EP0381000B1 - Prefabricated concrete panel with thermally insulating or lightening layer - Google Patents

Prefabricated concrete panel with thermally insulating or lightening layer Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0381000B1
EP0381000B1 EP90101213A EP90101213A EP0381000B1 EP 0381000 B1 EP0381000 B1 EP 0381000B1 EP 90101213 A EP90101213 A EP 90101213A EP 90101213 A EP90101213 A EP 90101213A EP 0381000 B1 EP0381000 B1 EP 0381000B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
panel
element sections
panel according
holes
prefabricated
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP90101213A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0381000A1 (en
Inventor
Sergio Zambelli
Benito Zambelli
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Individual
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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
    • E04C2/04—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of concrete or other stone-like material; of asbestos cement; of cement and other mineral fibres
    • E04C2/044—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of concrete or other stone-like material; of asbestos cement; of cement and other mineral fibres of concrete
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
    • E04C2/26—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups
    • E04C2/284—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups at least one of the materials being insulating
    • E04C2/288—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/04, E04C2/08, E04C2/10 or of materials covered by one of these groups with a material not specified in one of the groups at least one of the materials being insulating composed of insulating material and concrete, stone or stone-like material
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/30—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure
    • E04C2/38—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure with attached ribs, flanges, or the like, e.g. framed panels
    • E04C2/384—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the shape or structure with attached ribs, flanges, or the like, e.g. framed panels with a metal frame
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
    • E04C2/04—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of concrete or other stone-like material; of asbestos cement; of cement and other mineral fibres
    • E04C2/044—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of concrete or other stone-like material; of asbestos cement; of cement and other mineral fibres of concrete
    • E04C2002/045—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of concrete or other stone-like material; of asbestos cement; of cement and other mineral fibres of concrete with two parallel leaves connected by tie anchors
    • E04C2002/046—Flat anchors

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a prefabricated concrete panel with thermally insulating or lightening layer.
  • Prefabricated concrete panels inside which there is a layer of thermally insulating or lightening material are known.
  • Such panels are generally constituted by two layers of concrete which constitute the two larger faces of the panel, and concrete cross-members are arranged between them and mutually connect the two larger faces; said cross-members are alternated with cavities in which layers of low-density material are generally placed to act as thermal insulators or lightening elements.
  • the load-bearing function of the panel if required, is performed by reinforcement rods embedded in the concrete cross-members which connect the panel larger faces.
  • the concrete cross-members which join the two opposite faces of the panel provide thermal bridges between the two faces, considerably reducing the effectiveness of the thermally insulating layer. Due to their structure with alternated solid portions and empty portions, these known kinds of panel can furthermore be affected by possibly considerable stresses due to the different thermal expansion of the parts which compose them.
  • a layer of thermally insulating material is applied to the outer walls and is covered by means of single-layer concrete panels which are fixed to the walls thus covered.
  • finishing of the covering is required to conceal the applied layer of thermally insulating material, which is laterally visible after application of the panels. Said finishing operations, with rather high costs, are necessary, as well as for aesthetic reasons, also to prevent the insulating layer from being attacked by rodents or birds and by the effects of weather.
  • US-A-3 760 540 discloses a pre-cast concrete building panel with an inner layer of insulation comprising a continuous peripheral steel channel outer frame of C-shaped cross-sectional configuration in which the channel defines parallel flanges which encompass the marginal edges of both the front and rear surfaces of the panel.
  • US-A-4 649 682 shows a prefabricated building panel having a layer of insulating material sandwiched between two outer layers of hardenable material, the three layers being supported by a frame formed from L-shaped cross section members which define parallel flanges extending inwardly and embedded in the respective hardened layers.
  • the aim of the present invention is to solve the above described problems by providing a prefabricated concrete panel which has high performance in terms of thermal and acoustic insulation and of resistance to fire and to the effects of weather, without requiring finishing operations after installation.
  • an object of the invention is to provide a panel which is practically free from thermal bridges between the two opposite faces.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a panel which has no significant stresses due to thermal expansions.
  • Still another object is to provide a panel which can be manufactured in a simple manner with conventional panel prefabrication systems with modest production costs.
  • the panel according to the invention comprises a reinforcement frame 2 which is substantially constituted by two longitudinal element sections 3a and 3b and by two transverse element sections 4a and 4b which substantially perimetrically delimit the panel.
  • the reinforcement frame 2 can be made of various materials, such as steel, thermosetting plastic materials, materials additivated with resins and/or polymers, etc.
  • Said reinforcement frame can be made monolithically in a single pre-cast part or can be constituted, as illustrated, by a plurality of parts which are coupled by means of bolts, by fixing means, by gluing, by tying, by welding etc.
  • the element sections 3a, 3b, 4a and 4b are provided, on the mutually facing sides of the reinforcement frame, with two flanges 5 and 6 which are embedded in two concrete layers 7 and 8 which constitute the larger faces of the panel.
  • the two layers 7 and 8 are mutually spaced so as to define an interspace which is filled with a layer 9 of granular or compact, thermally insulating and/or lightening material which has surface dimensions substantially equal to those of the panel.
  • the layer 9 can be constituted, for example, by polystyrene of any density, cork, foamed clay, polyurethane, rock wool, materials made of mineral and/or polymer fibers, etc.
  • the two concrete layers 7 and 8 can be produced by simply using concrete or concrete additivated with resins, mineral or polymer fibers according to the requirements.
  • additional stiffening transverse element sections 10 are provided which are arranged substantially parallel to the transverse element sections 4a and 4b and are fixed in the two concrete layers 7 and 8.
  • the element sections 10 are fixed to the longitudinal element sections 3a and 3b similarly to the element sections 4a and 4b.
  • Reinforcement grids 11 and 12 are embedded in the two concrete layers 7 and 8 and can be fixed to the flanges 5 and 6 and possibly to longitudinal rods 13 supported by the additional transverse element sections 10.
  • Grip elements 14 are appropriately provided along the longitudinal element sections 3a and 3b, protrude transversely and longitudinally from the panel and are useful to move it. Said grip elements are also rigidly associated with the transverse element sections 4a and 4b or with the transverse element sections 10 as well as to the longitudinal element sections 3a and 3b.
  • the panel can be obtained by means of a forming box 15 simply constituted by a base plate 16 and by two appropriately shaped lateral shoulders 17 and 18, as illustrated in figure 2.
  • the panels thus obtained constitute load-bearing or self-supporting construction elements, depending on the reinforcement frame 2 used, which are placed mutually adjacent by means of coupling element sections 19 fixed to the element sections 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b which constitute the reinforcement frame.
  • the longitudinal or transverse element sections which constitute the reinforcement frame can affect substantially all the thickness of the panel, acting as concrete containment element and making unnecessary the use of the forming-box shoulders to form them.
  • the profiled elements arranged on two opposite sides of the panel externally have mutually associable configurations, in particular counter-shaped configurations, for example of the male-female type, thus also avoiding the use of coupling element sections 19.
  • the reinforcement frame indicated by the reference numeral 31, comprises perimetral element sections 32 and additional element sections 34 which have the same profile and are simply obtained by bending.
  • each element section 32, 34 has a substantially I-shaped configuration in transverse cross section.
  • Holes 33 are defined on the two parallel flanges 32a and 32b, 34a and 34b of said element sections 32, 34 and are elongated in a direction which is parallel to the longitudinal extension of said profiled elements; said holes are used to mutually associate, by bolting, the element sections which constitute the reinforcement frame.
  • Said holes 33 are conveniently arranged, on each of said flanges 32a, 32b, 34a, 34b, along two parallel rows, and the holes which belong to said two rows are mutually offset parallel to the longitudinal extension of the respective element section to facilitate positioning and assembly of the element sections and to obtain greater precision in angle couplings.
  • profiled elements 32 by virtue of their particular configuration, provides a greater flexural strength for the panel and an excellent fixing of the element sections in the concrete.
  • Holes 35 are conveniently defined in the core 34c of the additional transverse element sections 34 so as to provide a connection between the regions occupied by the layers 9. This connection makes the thermal conditions inside the panel uniform, particularly with regard to the distribution of humidity inside the panel.
  • the panel according to the invention fully achieves the intended aim, since by virtue of the thermally insulating or lightening layer substantially affecting the entire dimensions of the panel with no significant discontinuities, high performance in terms of thermal and acoustic insulation, resistance to fire and to the effects of weather is achieved without requiring any additional operation after installation and with no disadvantages of any sort due to different thermal expansions in the various parts which compose the panel.
  • the materials employed, as well as the dimensions can be any according to the requirements and to the state of the art.

Description

  • The present invention relates to a prefabricated concrete panel with thermally insulating or lightening layer.
  • Prefabricated concrete panels inside which there is a layer of thermally insulating or lightening material are known. Such panels are generally constituted by two layers of concrete which constitute the two larger faces of the panel, and concrete cross-members are arranged between them and mutually connect the two larger faces; said cross-members are alternated with cavities in which layers of low-density material are generally placed to act as thermal insulators or lightening elements. The load-bearing function of the panel, if required, is performed by reinforcement rods embedded in the concrete cross-members which connect the panel larger faces.
  • Such known kinds of panel have some disadvantages.
  • In particular, the concrete cross-members which join the two opposite faces of the panel provide thermal bridges between the two faces, considerably reducing the effectiveness of the thermally insulating layer. Due to their structure with alternated solid portions and empty portions, these known kinds of panel can furthermore be affected by possibly considerable stresses due to the different thermal expansion of the parts which compose them.
  • In many cases, in order to provide thermal insulation on the outer side of civil or industrial buildings, a layer of thermally insulating material is applied to the outer walls and is covered by means of single-layer concrete panels which are fixed to the walls thus covered.
  • In this case, though there are no problems as regards thermal insulation or expansion of the products, there is the disadvantage that finishing of the covering is required to conceal the applied layer of thermally insulating material, which is laterally visible after application of the panels. Said finishing operations, with rather high costs, are necessary, as well as for aesthetic reasons, also to prevent the insulating layer from being attacked by rodents or birds and by the effects of weather.
  • US-A-3 760 540 discloses a pre-cast concrete building panel with an inner layer of insulation comprising a continuous peripheral steel channel outer frame of C-shaped cross-sectional configuration in which the channel defines parallel flanges which encompass the marginal edges of both the front and rear surfaces of the panel. US-A-4 649 682 shows a prefabricated building panel having a layer of insulating material sandwiched between two outer layers of hardenable material, the three layers being supported by a frame formed from L-shaped cross section members which define parallel flanges extending inwardly and embedded in the respective hardened layers.
  • The aim of the present invention is to solve the above described problems by providing a prefabricated concrete panel which has high performance in terms of thermal and acoustic insulation and of resistance to fire and to the effects of weather, without requiring finishing operations after installation.
  • Within the scope of this aim, an object of the invention is to provide a panel which is practically free from thermal bridges between the two opposite faces.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a panel which has no significant stresses due to thermal expansions.
  • Still another object is to provide a panel which can be manufactured in a simple manner with conventional panel prefabrication systems with modest production costs.
  • This aim, these objects and others which will become apparent hereinafter are achieved by a prefabricated concrete panel with thermally insulating or lightening layer, as defined in claim 1.
  • The characteristics and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the description of a preferred but not exclusive embodiment of the prefabricated panel according to the invention, illustrated only by way of non-limitative example in the accompanying drawings, wherein:
    • figure 1 is an exploded perspective view of a panel according to the invention with the concrete parts omitted;
    • figure 2 is a schematic transverse sectional view of the panel according to the invention;
    • figure 3 is a sectional view, taken along a horizontal plane, showing the coupling of two vertically arranged panels according to the invention; and
    • figure 4 is a sectional view, similar to figure 3, illustrating the coupling between two panels provided according to a different embodiment of the invention;
    • figure 5 is an exploded perspective view of a different embodiment of the reinforced frame.
  • With reference to figures 1 to 3, the panel according to the invention, generally indicated by the reference numeral 1, comprises a reinforcement frame 2 which is substantially constituted by two longitudinal element sections 3a and 3b and by two transverse element sections 4a and 4b which substantially perimetrically delimit the panel. The reinforcement frame 2 can be made of various materials, such as steel, thermosetting plastic materials, materials additivated with resins and/or polymers, etc. Said reinforcement frame can be made monolithically in a single pre-cast part or can be constituted, as illustrated, by a plurality of parts which are coupled by means of bolts, by fixing means, by gluing, by tying, by welding etc.
  • The element sections 3a, 3b, 4a and 4b are provided, on the mutually facing sides of the reinforcement frame, with two flanges 5 and 6 which are embedded in two concrete layers 7 and 8 which constitute the larger faces of the panel. The two layers 7 and 8 are mutually spaced so as to define an interspace which is filled with a layer 9 of granular or compact, thermally insulating and/or lightening material which has surface dimensions substantially equal to those of the panel. The layer 9 can be constituted, for example, by polystyrene of any density, cork, foamed clay, polyurethane, rock wool, materials made of mineral and/or polymer fibers, etc.
  • The two concrete layers 7 and 8 can be produced by simply using concrete or concrete additivated with resins, mineral or polymer fibers according to the requirements.
  • Conveniently, in the case of medium- and large-length panels, additional stiffening transverse element sections 10 are provided which are arranged substantially parallel to the transverse element sections 4a and 4b and are fixed in the two concrete layers 7 and 8. The element sections 10 are fixed to the longitudinal element sections 3a and 3b similarly to the element sections 4a and 4b.
  • Reinforcement grids 11 and 12 are embedded in the two concrete layers 7 and 8 and can be fixed to the flanges 5 and 6 and possibly to longitudinal rods 13 supported by the additional transverse element sections 10.
  • Grip elements 14 are appropriately provided along the longitudinal element sections 3a and 3b, protrude transversely and longitudinally from the panel and are useful to move it. Said grip elements are also rigidly associated with the transverse element sections 4a and 4b or with the transverse element sections 10 as well as to the longitudinal element sections 3a and 3b.
  • In its basic embodiment, the panel can be obtained by means of a forming box 15 simply constituted by a base plate 16 and by two appropriately shaped lateral shoulders 17 and 18, as illustrated in figure 2.
  • The panels thus obtained constitute load-bearing or self-supporting construction elements, depending on the reinforcement frame 2 used, which are placed mutually adjacent by means of coupling element sections 19 fixed to the element sections 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b which constitute the reinforcement frame.
  • According to the different embodiment illustrated in figure 4, the longitudinal or transverse element sections which constitute the reinforcement frame, indicated by the reference numerals 20 and 21, can affect substantially all the thickness of the panel, acting as concrete containment element and making unnecessary the use of the forming-box shoulders to form them.
  • In this case, furthermore, the profiled elements arranged on two opposite sides of the panel externally have mutually associable configurations, in particular counter-shaped configurations, for example of the male-female type, thus also avoiding the use of coupling element sections 19.
  • The same reference numerals used in figures 1 to 3 have been kept in figure 4 for the other elements which constitute the panel and are identical to those of the above described basic embodiment.
  • According to the different embodiment illustrated in figure 5, the reinforcement frame, indicated by the reference numeral 31, comprises perimetral element sections 32 and additional element sections 34 which have the same profile and are simply obtained by bending. In this case, each element section 32, 34 has a substantially I-shaped configuration in transverse cross section. Holes 33 are defined on the two parallel flanges 32a and 32b, 34a and 34b of said element sections 32, 34 and are elongated in a direction which is parallel to the longitudinal extension of said profiled elements; said holes are used to mutually associate, by bolting, the element sections which constitute the reinforcement frame.
  • Said holes 33 are conveniently arranged, on each of said flanges 32a, 32b, 34a, 34b, along two parallel rows, and the holes which belong to said two rows are mutually offset parallel to the longitudinal extension of the respective element section to facilitate positioning and assembly of the element sections and to obtain greater precision in angle couplings.
  • The use of the profiled elements 32, by virtue of their particular configuration, provides a greater flexural strength for the panel and an excellent fixing of the element sections in the concrete.
  • Holes 35 are conveniently defined in the core 34c of the additional transverse element sections 34 so as to provide a connection between the regions occupied by the layers 9. This connection makes the thermal conditions inside the panel uniform, particularly with regard to the distribution of humidity inside the panel.
  • In practise it has been observed that the panel according to the invention fully achieves the intended aim, since by virtue of the thermally insulating or lightening layer substantially affecting the entire dimensions of the panel with no significant discontinuities, high performance in terms of thermal and acoustic insulation, resistance to fire and to the effects of weather is achieved without requiring any additional operation after installation and with no disadvantages of any sort due to different thermal expansions in the various parts which compose the panel.
  • The prefabricated panel thus conceived is susceptible to numerous modifications and variations, all of which are within the scope of the inventive concept as defined by the appended claims; all the details may furthermore be replaced with technically equivalent elements.
  • In practise, the materials employed, as well as the dimensions, can be any according to the requirements and to the state of the art.
  • Where technical features mentioned in any claim are followed by reference signs, those reference signs have been included for the sole purpose of increasing the intelligibility of the claims and accordingly, such reference signs do not have any limiting effect on the scope of each element identified by way of example by such reference signs.

Claims (10)

  1. A prefabricated concrete panel with thermally insulating or lightening layer, comprising a reinforcement frame (2;31) including at least two longitudinal element sections (3a,3b;20,21;32) and two transverse element sections (4a,4b;20,21;32) which are mutually interconnected to thereby form said frame and which substantially perimetrically delimit said panel (1), each said element section defining a middle portion substantially extending along the width of said panel and a first flange (5;32a) and a second flange (6,32b) which are mutually parallel and distal and which extend substantially perpendicularly from said middle portion towards the center of said panel, said first flange being embedded in a first concrete layer (7) which defines a first larger face of said panel and said second flange (6;32b) being embedded in a second concrete layer (8) which defines a second larger face of said panel, said two concrete layers (7,8) being mutually spaced so as to define an interspace which accommodates a layer (9) of thermally insulating or lightening material, said panel characterized in that said flanges (32a,32b) are provided with a series of holes (33) spaced along their longitudinal extents to improve the anchoring of said flanges in said concrete layers.
  2. A prefabricated panel according to claim 1, characterized in that holes (33) are arranged on each said flange (32a,32b) along two mutually parallel rows, the holes being elongated oval-shaped holes and the holes which belong to one row being longitudinally offset with respect to the holes of the other row.
  3. A prefabricated panel according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that said frame (2;31) comprises additional stiffening transverse element sections (10;34) fixed in said two concrete layers (7,8) and rigidly associated with said longitudinal element sections (3a,3b;20,21;32).
  4. A prefabricated panel according to claim 3, characterized in that said stiffening transverse element sections (34) have connecting holes (35) for the regions of the panel occupied by said layer (9) of thermally insulating or lightening material.
  5. A prefabricated panel according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that reinforcment grids (11,12) are embedded in said two concrete layers (7,8).
  6. A prefabricated panel according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that grip elements (14) are provided along said two longitudinal element sections (3a,3b), said grip elements protruding from said panel (1) for moving it.
  7. A prefabricated panel according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that said transverse element sections (20,21) of said frame arranged on two opposite sides of said panel (1) externally have mutually associable configurations.
  8. A prefabricated panel according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that said frame (2) extends along the entire thickness of the panel and thereby acts as a perimetric panel containment element.
  9. A prefabricated panel according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that said additional stiffening transverse element sections (10) carry longitudinal bars (13) embedded in said two concrete layers (7,8) and associated with said reinforcement grids (11,12).
  10. A prefabricated panel according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that said element sections (32,34) have substantially a Sigma-shaped cross section obtained by bending.
EP90101213A 1989-01-30 1990-01-22 Prefabricated concrete panel with thermally insulating or lightening layer Expired - Lifetime EP0381000B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT8919243A IT1228022B (en) 1989-01-30 1989-01-30 PREFABRICATED CONCRETE PANEL WITH THERMALLY INSULATING OR LIGHTENING LAYER.
IT1924389 1989-01-30

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0381000A1 EP0381000A1 (en) 1990-08-08
EP0381000B1 true EP0381000B1 (en) 1993-04-21

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ID=11156067

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP90101213A Expired - Lifetime EP0381000B1 (en) 1989-01-30 1990-01-22 Prefabricated concrete panel with thermally insulating or lightening layer

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0381000B1 (en)
DE (1) DE69001360T2 (en)
ES (1) ES2040511T3 (en)
IT (1) IT1228022B (en)

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2023239236A1 (en) * 2022-06-07 2023-12-14 Douwes Johannes Jacobus Wall element, wall and building as well as method for construction
NL2032089B1 (en) * 2022-06-07 2023-12-14 Jacobus Douwes Johannes WALL ELEMENT, WALL AND BUILDING AS WELL AS CONSTRUCTION METHOD

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
IT1228022B (en) 1991-05-27
IT8919243A0 (en) 1989-01-30
ES2040511T3 (en) 1993-10-16
DE69001360T2 (en) 1993-07-29
EP0381000A1 (en) 1990-08-08
DE69001360D1 (en) 1993-05-27

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