producing means, contacts activated after insertion of printed circuits or like structures acting manually by moving connector housing parts linearly, e.g. slider
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R9/00—Structural associations of a plurality of mutually-insulated electrical connecting elements, e.g. terminal strips or terminal blocks; Terminals or binding posts mounted upon a base or in a case; Bases therefor
Definitions
- the above prior art electrical connector includes an electrical terminal housing having through passageways for electrical terminals.
- the housing has a lower face which mounts proximate to the printed circuit board and an upper face which accepts the multi-conductor cable.
- the terminals are placed in respective passageways within the connector housing, with printed circuit board posts extending beyond the lower face, and cable receiving portions of the terminals disposed proximate to the upper face.
- the housing also includes a camming member which is moveable to open the cable receiving portion of the terminal, to accept the wire in a zero insertion force fashion. Release of the camming member returns the spring to an undeflected position and into contact with the wire.
- the connector has an insulating housing retaining a plurality of electrical terminals with terminal passageways of the housing, the connector housing having conductor receiving openings therein which are in alignment with conductor receiving sections of the terminals.
- the conductor receiving openings comprise axially extending passageways comprising arcuate sections contiguous with further surfaces which extend inwardly of the radius of curvature of the arcuate sections, whereby the conductors are aligned towards the center of the passageway by the further surfaces.
- planar surfaces 22a provide tangent surfaces which are within the radius of curvature of the path formed by arcs 22b. As shown in Figure 7, even with the worst case condition, the electrical terminal continues to have an overlap from the edge of the terminal to the center of the conductor, of a distance L1. Since there is an offset L1, the conductor C1 is mainly gripped between the two opposed contacts 82, 78; rather than relying on the plastic of the housing for a contact force. The planar surfaces 22a are only used for alignment.
- this electrical connector can terminate electrical conductors having diameters which are larger than the thickness of the electrical terminals (t), which allows for a very dense connection system on very close centerlines. Also, since the contacts are edge stamped, as opposed to stamped and formed, the contacts can also be placed on very close centerlines. Since the contacts are edge stamped, the normal force is much higher than a comparably sized stamped and formed terminal.
Description
- This invention relates to an electrical connector for interconnecting conductors of a multi-conductor cable to a printed circuit board according to the pre-characterizing part of
claim 1. A connector of this kind is known from Molex catalogue concerning 5494 series connectors. - Electrical connectors exist in the electronics industry having the capability of interconnecting individual conductors of a multi-conductor flat cable to circuit traces of printed circuit boards. These connectors are mounted to the board having electrical terminals exposed at a lower edge thereof which make electrical contact with the traces on the printed circuit board. The electrical connectors also have electrical terminals which accept the conductors in an electrically conductinq manner.
- The above prior art electrical connector includes an electrical terminal housing having through passageways for electrical terminals. The housing has a lower face which mounts proximate to the printed circuit board and an upper face which accepts the multi-conductor cable. The terminals are placed in respective passageways within the connector housing, with printed circuit board posts extending beyond the lower face, and cable receiving portions of the terminals disposed proximate to the upper face. The housing also includes a camming member which is moveable to open the cable receiving portion of the terminal, to accept the wire in a zero insertion force fashion. Release of the camming member returns the spring to an undeflected position and into contact with the wire.
- A disadvantage of the above mentioned connector is that the upper face, which includes the conductor receiving openings, is an integral part of the moveable camming member. Thus, to make the electrical connection, the cable is stripped to expose the conductors, and the cam is actuated to open the conductor receiving portions of the terminals. The actuation of the camming member also moves the upper face and the conductor receiving openings, as the conductor receiving openings are integral with the camming member. When the conductors are inserted within the openings, and the camming member released, the spring force actually forces the camming member, including the upper face and openings, upwardly which drives the cable and conductors upwardly also. This reverse spring force could take the conductors out of contact with the terminals when the upper face is moved.
- US-A-4 691 975 discloses an IC tester socket having one conductor receiving opening surrounded by a portion of camming member. The camming member has slanted camming surfaces co-operating with slanted portions of conductor receiving portions received in the housing of the tester. Each conductor receiving portion comprises a fixed contact section and a moveable contact section. The moveable contact section can be moved away from the fixed contact section by pushing the camming member into the housing such that said camming surfaces engage with said slanted portions formed on said moveable contacts portions.
- DE-A-27 07 122 discloses a connector in which the housing includes interior camming members which are actuated by means of an exterior actuation member. This structure requires lots of different parts which are expensive to produce and assemble.
- The object of the present invention is to provide for an electrical connector of the above mentioned type in which the multiple conductor cable wires can easily be guided and held between the conductor receiving portions.
- This is achieved by the features of
claim 1. - The upper face of the housing has a plurality of conductor receiving openings therein, the upper face of the housing and the openings being fixedly rigid relative to the camming member. The camming member is moveable relative to the housing and the upper face, whereby, when the camming member is moved to actuate and release the conductor receiving portions of the terminals, the upper face remains fixed relative to the camming member.
- According to the instant invention, the electrical connector can accommodate a range of wire sizes.
- The connector has an insulating housing retaining a plurality of electrical terminals with terminal passageways of the housing, the connector housing having conductor receiving openings therein which are in alignment with conductor receiving sections of the terminals. The conductor receiving openings comprise axially extending passageways comprising arcuate sections contiguous with further surfaces which extend inwardly of the radius of curvature of the arcuate sections, whereby the conductors are aligned towards the center of the passageway by the further surfaces.
- The preferred embodiment of the electrical connector will now be described with relation to the drawings, where:
- Figure 1 is a front plan view of the connector of the subject invention;
- Figure 2 is a top plan view of the connector shown in Figure 1;
- Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view through lines 3-3 of Figure 2;
- Figure 4 is a side plan view of the electrical terminal shown in Figure 3;
- Figure 5 is similar to the cross-sectional view of Figure 3, absent the electrical terminal;
- Figure 6 is an end view of the electrical connector;
- Figure 7 is a cross-sectional view through lines 7-7 of Figure 3 showing a large diameter wire terminated; and
- Figure 8 is a cross-sectional view similar to that of Figure 6 showing an optional smaller diameter wire terminated to the same electrical connector.
- Figure 9 is a cross-sectional view showing an alternate embodiment of the present invention.
- With reference first to Figure 1, the electrical connector of the instant invention is designed for applications where the electrical connector is mounted to through holes in a printed circuit board for electrical connection with a plurality of circuit traces on a printed circuit board. The electrical connector provides easy installation of a multi-conductor flat cable by stripping an end of the insulation which covers the conductors of the cable, and the stripped ends of the cable can be inserted into the wire receiving openings of the electrical connector.
- The subject connector shown generally as 2 in Figure 1 includes an
insulating housing 4 havingside walls 6 and 8 (Figure 3) andend walls electrical connector 2 further comprises an actuator 50 (Figure 2) which is moveable in a downward direction to open the electrical contacts for insertion of the cable conductors. Theelectrical connector 2 further includes a plurality of electrical terminals 70 (Figure 3) having portions which extend below thelower surface 34 of connector for interconnection with printed circuit boards. - With reference first to Figure 5, the
housing 4 will be described in greater detail. Figure 5 is a cross-sectional view through lines 3-3 of Figure 2 excluding theelectrical terminal 70. Thehousing 4 includes a plurality ofwire receiving openings 20 which extend from the upperwire receiving face 16 and extend into theterminal receiving cavities 24. Also shown in Figure 5 is the fact that the conductor receiving opening 20 merges with aconductor aligning channel 22. - With reference now to Figure 7, the detail of the terminal receiving
cavity 24 and thewire aligning channel 22 are described in greater detail, remembering that Figure 7 is a cross-sectional view through lines 7-7 of Figure 3. The terminal receiving channel is defined generally byopposed surfaces arcs 22b andplanar surfaces 22a. It should be noted that theplanar surfaces 22a are inside of the radius of curvature which is formed by thearcuate surfaces 22b. - With reference now to Figure 4, the electrical terminal includes a
horizontal base section 72 which is continuous with avertical base section 74. Extending from thevertical base portion 74 is afirst leg 76 which forms anupper contact portion 78. Theleg portion 76 is continuous, through abight section 77, with asecond leg section 80 which extends upwardly to form an opposed andsecond contact portion 82. Extending from thesecond leg portion 80 is alever section 84. Extending from thehorizontal base section 72 is a printedcircuit board post 86. - Finally, with reference to Figures 5 and 6, the actuator includes a
horizontal section 52 andarm sections 62 which extend downwardly from thehorizontal section 52. Anaperture 58 extends from theupper surface 52 of the actuator and extends downwardly to form a stop surface 64 (Figure 6). With reference to Figure 1, thehousing end surfaces recessed section 36 having a downwardly facinglatch 38 along a vertical centerline of therecessed section 36. Thelatches actuator member 50. Thelower surface 54 of the actuator in combination with theupper edge 32 of the housing (Figure 5) provide a maximum deflection for the contacts which prevents overstressing the contacts. - To assemble the connector of the instant invention, the plurality of terminals are positioned within the
housing 4 being inserted through theterminal receiving cavities 24 from the lower surface to the connector housing. Theactuator 50 can then be assembled to the connector housing with thearms 62 being inserted into therecesses 36 on eachend wall stop surface 64 rides up over the latch to abut the downwardly facing shoulder of theramp 38. It should be noted that when in this position, the cam surface 56 (Figure 5) is proximate to the lever portion 84 (Figure 3) such that downward movement of theactuator 50 causes an outward deflection of thelever portion 84 on thecam surface 56, thereby spreading theopposed contact portions - It should be noted that the
actuator 50 moves relative to the housing and relative to thewire receiving openings 20. Said differently, the wire receiving openings are not integrated with the actuator such that the wire receiving openings move upwardly and downwardly with the actuator. In some prior art connectors, the wire receiving openings are integrated with the actuator and when the actuator is deflected downwardly and the cable is inserted into the wire receiving openings, the release of the actuator tends to push the cable back out of contact with the electrical contacts. - The present invention has also been designed to accommodate a range of wire sizes, the
wire receiving channels 22 are profiled to receive and align conductors of various diameters, as shown in Figures 7 and 8. This has been accomplished by providing awire receiving channel 22 extending vertically within theside walls cavity 22 as shown in Figures 5 and 7. Thewire receiving channel 22 first includes radiusedsections 22b which are continuous withplanar surfaces 22a. As shown in Figure 7, the worst condition of termination is shown where theelectrical terminal 70 is right justified within theterminal receiving cavity 24 whereas the conductor C₁ is left justified within theconductor receiving channel 22. However, theplanar surface 22a positions the conductor by providing a tangent surface to the conductor C₁ to prevent the conductor C₁ from moving further to the left. Furthermore, theplanar surfaces 22a provide tangent surfaces which are within the radius of curvature of the path formed byarcs 22b. As shown in Figure 7, even with the worst case condition, the electrical terminal continues to have an overlap from the edge of the terminal to the center of the conductor, of a distance L₁. Since there is an offset L₁, the conductor C₁ is mainly gripped between the twoopposed contacts planar surfaces 22a are only used for alignment. - As shown in Figure 8, a small conductor C₂ having a diameter D₂ can also be terminated within the connector again with the
surface 22a positioning the conductor within thewire receiving channel 22 with the overlap of the edge of the terminal and the center of the conductor of a distance L₂. - Other advantages of the above mentioned design should be readily apparent. For example, this electrical connector can terminate electrical conductors having diameters which are larger than the thickness of the electrical terminals (t), which allows for a very dense connection system on very close centerlines. Also, since the contacts are edge stamped, as opposed to stamped and formed, the contacts can also be placed on very close centerlines. Since the contacts are edge stamped, the normal force is much higher than a comparably sized stamped and formed terminal.
- Another advantage of this design of electrical connector is that the conductor receiving openings can be alternately formed as shown in Figure 9 such that every other opening is a mirror of the previous one. This places adjacent
planar surfaces 22a in a parallel manner which allows for a thin web of material to interconnect the two adjacent openings thereby allowing for very close side-by-side spacing.
Claims (9)
- An electrical connector (2) for interconnecting conductors (C) of a multi-conductor cable to a printed circuit board comprising an electrical terminal housing (4) and a plurality of electrical terminals (70); the housing (4) having through passageways (24) for the electrical terminals (70), and a lower face (34) which mounts proximate to the printed circuit board and an upper face (16) which accepts the multi-conductor cable; the terminals (70) being placed in respective passageways (24) within the connector housing (4), with printed circuit board posts (86) extending beyond the lower face (34), and conductor receiving portions (78, 82) of the terminals (70) disposed proximate to the upper face (16); the housing (4) also including a camming member (50) which is moveable relative to the housing (4) to open the conductor receiving portions (78, 82) of the terminals (70), the electrical connector (2) being characterized in that:
the upper face (16) of the housing (4) is rigidly fixed relative to the camming member (50), and has a plurality of discrete conductor receiving openings (20) formed within the periphery of the upper face (16) of the fixed housing (4), the conductor receiving openings (20) being in communication with the conductor receiving portions (78, 82) of the terminals (70), the camming member (50) being spaced from the openings (20) and moveable relative to the housing (4) and the upper face (16) to actuate and release the conductor receiving portions (78, 82) of the terminals (70), the conductor receiving portions (78, 82) comprising a moveable contact section (82) to which is attached a moveable arm (80) having at its upper portion a lever section (84) extending therefrom which is disposed proximate to the upper face (16) and directly actuable by the camming member (50), the conductor receiving portions (78, 82) being attached to a common spring section (76, 77, 78) extending therebetween for resilient biasing of the conductor receiving portions (78, 82) against the multi-conductor cable. - The electrical connector of claim 1, characterized in that the terminals (70) are edge stamped from a strip of metal.
- The electrical connector of claim 2, characterized in that the terminals (70) comprise opposed contact sections (78, 82) defined by sheared edges of the contact, the opposed contact sections (78, 82) being aligned with the discrete conductor receiving openings (20).
- The electrical connector (2) of claim 3, characterized in that one of the opposed contact sections is a fixed contact section (78) and the other of the opposed contact sections is the moveable contact section (82).
- The electrical connector of any preceding claim characterized in that the terminal (70) comprises a vertical base section (74) attached at its upper end to the housing, and extending at its lower end into a horizontal base section (72) to which is attached a printed circuit board post (86) for mounting to the printed circuit board, whereby the common spring section (76, 77, 78) is attached to the vertical base section (74) proximate its upper end.
- The electrical connector (2) of any of claims 1-5 characterized in that each terminal passageway (24) comprises a channel (24a) to receive the individual moveable arms (80), the channels (24a) having an upper surface (27) which is lower than the lever sections (84), which disposes the lever sections (84) into an open channel (25) in the housing (4).
- The electrical connector of claim 6 characterized in that the camming member (50) is disposed within the open channel (25), each lever section (84) having a dedicated camming surface (56) in contact therewith, the individual camming surfaces (56) being separated by a plurality of side-by-side walls (30) to isolate the lever section (84).
- The electrical connector of any preceding claim characterized in that the conductor receiving openings (20) comprise axially extending passageways comprising arcuate sections (22b) contiguous with further surfaces (22a) which extend inwardly of the radius of curvature of the arcuate sections (22b), whereby the conductors (C) are aligned towards the center of the passageway by the further surfaces (22a).
- The electrical connector (2) of claim 8, characterized in that the further surfaces (22a) are defined by planar surfaces (22a).
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP94103475A EP0603161B1 (en) | 1989-02-28 | 1990-02-23 | Zero insertion force connector for cable to board applications |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB898904500A GB8904500D0 (en) | 1989-02-28 | 1989-02-28 | Zero insertion force connector for cable to board applications |
GB898904502A GB8904502D0 (en) | 1989-02-28 | 1989-02-28 | Zero insertion force connector for cable to board applications |
GB8904502 | 1989-02-28 | ||
GB8904500 | 1989-02-28 |
Related Child Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP94103475A Division EP0603161B1 (en) | 1989-02-28 | 1990-02-23 | Zero insertion force connector for cable to board applications |
EP94103475.3 Division-Into | 1994-03-08 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0385314A1 EP0385314A1 (en) | 1990-09-05 |
EP0385314B1 true EP0385314B1 (en) | 1995-06-28 |
Family
ID=26295028
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP90103582A Expired - Lifetime EP0385314B1 (en) | 1989-02-28 | 1990-02-23 | Zero insertion force connector for cable to board applications |
EP94103475A Expired - Lifetime EP0603161B1 (en) | 1989-02-28 | 1990-02-23 | Zero insertion force connector for cable to board applications |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP94103475A Expired - Lifetime EP0603161B1 (en) | 1989-02-28 | 1990-02-23 | Zero insertion force connector for cable to board applications |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (2) | EP0385314B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2965210B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR900013673A (en) |
CN (1) | CN1045314A (en) |
AR (1) | AR242322A1 (en) |
BR (1) | BR9000837A (en) |
DE (2) | DE69020382T2 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2074094T3 (en) |
MY (1) | MY106680A (en) |
Families Citing this family (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2553439Y2 (en) * | 1989-07-27 | 1997-11-05 | 日本エー・エム・ピー 株式会社 | Electrical connector |
GB8921633D0 (en) * | 1989-09-25 | 1989-11-08 | Amp Holland | Zero insertion force connector for cable board applications |
US5240430A (en) * | 1991-10-31 | 1993-08-31 | Amp Incorporated | Electrical connector for cable to circit board application |
JP2571755Y2 (en) * | 1992-04-24 | 1998-05-18 | 住鉱テック 株式会社 | Flat cable connector |
US5226824A (en) * | 1992-05-13 | 1993-07-13 | Foxconn International, Inc. | IC socket and contact therein |
JPH10340745A (en) * | 1997-06-04 | 1998-12-22 | Kyoshin Kogyo Kk | Single-action connector and combination body thereof |
KR100758183B1 (en) * | 2007-05-03 | 2007-09-12 | 서교정보통신 주식회사 | Data speed division transmission apparatus and method there-of |
JP5694672B2 (en) * | 2010-02-25 | 2015-04-01 | スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー | Contacts and electrical connectors |
US9553387B2 (en) * | 2014-07-15 | 2017-01-24 | Industria Lombarda Materiale Elettrico—I.L.M.E. S.P.A. | Electrical connecting device with spring connection element and compact actuator and multi-pole plug connector comprising a plurality of said spring contacts |
CN110247331A (en) * | 2018-03-09 | 2019-09-17 | 南京大全电气研究院有限公司 | Packaged type line leading device |
CN109548309B (en) * | 2019-01-02 | 2020-09-22 | 浪潮商用机器有限公司 | Pressure curve setting method and device |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3763459A (en) * | 1971-06-17 | 1973-10-02 | Textool Prod Inc | Plug-in type sockets for testing semiconductors |
DE7705029U1 (en) * | 1976-02-20 | 1977-06-02 | Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Ltd., Tokio | Contact connection elements |
US4377318A (en) * | 1978-02-06 | 1983-03-22 | Everett/Charles, Inc. | Low insertion force electrical interface assembly and actuable interface assembly therefor |
JPS603748B2 (en) * | 1978-11-18 | 1985-01-30 | 日本圧着端子製造株式会社 | connector |
JPS5692366U (en) * | 1979-12-18 | 1981-07-23 | ||
US4496205A (en) * | 1982-07-23 | 1985-01-29 | Thomas & Betts Corporation | Low or zero insertion force connector for multi-pin arrays |
JPS58106779A (en) * | 1981-12-18 | 1983-06-25 | 富士通株式会社 | Method of treating terminal of coaxial fine wire with shielded wire |
JPS6026777U (en) * | 1983-08-01 | 1985-02-23 | イ−・アイ・デュ・ポン・ドウ・ヌム−ル・アンド・カンパニ− | electrical connector |
JPS6293964A (en) * | 1985-10-21 | 1987-04-30 | Dai Ichi Seiko Co Ltd | Ic testing socket |
JPH043422Y2 (en) * | 1987-03-09 | 1992-02-03 | ||
DE8816214U1 (en) * | 1987-12-30 | 1989-03-30 | Lotter, Karl, 8959 Buching, De |
-
1990
- 1990-02-15 MY MYPI90000250A patent/MY106680A/en unknown
- 1990-02-20 AR AR90316207A patent/AR242322A1/en active
- 1990-02-21 BR BR909000837A patent/BR9000837A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1990-02-23 DE DE69020382T patent/DE69020382T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-02-23 EP EP90103582A patent/EP0385314B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-02-23 EP EP94103475A patent/EP0603161B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-02-23 DE DE69033300T patent/DE69033300T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-02-23 ES ES90103582T patent/ES2074094T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-02-27 CN CN90100980A patent/CN1045314A/en active Pending
- 1990-02-28 KR KR1019900002627A patent/KR900013673A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1990-02-28 JP JP2046033A patent/JP2965210B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE69033300T2 (en) | 2000-04-13 |
DE69020382D1 (en) | 1995-08-03 |
EP0603161A2 (en) | 1994-06-22 |
EP0603161A3 (en) | 1997-01-08 |
ES2074094T3 (en) | 1995-09-01 |
KR900013673A (en) | 1990-09-06 |
MY106680A (en) | 1995-07-31 |
EP0385314A1 (en) | 1990-09-05 |
JPH02273477A (en) | 1990-11-07 |
CN1045314A (en) | 1990-09-12 |
DE69033300D1 (en) | 1999-10-28 |
JP2965210B2 (en) | 1999-10-18 |
AR242322A1 (en) | 1993-03-31 |
EP0603161B1 (en) | 1999-09-22 |
BR9000837A (en) | 1991-10-15 |
DE69020382T2 (en) | 1995-11-02 |
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