EP0350396B1 - Mechanic system for reproducing an angular position - Google Patents

Mechanic system for reproducing an angular position Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0350396B1
EP0350396B1 EP89401921A EP89401921A EP0350396B1 EP 0350396 B1 EP0350396 B1 EP 0350396B1 EP 89401921 A EP89401921 A EP 89401921A EP 89401921 A EP89401921 A EP 89401921A EP 0350396 B1 EP0350396 B1 EP 0350396B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
weapon
elevation
movement
gun turret
casing
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP89401921A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0350396A1 (en
Inventor
Jean-Philippe Patrice Bernard Allais
Alain Robert Guillermond
Pascal Gérard Rouyer
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Safran Transmission Systems SAS
Original Assignee
Hispano Suiza SA
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Publication date
Application filed by Hispano Suiza SA filed Critical Hispano Suiza SA
Priority to AT89401921T priority Critical patent/ATE88007T1/en
Publication of EP0350396A1 publication Critical patent/EP0350396A1/en
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Publication of EP0350396B1 publication Critical patent/EP0350396B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41G—WEAPON SIGHTS; AIMING
    • F41G1/00—Sighting devices
    • F41G1/38—Telescopic sights specially adapted for smallarms or ordnance; Supports or mountings therefor
    • F41G1/393—Mounting telescopic sights on ordnance; Transmission of sight movements to the associated gun
    • F41G1/3935—Transmission of sight movements to the associated gun

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Vehicle Body Suspensions (AREA)
  • Control Of Position Or Direction (AREA)
  • Body Structure For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Telescopes (AREA)
  • Length Measuring Devices By Optical Means (AREA)
  • Replacement Of Web Rolls (AREA)
  • Discharging, Photosensitive Material Shape In Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Facsimile Scanning Arrangements (AREA)

Abstract

A mechanical servosystem for connecting the pivoting weapon support to an optical aiming device such that the optical sighting axis remain in alignment with the elevation of the weapon is described. A motion input mechanism is connected to the pivoting weapons mounting. The optical device is connected to a mechanical motion output mechanism which, in turn, is connected to the motion input mechanism via a flexible motion transmission device. A linkage interconnects the weapon mounting with the motion input mechanism such that any elevational movement of the weapon is automatically transferred to the optical aiming device to maintain the alignment of the optical axis with the weapon.

Description

La présente invention a pour objet l'asservissement mécanique en site d'une lunette de visée à l'axe de tir d'une arme montée en superstructure sur une tourelle, ou un tourelleau, d'engin blindé.The subject of the present invention is the mechanical servo-control on site of a telescopic sight on the firing axis of a weapon mounted in superstructure on a turret, or a cupola, of an armored vehicle.

L'arme est mobile en site autour d'un tourillon disposé à l'arrière de la tourelle et le tireur dispose, pour viser l'objectif, d'une lunette située dans la partie avant du corps de tourelle. Il est donc nécessaire de recopier la position en site de l'arme sur le prisme mobile de la lunette de façon à ce que l'axe de visée et l'axe de tir restent parallèles.The weapon is movable in site around a trunnion arranged at the rear of the turret and the shooter has, to aim the objective, a telescopic sight located in the front part of the body of turret. It is therefore necessary to copy the position in elevation of the weapon on the mobile prism of the telescopic sight so that the line of sight and the axis of fire remain parallel.

Ce besoin est déjà exprimé dans le document FR.A 2 396 946 dans lequel un miroir de transmission de la visée est monté tournant de façon à suivre le mouvement en site d'une arme. Toutefois, dans ce document le miroir étant disposé au proche voisinage du tourillon, la transmission de mouvement ne pose pas de problème particulier.This need is already expressed in document FR.A 2 396 946 in which an aiming transmission mirror is mounted rotating so as to follow the movement in elevation of a weapon. However, in this document the mirror being arranged in the close vicinity of the journal, the transmission of movement does not pose any particular problem.

Le document FR A 2421 362 décrit également un moyen d'asservissement en site d'une lunette par l'intermédiaire de tiges coopérant avec des systèmes pignon-crémaillère.The document FR A 2421 362 also describes a means of servo-control on the site of a telescope by means of rods cooperating with rack and pinion systems.

Or ceci impose un système mécanique complexe difficilement utilisable dans une tourelle de petite dimension où pour des raisons d'encombrement dans une tourelle où la lunette est située à l'avant tandis que le tourillon est disposé à l'arrière de la tourelle.However, this imposes a complex mechanical system that is difficult to use in a small turret or, for reasons of space, in a turret where the telescope is located at the front while the trunnion is disposed at the rear of the turret.

L'invention a pour objet de réaliser un dispositif de recopie de la position en site de l'arme sur une lunette, tel que la lunette puisse être disposée en un endroit quelconque de la tourelle et notamment sans être alignée avec l'emplaçement du boitier de prise de mouvement sur le tourillon.The object of the invention is to provide a device for copying the position in elevation of the weapon on a telescopic sight, such that the telescopic sight can be placed in any place of the turret and in particular without being aligned with the location of the power take-off box on the trunnion.

L'invention a donc pour objet une tourelle ou un tourelleau d'engin blindé comportant une arme montée en superstructure, mobile en site autour d'un tourillon arrière et comprenant une lunette de visée dont l'orientation en site de l'axe optique doit être recopiée sur celle de l'arme. Le dispositif de recopie de la position en site comporte selon l'invention un boîtier de prise de mouvement disposé près du tourillon qui supporte l'arme et transmettant ledit mouvement au moyen d'un organe de transmission mécanique souple à un boîtier de recopie assurant le mouvement de l'axe optique de la lunette.The subject of the invention is therefore a turret or a cupola of an armored vehicle comprising a weapon mounted in superstructure, movable in elevation around a rear journal and comprising a riflescope whose elevation orientation of the optical axis must be copied over that of the weapon. The device for copying the elevation position comprises, according to the invention, a power take-off box disposed near the journal which supports the weapon and transmitting said movement by means of a flexible mechanical transmission member to a feedback box ensuring the movement of the optical axis of the telescope.

D'autres caractéristiques de l'invention seront décrites ci-après en regard de planches de dessins parmi lesquelles :

  • la figure 1 est une vue en perspective d'une tourelle d'engin blindé incorporant le dispositif selon l'invention;
  • la figure 2 est une vue de face du boîtier de prise de mouvement ou boîtier arrière;
  • la figure 3 est une demi-coupe (selon AA de la figure 2), du boîtier arrière;
  • la figure 4 est une vue selon E de la figure 3;
  • la figure 5 est une vue de face du boîtier de recopie ou boîtier avant, solidaire de la lunette ; sur cette figure, la flèche A est orientée vers l'avant de la tourelle de l'engin.
  • la figure 6 est une vue partielle selon F d'un détail de la figure 5;
  • la figure 7 représente le boîtier de recopie en demi-coupe selon B-B de la figure 5;
  • la figure 8 montre le détail, en coupe selon CC de la figure 7, d'une partie du dispositif de tension du câble de la gaîne de transmission.
Other characteristics of the invention will be described below with reference to drawing boards, among which:
  • Figure 1 is a perspective view of an armored vehicle turret incorporating the device according to the invention;
  • Figure 2 is a front view of the power take-off housing or rear housing;
  • Figure 3 is a half section (along AA of Figure 2) of the rear housing;
  • Figure 4 is a view along E of Figure 3;
  • Figure 5 is a front view of the feedback box or front box, integral with the bezel; in this figure, the arrow A is oriented towards the front of the turret of the machine.
  • Figure 6 is a partial view along F of a detail of Figure 5;
  • FIG. 7 represents the half-section copy-out unit according to BB of FIG. 5;
  • FIG. 8 shows the detail, in section along CC of FIG. 7, of a part of the device for tensioning the cable of the transmission sheath.

A la figure 1, on a représenté une tourelle 1 d'engin blindé (non mentionné), mobile en gisement autour de l'axe vertical de la tourelle. Celle-ci comporte notamment une arme 3 mobile en site autour d'un tourillon 2 disposé en arrière du poste de pilotage, de visée et de tir.In Figure 1, there is shown a turret 1 of armored vehicle (not mentioned), movable in bearing around the vertical axis of the turret. This includes in particular a weapon 3 movable in elevation around a journal 2 disposed behind the cockpit, aiming and shooting.

Pour effectuer sa visée, le tireur dispose d'une lunette 4 disposée en avant de son poste de telle sorte que l'oculaire de la lunette soit disposé devant son visage. Pour synchroniser le déplacement en site de la lunette sur celui de l'arme 3, on a réalisé selon l'invention un dispositif de recopie du mouvement de l'arme 3. Ce dispositif comporte un boîtier arrière 5 de prise de mouvement relié au tourillon support de l'arme ainsi qu'un organe souple 6 de transmission mécanique de mouvement du boîtier arrière vers la lunette et un boîtier de recopie 7 assurant le mouvement en site de la lunette 4 et disposé à l'extrémité avant de l'organe 6. Chacun de ces sous-ensembles sera détaillé en regard des figures le concernant directement.In order to aim, the shooter has a scope 4 arranged in front of his position so that the eyepiece of the scope is placed in front of his face. To synchronize the elevation movement of the telescope with that of the weapon 3, a device for copying the movement of the weapon 3 has been produced according to the invention. This device comprises a rear case 5 for power take-off connected to the journal support of the weapon as well as a flexible member 6 for mechanical transmission of movement from the rear housing to the telescope and a feedback box 7 ensuring the elevation movement of the telescope 4 and disposed at the front end of the member 6 Each of these sub-assemblies will be detailed with reference to the figures which directly concern it.

Les figures 2 à 4 montrent le détail du boîtier de prise de mouvement 5. Ce dernier, proprement dit, est fixé par des vis 8 au corps 9 de la tourelle 1, à proximité du tourillon 2 dont l'axe de rotation est matérialisé par un point P.Figures 2 to 4 show the detail of the plug housing movement 5. The latter, properly speaking, is fixed by screws 8 to the body 9 of the turret 1, near the journal 2 whose axis of rotation is materialized by a point P.

Les points S, P, Q et R forment les sommets d'un parallèlogramme déformable de telle sorte qu'une rotation en site d'angle ϑ de la droite PQ matérialisée sur la pièce 10 solidaire du tourillon se traduise par une rotation de même valeur ϑ de la droite SR et de l'axe 14 ainsi que de toute pièce, notamment une poulie liée en rotation, à l'axe 14. La droite QR de ce parallélogramme est constituée d'une tige de réglage 12 comportant à chaque extrémité une tête mâle rotulée 11a et 11b, l'une étant reliée au point Q à la pièce 10, solidaire du tourillon, l'autre étant reliée au point R à la biellette (13), elle même liée à l'axe 14.The points S, P, Q and R form the vertices of a deformable parallelogram so that a rotation in elevation of angle ϑ of the straight line PQ materialized on the part 10 integral with the journal results in a rotation of the same value ϑ of the straight line SR and of the axis 14 as well as of any part, in particular a pulley linked in rotation, to the axis 14. The straight line QR of this parallelogram consists of an adjustment rod 12 comprising at each end a swivel male head 11a and 11b, one being connected to point Q to part 10, secured to the journal, the other being connected to point R to the link (13), itself linked to axis 14.

De fait, l'axe 14 monté tournant dans le corps 15 du boîtier 5 au moyen de deux roulements 16 en opposition, supporte une poulie 17 comportant une gorge circulaire 18. La partie extérieure de la poulie comporte un embrèvement 19 définissant une portée radiale 10 contre laquelle vient en appui une bride 21 d'attache d'un câble 22 dont l'extrémité porte une excroissance d'arrêt 22a sertie sur le câble 22.In fact, the axis 14 mounted rotating in the body 15 of the housing 5 by means of two opposing bearings 16, supports a pulley 17 having a circular groove 18. The outer part of the pulley has a recess 19 defining a radial reach 10 against which abuts a flange 21 for attaching a cable 22, the end of which carries a stop protrusion 22a crimped on the cable 22.

Ce dernier constitue une des extrémités de la partie mobile de l'organe de transmission souple (6) dont l'embout fileté (23) est bloqué dans un alésage (24) du boîtier (5) par deux écrous, l'un (25) disposé intérieurement et l'autre (26) extérieurement au boîtier. L'organe de transmission souple (6) est constitué d'un ruban métallique glissant sur des billes disposées à l'intérieur d'une gaine souple. A chaque extrémité de ce ruban est serti un câble métallique (22).The latter constitutes one of the ends of the movable part of the flexible transmission member (6) whose threaded end piece (23) is blocked in a bore (24) of the housing (5) by two nuts, one (25 ) disposed internally and the other (26) externally to the housing. The flexible transmission member (6) consists of a metallic strip sliding on balls arranged inside a flexible sheath. At each end of this ribbon is crimped a metal cable (22).

L'organe souple de transmission 6 est disposé, soit, de préférence à l'intérieur du blindage de la tourelle, soit à l'extérieur de celui-ci, si les circonstances l'imposent (et ce peut être le cas lorsque le dispositif selon l'invention est monté en "rétrofit" sur une tourelle déja existante). L'extrémité "avant" de l'organe 6 pénètre dans le boîtier de recopie 7 par un alésage 27 de chaque côté duquel elle est bloquée de façon analogue par des écrous 25′ et 26′ (voir figures 5 à 7).The flexible transmission member 6 is arranged either preferably inside the shield of the turret, or outside of it, if circumstances so require (and this may be the case when the device according to the invention is mounted in "retrofit" on a turret already existing). The "front" end of the member 6 enters the feedback unit 7 by a bore 27 on each side of which it is locked in a similar manner by nuts 25 ′ and 26 ′ (see FIGS. 5 to 7).

Le boîtier 7 est constitué d'un corps 28 creux dont la paroi principale 29 est percée d'un alésage 30. A l'intérieur de celui-ci est monté au moyen de deux roulements en opposition 31 serrés par un écrou freiné 39, un axe 32 supportant une poulie à gorge 33. La liaison entre l'axe 32 et la poulie 33 est réalisée par l'intermédiaire d'un manchon expansible 35. Cette poulie reçoit l'autre extrémité du cable 22, fixé par un attache câble 34, lui-même vissé sur une portée radiale de la poulie 33 (de façon identique à celle précédemment décrite pour la poulie du boîtier de prise de mouvement 5).The housing 7 consists of a hollow body 28 whose main wall 29 is pierced with a bore 30. Inside thereof is mounted by means of two opposing bearings 31 tightened by a lock nut 39, a axis 32 supporting a grooved pulley 33. The connection between the axis 32 and the pulley 33 is produced by means of an expandable sleeve 35. This pulley receives the other end of the cable 22, fixed by a cable tie 34 , itself screwed onto a radial surface of the pulley 33 (in an identical manner to that previously described for the pulley of the power take-off unit 5).

La partie creuse du boîtier 7 est fermée par un couvercle 36 que traversent l'axe 32 et le manchon expansible 35. L'extrémité droite de l'axe 32 (sur la figure 7) extérieure au couvercle 36 supporte en appui contre le manchon 35, et fixé sur le dernier, un pignon moteur 37. Sur le flanc de celui-ci est collé un flasque 38 de diamètre supérieur à celui du pignon 37.
L'extrémité gauche de l'axe 32 (sur la figure 7) est contenue dans un boîtier annexe 40 fixé par vis sur la paroi 29. A l'intérieur de ce boîtier est fixé par un axe 41 l'extrémité extérieure d'un ressort spiral 42 dont l'extrémité intérieure est engagée dans une fente radiale 43 de l'axe 32 (figure 8). Ce ressort a pour but de maintenir l'ensemble en permanence sous tension afin de rattraper tous les jeux.
La lunette de visée 44 a été partiellement représentée à la figure 6. Son axe de rotation en site (droite matérialisée en YY) comporte une extrémité 45 supportant un pignon récepteur 46 fixé par une bride de serrage 47. Le pignon récepteur 46 est entraîné par le pignon moteur 37 au moyen d'une courroie crantée 48 maintenue en tension par un galet tendeur 49 monté fou sur un support 50 fixé sur le boîtier 28.The hollow part of the housing 7 is closed by a cover 36 through which the axis 32 and the expandable sleeve 35 pass. The right end of the axis 32 (in FIG. 7) external to the cover 36 bears in abutment against the sleeve 35 , and fixed on the last, a motor pinion 37. On the flank of the latter is bonded a flange 38 of diameter greater than that of the pinion 37.
The left end of the axis 32 (in FIG. 7) is contained in an annex box 40 fixed by screws to the wall 29. Inside this box is fixed by a pin 41 the outside end of a spiral spring 42 whose inner end is engaged in a radial slot 43 of the axis 32 (Figure 8). The purpose of this spring is to keep the unit permanently under tension in order to make up for all the games.
The telescopic sight 44 has been partially shown in Figure 6. Its axis of rotation in elevation (straight materialized in YY) has one end 45 supporting a receiving pinion 46 fixed by a clamp 47. The receiving pinion 46 is driven by the driving pinion 37 by means of a belt notched 48 held in tension by a tension roller 49 mounted idly on a support 50 fixed to the housing 28.

Cette cinématique de transmission de mouvement à distance permet de respecter sur la lunette les angles de déplacement en site de l'arme avec une précision de 2.10⁻³ radians pour des mouvements de l'arme en site allant de -8° à +40° d'angle.This kinematics of remote movement transmission makes it possible to respect on the telescope the angles of displacement in elevation of the weapon with a precision of 2.10⁻³ radians for movements of the weapon in elevation ranging from -8 ° to + 40 ° angle.

La description a été effectuée en regard d'un mode préférentiel de réalisation. Toutefois dans une version simplifiée, la prise de mouvement par parallélogramme déformable peut être supprimée et dans ce cas, le boîtier 5 est réduit simplement à la poulie 17 portée par une extrémité du tourillon. De même, si l'entraxe entre l'axe du boîtier de recopie 7 et l'axe de rotation en site de la lunette 44 est nul, la transmission pignon 46 courroie 48 n'est plus utile. Dans ce cas, la liaison entre les deux axes est réalisée par l'intermédiaire d'un manchon d'accouplement ou de tout autre organe de liaison.The description has been made with regard to a preferred embodiment. However, in a simplified version, the power take-off by deformable parallelogram can be omitted and in this case, the housing 5 is simply reduced to the pulley 17 carried by one end of the journal. Likewise, if the distance between the axis of the feedback box 7 and the axis of rotation in elevation of the bezel 44 is zero, the pinion transmission 46 belt 48 is no longer useful. In this case, the connection between the two axes is achieved by means of a coupling sleeve or any other connecting member.

Le dispositif selon l'invention s'applique tout autant aux tourelles d'engins blindés d'origine qu'aux tourelles déja existantes sur lesquelles on souhaite, après quelques années d'utilisation, effectuer l'intégration d'une nouvelle lunette de visée.The device according to the invention applies just as much to the turrets of original armored vehicles as to the already existing turrets on which it is desired, after a few years of use, to carry out the integration of a new telescopic sight.

Le dispositif peut être utilisé sur des tourelles n'ayant pas d'arme en superstructure, par exemple dans le cas de la recopie de l'axe de visée entre la lunette tireur et la lunette du chef d'engin.The device can be used on turrets having no weapon in the superstructure, for example in the case of the copying of the line of sight between the riflescope and the rifle scope.

Il peut également être utilisé sur des affûts ou postes de tirs sur lesquels le système de pointage n'est pas solidaire du support de l'arme. Enfin, il peut être également utilisé partout où la recopie précise d'une position angulaire est nécessaire, cas des systèmes où l'électronique ne peut satisfaire à cette fonction (cas de milieu hostile, par exemple milieu fortement radioactif).It can also be used on mountings or shooting positions on which the pointing system is not integral with the support of the weapon. Finally, it can also be used wherever precise copying of an angular position is necessary, in the case of systems where the electronics cannot satisfy this function (case of hostile medium, for example highly radioactive medium).

Claims (9)

  1. Gun turret or cupola for an armoured vehicle comprising a weapon (3) mounted on the superstructure, movable in elevation about a rear journal (2) and comprising a siting telescope (4), in which the elevation position of the optical axis must be copied onto that of the weapon, characterised in that the device for copying the elevation position comprises a movement uptake casing (5) arranged close to the journal and transmitting the said elevation movement of the weapon by means of a flexible mechanical transmission member (6) to a copying casing (7) ensuring the movement of the optical axis of the telescope.
  2. Gun turret according to Claim 1, characterised in that the movement uptake casing comprises a pulley mounted on the journal driving a flexible mechanical transmission member (6).
  3. Gun turret according to Claim 1, characterised in that it comprises a movement uptake casing (5), of the deformable parallelogram type, comprising a rod (12) and a connecting rod (13), the rod being moved by a component securely fastened to the journal of the weapon and transmitting its movement to the connecting rod, itself securely fastened to a shaft (14) supporting a first pulley (17) which drives the moving part (22) of the flexible transmission member (6).
  4. Gun turret according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the copying casing (7) comprises a second pulley (33), driven in rotation by the other end of the moving part (22) of the transmission member (6), the part (33) being linked to the shaft for rotating the telescope (44) in elevation by a coupling sleeve.
  5. Gun turret according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the copying casing (7) comprises a pulley (33) driven in rotation by the other end of the moving part (22) of the transmission member, the said pulley (33) being securely fastened to a motorised pinion (37) driving, by means of a toothed belt (48), a receiving pinion (46) able to rotationally drive the elevation shaft of the telescope (44).
  6. Gun turret according to Claim 5, characterised in that the toothed belt (48) driving the receiving pinion is held under tension by a tensioning roller (49).
  7. Gun turret according to any one of Claims 3 to 6, characterised in that it comprises a means for adjusting the distance between centres between the axis of the copying casing (7) and the shaft for rotating the telescope in elevation and a means (12) for adjusting the distance between centres between the axis of the journal (2) and the shaft (14) of the movement uptake casing (5).
  8. Gun turret according to one of Claims 1 to 7, characterised in that the transmission sheath comprises a cable (22) comprising a head crimped at each end, each of the said heads (22a) being fixed by an attachment to the pulleys (17) and (33) respectively, the said cable sliding in a protection sheath (6).
  9. Gun turret according to one of Claims 7 or 8, characterised in that the transmission member comprises a metal strip slipping over balls inside a protective sheath (6), the said strip being terminated at each end by a metal cable (22) fitted with a fastening means (22a, 21, 34).
EP89401921A 1988-07-07 1989-07-05 Mechanic system for reproducing an angular position Expired - Lifetime EP0350396B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT89401921T ATE88007T1 (en) 1988-07-07 1989-07-05 MECHANICAL SYSTEM FOR FOLLOWING AN ANGLE POSITION.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8809200A FR2634011B1 (en) 1988-07-07 1988-07-07 MECHANICAL SYSTEM FOR COPYING AN ANGULAR POSITION
FR8809200 1988-07-07

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0350396A1 EP0350396A1 (en) 1990-01-10
EP0350396B1 true EP0350396B1 (en) 1993-04-07

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EP89401921A Expired - Lifetime EP0350396B1 (en) 1988-07-07 1989-07-05 Mechanic system for reproducing an angular position

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US (1) US4970938A (en)
EP (1) EP0350396B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE88007T1 (en)
CA (1) CA1335419C (en)
DE (1) DE68905872T2 (en)
ES (1) ES2039896T3 (en)
FR (1) FR2634011B1 (en)

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US9746270B1 (en) 2014-06-04 2017-08-29 Lockheed Martin Corporation Drive mechanism and system for remotely operating a turret
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Publication number Publication date
EP0350396A1 (en) 1990-01-10
DE68905872T2 (en) 1993-08-19
US4970938A (en) 1990-11-20
FR2634011B1 (en) 1991-04-19
DE68905872D1 (en) 1993-05-13
ATE88007T1 (en) 1993-04-15
CA1335419C (en) 1995-05-02
FR2634011A1 (en) 1990-01-12
ES2039896T3 (en) 1993-10-01

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