EP0340550A2 - Electrical heating element with a PTC element - Google Patents

Electrical heating element with a PTC element Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0340550A2
EP0340550A2 EP89107143A EP89107143A EP0340550A2 EP 0340550 A2 EP0340550 A2 EP 0340550A2 EP 89107143 A EP89107143 A EP 89107143A EP 89107143 A EP89107143 A EP 89107143A EP 0340550 A2 EP0340550 A2 EP 0340550A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
housing
heating element
contact
contact plates
ptc
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP89107143A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0340550A3 (en
EP0340550B1 (en
Inventor
Hanno Roller
Roland Starck
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Eichenauer Heizelemente GmbH and Co KG
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Fritz Eichenauer GmbH and Co KG
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Publication of EP0340550A2 publication Critical patent/EP0340550A2/en
Publication of EP0340550A3 publication Critical patent/EP0340550A3/en
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Publication of EP0340550B1 publication Critical patent/EP0340550B1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
    • H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/02—Heaters using heating elements having a positive temperature coefficient

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an electrical heating element with a contact unit formed from at least one PTC element and contact plates resting thereon on both sides and with a housing.
  • Such a heating element is described in DE-GM 78 38 558.
  • flat PTC elements are placed between two contact plates, covered with a thin film, preferably made of mica, pushed into a jacket tube and this is then subsequently on both sides resulting free flanks are still pressed, so that a "bell-shaped" contour is created in the cut.
  • the Brinell hardness for pipe materials commonly used in these and usual cases is typically in the range from 22 to 38.
  • the disadvantage of this heating element is that the heat coupling of the PTC module decreases with increasing operating time and thus the heating element falls into a lower working range (temperature range) and the power is then no longer sufficient and the desired heating process can no longer be carried out.
  • the reason for this is the negative change in the pressing force on the PTC component, caused by the peculiarity of the material made of aluminum, which softens during temperature treatment and no longer has spring properties.
  • an electrical resistance heating element is described with at least one PTC element arranged between two contact plates, this contact unit being inserted into a sleeve made of electrically insulating, thermally conductive elastomeric material in such a way that through the sleeve in the plane there is a vertical pressure on the contact plates, which is given by the inherent elasticity of the sleeve.
  • the resistance bodies consist of ceramic PTC material, centrally within a housing made of an electrically insulating, vulcanized plastic, to which an electrically insulating and heat-conducting metal connection has been added.
  • the interior between the PTC elements and the sleeve is filled with a vulcanizing plastic, to which an electrically insulating and heat-conducting metal compound, preferably magnesium oxide, is also added.
  • the invention has for its object to provide an electrical heating element with positive electrical resistance, which gives a multiple (3 to 4 times) of the previously possible power and thus opens up a larger area of application.
  • the above object is achieved in an electrical heating element with a PTC element of the type mentioned above in that the contact plates and the housing have a Brinell hardness of 80 to 100, that in the uncompressed state of the heating element the contact plates are curved and with their convex side on rest on the PTC elements that the housing consists of dimensionally stable light metal and in the uncompressed state has a contact arrangement convex facing inner wall with a finite radius of curvature that is greater than the radius of curvature of the contact plates.
  • the PTC modules are between two segment plates bent outwards in the manner of a segment of a circle, which are larger than the contact areas of the PTC modules and in a mask made of electrically insulating material, such as a mica plate with recesses or a dimensionally stable plate made of binder bound, crushed mica (trademark Multimica), are laid. Recesses for connecting the connecting wires are provided on the connecting plates.
  • This contact arrangement with the PTC components fixed in the mask and the contact plates curved in the shape of a circular arc is inserted into an elliptical sleeve made of polyimide film (Kapton) and as such a package is inserted smoothly into the light metal housing from a rectangular extruded profile - i.e. without clamping - and mechanically pressed.
  • Kapton polyimide film
  • the long sides of the housing made of rectangular extruded profile are convexly curved inwards, this curvature having a larger radius r1 than the radius r2 of the contact plates.
  • a spring tension is built up, which acts as a pressing force on the contact surfaces of the PTC elements, which does not subside even when the heating element is heated and used for a long time.
  • no decrease in the pressing force was found compared to known heating elements.
  • the narrow sides of the sleeves made of rectangular, extruded aluminum-metal have a greater thickness in cross section in their central region than in their contact region with the upper and lower top wall, and in particular are convex both outwards and inwards.
  • the Brinell hardness of the material used is between 80 and 100.
  • the material for the contact plates and the aluminum extruded profile is preferably Al Mg Si1 alloy (composition MG 0.6-1.2; Si 0.75-1.3; Mn 0 , 4-1.0; Cr 0-0.3; balance Al) was used.
  • the said aluminum material ensures a progressive and permanent spring pressure on the PTC components lying between the contact plates in the configuration which is arranged with the outside of the contact plate and the inside of the sleeve opposite arrangement and the formation of the barrel-shaped narrow sides of the rectangular sleeve that a 3 to 4 times higher power - 35 to 40 W / qcm - compared to the known and previously described types of installation (approx. 8 W / qcm) constant and above longer periods of time is achieved.
  • the performance of PTC elements depends on the quality of the heat dissipation.
  • the resistance and thus the performance of a PTC element is determined by the internal temperature of the PTC element, which as such cannot be measured or can only be measured with difficulty.
  • the surface temperature is measured on the surface of the contact arrangement, that is to say the back of the contact elements.
  • good heat extraction much lower temperatures are measured with stationary power dissipation than with good or optimal heat extraction (the temperature inside the PTC element is necessarily the same in both cases). With good heat extraction, higher temperatures according to DIN standard are achieved and a disproportionately higher output.
  • a heating element produced in this way which is primarily used to heat liquids such as water, can also be produced from an extrusion that is open on both sides, the two open edges then being water-tightly cast with resin, or from a sleeve with a bottom arranged on one side .
  • the heating element 1 shown in perspective in FIG. 1 has a sleeve 2 made of extruded aluminum alloy with the material no. 32315.71-32318.72, in which the initially open sides 3 and 4 are sealed or closed, and from which connections 5 and 6 emerge on one side.
  • the grooves 21, 22 shown in the outer longitudinal edge of the contact plates 12, 13 serve to receive the electrical connections 5 and 6 (FIG. 2).
  • An electrical heating element according to the invention is produced, in particular, by inserting the contact arrangement with contact plates (12, 13) convexly facing the PTC elements into an opening of a housing made of light metal with convex inward-arching inner walls and exceeding the cross-sectional dimension of the contact arrangement, and then housing (2) and contact plates (12, 13) are pressed.
  • FIG. 2 shows a cross section through a unit 1 a for further processing to form a heating element 1. It has a contact unit A on the PTC resistance element 14 which has this mask 15 and contact plates 12, 13.
  • the contact unit A is inserted into the housing 2 with the interposition of an insulating sheath 16.
  • the essentially rectangular housing 2 is barrel-shaped in section on the narrow sides 8, 9.
  • the two longitudinal sides 10, 11 are curved inwards with the radius r1, that is to say with their convex sides facing the contact unit A.
  • the PTC element inserted between the two contact plates 12, 13 is placed against a displacement in a mask 15 made of electrically insulating material such as mica or resin-bound mica fibers (Multimica).
  • the contact plates 12, 13 consist of the same material as the housing.
  • the thickness of the mask 15 is smaller than that of the PTC element 14.
  • the contact unit with the contact plates 12, 13, the PTC element 14 and the mask 15 is provided with a covering 16 made of electrically insulating material, thermostable polyimide film, under the name " Kapton "commercially available, surrounded.
  • the contact unit made of the contact plates 12, 13 held together by the sheath 16 of electrically insulating material with the PTC resistance bodies 14 lying in between in the mask 15 can be inserted relatively easily into the aluminum sleeve 2 during manufacture.
  • the contact plates 12, 13 are bent at a radius r2 to the outside against the inner sides 17, 18 of the rectangular aluminum housing 2 of the heating element 1, that is to say with their concave side facing the adjacent housing wall.
  • the radius r2 is smaller than the radius r1 of the two inwardly bent longitudinal sides 10 and 11 of the housing.
  • the aluminum housing 2 After installation of the contact unit A provided with the electrically insulating sheath 16, the aluminum housing 2 is pressed by pressing the aluminum housing 2 and the longitudinal sides 10, 11 and the contact is deformed compared to the unloaded, relaxed, by the mentioned radii r1 of the housing walls 10, 11 and r2 of the contact plates 12, 13, a permanent spring force is built up, which due to the use of the relatively hard aluminum alloys for the rectangular sleeve 2 and the contact plates 12, 13 remains constant and thus ensures optimal decoupling of the energy supplied via the electrical connections 5 and 6.
  • the two, preferably barrel-shaped, narrow sides 8 and 9 form abutments of the outwardly directed spring force of the contact plates 12, 13.
  • this heating element 1 it was found that the barrel forces of narrow sides 8.9, the occurring spring forces directed vertically upwards and outwards can be absorbed much better than with circumferential and constant cross-sections of the narrow sides 8.9 of the aluminum housing, so that optimal Consistency of the heat extraction and thus maintaining the efficiency is given much longer.
  • the configuration of the narrow sides 8 and 9, as shown in FIG. 2, is not the only possible configuration.
  • the necessary increase in cross-sectional area 1 to form a sufficiently firm abutment for absorbing the spring forces can also be achieved by other cross-sectional shapes, such as diamond shapes, circular shapes, etc. Further tests with the heating element 1 have shown that an optimal, highly constant, uniform and uniform pressing of the narrow sides is ensured when the transitions 19, 20 from the long sides 10, 11 to the narrow sides 8, 9 in the respective corners 19, 20 constrictions.
  • FIG. 3 shows the heating element according to the invention in the fully pressed state. It can be seen that when pressing, in particular, the height of the outer dimensions in the region of the narrow sides 8, 9 is reduced and, in the process, the crown speed or barrel shape of the narrow sides 8.9 can be enlarged. The crowned narrow sides 8, 9 become plastically against the spring action of the contact surface 12, 13 during the pressing and, after the pressing, absorb their forces as an abutment. This is shown in the illustration in FIG. 4. If one cuts the jacket of the heating element according to the invention in an edge region at 26, the corresponding wall 11 springs in the manner shown under the action of the contact surface 12 which is under tension in FIG. 13 on.
  • the arrangement according to the invention therefore does not maintain its cross-sectional shape when it is cut open in the edge region 26.
  • FIG. 3 shows that the pressing can take place in such a way that the two long sides 11, 10 are practically flat, so that the further dissipation of the heat can also be carried out via them.

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  • Resistance Heating (AREA)

Abstract

Es wird ein elektrisches Heizelement vorgeschlagen, das eine aus mindestens einem PTC-Element und auf diesem beidseitig aufliegenden Kontaktplatten gebildete Kontakteinheit und ein Gehäuse aufweist, wobei zur Gewährleistung eines guten Kontaktdrucks beim Enderzeugnis in unverpreßtem Zustand des Heizelements die Kontaktplatten (12,13) gekrümmt sind und mit ihrer konvexen Seite auf den PTC-Elementen (14) aufliegen, das Gehäuse (2) aus formstabilem Leichtmetall besteht und in unverpreßtem Zustand eine der Kontaktanordnung (12,13,14) konvex zugewandte Innenwandung (17,18) mit einem endlichen Krümmungsradius (r1) aufweist, der größer ist als der Krümmungsradius (r2) der Kontaktplatten (12,13).An electrical heating element is proposed which has a contact unit and a housing formed from at least one PTC element and contact plates resting thereon on both sides thereof, the contact plates (12, 13) being curved to ensure good contact pressure in the end product in the unpressed state of the heating element and rest with their convex side on the PTC elements (14), the housing (2) consists of dimensionally stable light metal and, in the uncompressed state, an inner wall (17, 18) facing the contact arrangement (12, 13, 14) with a finite radius of curvature (r1), which is greater than the radius of curvature (r2) of the contact plates (12, 13).

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein elektrisches Heizelement mit einer aus mindestens einem PTC-Element und auf diesem beidseitig aufliegenden Kontaktplatten gebildeten Kontakt­einheit und mit einem Gehäuse.The invention relates to an electrical heating element with a contact unit formed from at least one PTC element and contact plates resting thereon on both sides and with a housing.

Ein derartiges Heizelement ist in der DE-GM 78 38 558 beschrieben. Bei diesem Heizkörper werden flache PTC-Ele­mente zwischen zwei Kontaktbleche gelegt, mit einer dünnen Folie, vorzugsweise aus Glimmer, abgedeckt, in ein Mantel­rohr geschoben und dieses zunächst anschließend beidseitig entstehende freien Flanken weiterhin gepreßt, so daß im Schnitt eine "glockenförmige" Kontur entsteht. Die Brinell­härte für in diesen und üblichen Fällen üblicherweise verwendeten Rohrmaterialien liegt typischerweise im Bereich von 22 bis 38.Such a heating element is described in DE-GM 78 38 558. In this radiator, flat PTC elements are placed between two contact plates, covered with a thin film, preferably made of mica, pushed into a jacket tube and this is then subsequently on both sides resulting free flanks are still pressed, so that a "bell-shaped" contour is created in the cut. The Brinell hardness for pipe materials commonly used in these and usual cases is typically in the range from 22 to 38.

Nachteilig bei diesem Heizelement ist, daß mit zunehmender Betriebsdauer die Wärmeauskopplung des PTC-Bausteines geringer wird und somit das Heizelement in einen niedrige­ren Arbeitsbereich (Temperaturbereich) abfällt und die Leistung dann nicht mehr ausreicht und der gewünschte Aufheizvorgang nicht mehr vollzogen werden kann. Die Ur­sache hierfür ist die negative Veränderung der Preßkraft auf den PTC-Baustein, hervorgerufen durch die Eigenart des Werkstoffes aus Aluminium, welcher bei Temperaturbehandlung weich wird und keine Federeigenschaften mehr besitzt.The disadvantage of this heating element is that the heat coupling of the PTC module decreases with increasing operating time and thus the heating element falls into a lower working range (temperature range) and the power is then no longer sufficient and the desired heating process can no longer be carried out. The reason for this is the negative change in the pressing force on the PTC component, caused by the peculiarity of the material made of aluminum, which softens during temperature treatment and no longer has spring properties.

In der DE-PS 29 48 592 wird ein elektrisches Widerstands­heizelement mit mindestens einem zwischen zwei Kontaktplat­ten angeordneten PTC-Element beschrieben, wobei diese Kontakteinheit in eine Hülse aus elektrisch isolierendem, wärmeleitfähigem elastomerem Material, derart eingeschoben wird, daß durch die Hülse in der Ebene zu den Kontaktble­chen eine senkrechte Pressung vorhanden ist, die durch die Eigenelastizität der Hülse gegeben ist.In DE-PS 29 48 592 an electrical resistance heating element is described with at least one PTC element arranged between two contact plates, this contact unit being inserted into a sleeve made of electrically insulating, thermally conductive elastomeric material in such a way that through the sleeve in the plane there is a vertical pressure on the contact plates, which is given by the inherent elasticity of the sleeve.

Durch diese Anordnung wird zwar für den zum damaligen Zeitpunkt vorhandenen Stand der Technik ein sehr hoher Wärmeauskopplungsgrad erreicht und eine wirtschaftlich sinnvolle Anwendung in verschiedenen elektrischen Gebrauchs­geräten damit gewährleistet. Die weiteren Entwicklungen von PTC-Elementen mit größeren elektrischen, insbesondere spezifischen Leistungen erfordern Weiterentwicklungen zur verbesserten Auskopplung der durch die PTC-Elemente zur Verfügung gestellten, höheren Wärmeleistung und deren wirksame Zuführung. Nur durch eine optimale Auskopplung der zugeführten Leistung kann der PTC-Baustein in der für ihn charakteristischen Arbeits- und Leistungs-Kurve betrie­ben werden. Aus diesen vorgenannten Gründen sind auch die Ausführungsbeispiele für ein selbstregelndes Heizelement, wie in der DE-AS 2 641 894 beschrieben, für die nach heu­tigem Stand der Technik hergestellten PTC-Bausteine nicht mehr relevant. Bei dem dortigen Heizelement bestehen die Widerstandskörper aus keramischem PTC-Material, zentrisch innerhalb eines Gehäuses aus einem elektrisch isolierenden, vulkanisierten Kunststoff, dem eine elektrische isolierende und wärmeleitende Metallverbindung beigemengt wurde. Der Innenraum zwischen den PTC-Elementen und der Hülse wird mit einem vulkanisierendem Kunststoff ausgefüllt, dem ebenfalls eine elektrisch isolierende und wärmeleitende Metallverbindung, vorzugsweise Magnesiumoxyd, beigemengt wird.With this arrangement, a very high degree of heat decoupling is achieved for the state of the art at the time and an economically sensible application in various electrical appliances is thus guaranteed. The further developments of PTC elements with larger electrical, in particular specific powers require further developments for improved coupling of the higher thermal power provided by the PTC elements and their effective supply. Only by optimally decoupling the supplied power can the PTC module in the for characteristic work and performance curve. For these reasons mentioned above, the exemplary embodiments for a self-regulating heating element, as described in DE-AS 2 641 894, are also no longer relevant for the PTC modules produced according to the current state of the art. In the heating element there, the resistance bodies consist of ceramic PTC material, centrally within a housing made of an electrically insulating, vulcanized plastic, to which an electrically insulating and heat-conducting metal connection has been added. The interior between the PTC elements and the sleeve is filled with a vulcanizing plastic, to which an electrically insulating and heat-conducting metal compound, preferably magnesium oxide, is also added.

Durch die mangelnde Möglichkeit der Wärmeabfuhr aus dem PTC-Element ergibt sich bei dem beanspruchten und beschrie­benen Erfindungsgegenstand eine relative Auskopplung der Wärmeenergie aus dem PTC-Element. Die hier zugeführte elektrische Energie wird, bedingt durch den schlechten Auskopplungs-Wirkungsgrad, nur unzureichend dem zu behei­zenden Medium zugeführt.The lack of possibility of heat dissipation from the PTC element results in a relative decoupling of the thermal energy from the PTC element in the claimed and described subject matter of the invention. Due to the poor coupling efficiency, the electrical energy supplied here is only insufficiently supplied to the medium to be heated.

Weitere wärmeaustauschende Kontaktierungen innerhalb von Hülsen, werden in der DE-OS 26 14 433 beschrieben, wobei hier metallene Federn an der Innenwand des vorgeformten, mehrschichtigen Gehäuses anliegen und somit zur Ebene der Kontaktflächen an den PTC-Bausteinen eine senkrechte Pres­sung erfolgt.Further heat-exchanging contacts within sleeves are described in DE-OS 26 14 433, with metal springs resting against the inner wall of the preformed, multi-layer housing and thus pressing perpendicularly to the plane of the contact surfaces on the PTC components.

All diese bekannten Ausführungsformen haben den Nachteil der ungünstigen Auskopplung der zugeführten elektrischen Energie an das zu beheizende Medium. Für die, nach dem derzeitigen Entwicklungsstand hergestellten PTC-Bausteine durch die bisherigen bekannten Konstruktionen für die Auskopplung der zugeführten Energie sind spezifische Lei­stungsgrößen von ca. 8 W/ qcm möglich.All of these known embodiments have the disadvantage of the unfavorable coupling of the supplied electrical energy to the medium to be heated. For the PTC modules manufactured according to the current state of development through the previously known constructions for the Decoupling the supplied energy, specific power levels of approx. 8 W / qcm are possible.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein elektrisches Heizelement mit positivem elektrischem Widerstand zu schaf­fen, welches ein Mehrfaches (3 bis 4-fache) der bisher möglichen Leistungsgröße abgibt und somit einen größeren Anwendungsbereich erschließt.The invention has for its object to provide an electrical heating element with positive electrical resistance, which gives a multiple (3 to 4 times) of the previously possible power and thus opens up a larger area of application.

Erfindungsgemäß wird die genannte Aufgabe bei einem elektri­schen Heizelement mit PTC-Element der eingangs genannten Art dadurch gelöst, daß die Kontaktplatten und das Gehäuse eine Brinellhärte von 80 bis 100 aufweisen, daß in unver­preßtem Zustand des Heizelements die Kontaktplatten ge­krümmt sind und mit ihrer konvexen Seite auf den PTC-Ele­menten aufliegen, daß das Gehäuse aus formstabilem Leicht­metall besteht und in unverpreßtem Zustand eine der Kontakt anordnung konvex zugewandte Innenwandung mit einem endli­chen Krümmungsradius aufweist, der größer ist als der Krümmungsradius der Kontaktplatten.According to the invention, the above object is achieved in an electrical heating element with a PTC element of the type mentioned above in that the contact plates and the housing have a Brinell hardness of 80 to 100, that in the uncompressed state of the heating element the contact plates are curved and with their convex side on rest on the PTC elements that the housing consists of dimensionally stable light metal and in the uncompressed state has a contact arrangement convex facing inner wall with a finite radius of curvature that is greater than the radius of curvature of the contact plates.

Gemäß einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform werden die PTC-Bau­steine zwischen zwei kreissegmentartig nach außen gebogenen Anschlußblechen, die größer sind als die Kontaktflächen der PTC-Bausteine und in einer Maske aus elektrisch isolieren­dem Material, wie einer Glimmer-Platte mit Ausnehmungen oder einer formstabilen Platte aus mit Bindemittel gebun­denen, zerkleinerten Glimmern (Warenzeichen Multimica), festgelegt sind, gelegt. An den Anschlußblechen sind Aus­nehmungen zum Anschluß der Anschlußdrähte vorgesehen. Diese Kontaktanordnung mit in der Maske fixierten PTC-Bausteine und im Schnitt kreisbogenförmig gekrümmten Kontaktplatten, wird in einer im Schnitt elliptische Hülse aus Polyimid-­Folie (Kapton) eingesteckt und als solches Paket wiederum in das Leichtmetallgehäuse aus einem rechteckförmigen Strangpreßprofil reibungsfrei eingeschoben - d.h. ohne Klemmung - und mechanisch verpreßt.According to a preferred embodiment, the PTC modules are between two segment plates bent outwards in the manner of a segment of a circle, which are larger than the contact areas of the PTC modules and in a mask made of electrically insulating material, such as a mica plate with recesses or a dimensionally stable plate made of binder bound, crushed mica (trademark Multimica), are laid. Recesses for connecting the connecting wires are provided on the connecting plates. This contact arrangement with the PTC components fixed in the mask and the contact plates curved in the shape of a circular arc is inserted into an elliptical sleeve made of polyimide film (Kapton) and as such a package is inserted smoothly into the light metal housing from a rectangular extruded profile - i.e. without clamping - and mechanically pressed.

Die Längsseiten des Gehäuses aus rechteckförmigem Strang­preßprofil, sind nach innen konvex gewölbt, wobei diese Wölbung einen größeren Radius r1 als der Radius r2 der Kontaktbleche aufweist. Bei der anschließenden mechanischen Verpressung wird eine Federspannung aufgebaut, welche als Preßkraft an den Kontaktflächen der PTC-Elemente ansteht, die auch bei Erwärmung des Heizelementes und längerem Gebrauch nicht nachläßt. Bei Dauerversuchen über 1.500 Betriebsstunden wurde gegenüber bekannten Heizelementen kein Nachlassen der Preßkraft festgestellt. Die Schmalsei­ten der Hülsen aus rechteckförmigem, stranggepreßtem Alu­minium-Metall weisen im Querschnitt in ihrem Mittenbereich eine größere Stärke auf als in ihrem Berührungsbereich mit oberer und unterer Deckwand, und sind insbesondere sowohl nach außen als auch nach innen konvex ausgebildet. Hier­durch wird - nach mechanischer Verformung (Verpressung) der einander gegenüberliegenden Aluminium-Deckwänden mit unterschiedlichen Radien - nach außen auftretenden Feder­kräften ein Widerlager entgegengesetzt, welches groß genug ist, eine permanent herrschende Druckspannung auf den PTC-­Baustein zu gewährleisten. Die Brinellhärte des verwendeten Materials liegt zwischen 80 und 100. Als Material für die Kontaktbleche und das Aluminium-Strangpreßprofil wird vorzugsweise Al Mg Si1-Legierung (Zusammensetzung MG 0,6-­1,2; Si 0,75-1,3; Mn 0,4-1,0; Cr 0-0,3; Rest Al) verwendet. Äußerst bevorzugt wird Al Mg Si1 F31 mit der Werkstoff-Nr. 32315.71-32318.72 verwendet.The long sides of the housing made of rectangular extruded profile are convexly curved inwards, this curvature having a larger radius r1 than the radius r2 of the contact plates. During the subsequent mechanical pressing, a spring tension is built up, which acts as a pressing force on the contact surfaces of the PTC elements, which does not subside even when the heating element is heated and used for a long time. In long-term tests over 1,500 operating hours, no decrease in the pressing force was found compared to known heating elements. The narrow sides of the sleeves made of rectangular, extruded aluminum-metal have a greater thickness in cross section in their central region than in their contact region with the upper and lower top wall, and in particular are convex both outwards and inwards. After mechanical deformation (pressing) of the opposing aluminum cover walls with different radii, an external abutment is countered by an abutment that is large enough to ensure a permanent compressive stress on the PTC module. The Brinell hardness of the material used is between 80 and 100. The material for the contact plates and the aluminum extruded profile is preferably Al Mg Si1 alloy (composition MG 0.6-1.2; Si 0.75-1.3; Mn 0 , 4-1.0; Cr 0-0.3; balance Al) was used. Al Mg Si1 F31 with material no. 32315.71-32318.72 used.

Das genannte Aluminium-Material gewährleistet bei der Ausge­staltung, der sich mit der Außenseite des Kontaktbleches und der Innenseite der Hülse gegenüberliegenden Anordnung und der Ausbildung der tonnenförmigen Schmalseiten der rechteckförmigen Hülse, einen progressiven und permanenten Federdruck auf die zwischen den Kontaktblechen liegenden PTC-Bauelemente, so daß eine 3 bis 4-fache höhere Leistung - also 35 bis 40 W/qcm - gegenüber den bekannten und vorher beschriebenen Einbauarten (ca. 8 W/qcm) konstant und über längere Zeiträume erzielt wird.The said aluminum material ensures a progressive and permanent spring pressure on the PTC components lying between the contact plates in the configuration which is arranged with the outside of the contact plate and the inside of the sleeve opposite arrangement and the formation of the barrel-shaped narrow sides of the rectangular sleeve that a 3 to 4 times higher power - 35 to 40 W / qcm - compared to the known and previously described types of installation (approx. 8 W / qcm) constant and above longer periods of time is achieved.

Hierbei ist folgendes zu beachten: Die Leistungsfähigkeit von PTC-Elementen hängt im Gegensatz zu üblichen Heizele­menten von der Qualität der Wärmeabfuhr ab. Und zwar be­stimmt sich der Widerstand und damit die Leistung eines PTC-Elements durch die innere Temperatur des PTC-Elements, die als solche nicht oder nur schwierig gemessen werden kann. Nach der DIN-Norm wird die Oberflächentemperatur auf der Oberfläche der Kontaktanordnung, also der Rückseite der Kontaktelemente gemessen. Bei einer schlechten Wärme­auskopplung werden hier bei stationärer Leistungsabfuhr wesentlich geringere Temperaturen gemessen, als bei einer guten oder optimalen Wärmeauskopplung (wobei in beiden Fällen die Temperatur im Inneren des PTC-Elements notwen­digerweise die gleiche ist). Bei einer guten Wärmeauskopp­lung werden höhere Temperaturen nach DIN-Norm erreicht und eine überproportional höhere Leistung. Nachdem nun gegenüber früheren PTC-Elementen solche mit einer 3- bis 4-fachen höheren Leistung zur Verfügung gestellt werden, muß diese auch ausgekoppelt werden, was bei den bisherigen beschriebenen Heizelementen nicht der Fall war. Diese können diese höhere Leistung nicht ausnutzen. Insbesondere liegt dies einerseits an einem Nachlassen des Anpreßdrucks aus schon genannten Gründen, aber auch an der Alterung der elastischen Kunststoffhüllen sowie deren Nichtbeständigkeit, insbesondere bei den angestrebten noch höheren Temperaturen an der Kontaktanordnung.The following should be noted here: In contrast to conventional heating elements, the performance of PTC elements depends on the quality of the heat dissipation. The resistance and thus the performance of a PTC element is determined by the internal temperature of the PTC element, which as such cannot be measured or can only be measured with difficulty. According to the DIN standard, the surface temperature is measured on the surface of the contact arrangement, that is to say the back of the contact elements. In the case of poor heat extraction, much lower temperatures are measured with stationary power dissipation than with good or optimal heat extraction (the temperature inside the PTC element is necessarily the same in both cases). With good heat extraction, higher temperatures according to DIN standard are achieved and a disproportionately higher output. Now that, compared to previous PTC elements, those with a 3 to 4 times higher output are available, this must also be decoupled, which was not the case with the heating elements described so far. They cannot take advantage of this higher performance. In particular, this is due on the one hand to a decrease in the contact pressure for the reasons already mentioned, but also to the aging of the elastic plastic sleeves and their non-resistance, in particular at the desired even higher temperatures on the contact arrangement.

Ein derart hergestelltes Heizelement, welches vornehmlich zur Beheizung von Flüssigkeiten, wie Wasser, dient, kann ebenso aus einem beidseitig offenen Strangpreßteil, wobei dann die beiden offenen Kanten wasserdicht mit Harz ver­gossen werden, oder aber aus einer Hülse mit einem einsei­tig angeordneten Boden, hergestellt werden.A heating element produced in this way, which is primarily used to heat liquids such as water, can also be produced from an extrusion that is open on both sides, the two open edges then being water-tightly cast with resin, or from a sleeve with a bottom arranged on one side .

Weitere Vorteile und Merkmale der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den Ansprüchen und aus der nachfolgenden Beschreibung, der ein Ausführungsbeispiel unter Bezugnahme auf die Zeich­nung im Einzelnen erläutert ist. Dabei zeigt:

  • Figur 1 Das erfindungsgemäße Heizelement in einer perspektifischen Darstellung;
  • Figur 2 einen Querschnitt 2-2 durch eine Einheit zur Weiterverarbeitung zu einem Heizele­ment vor Verpressung;
  • Figur 3 einen Querschnitt entsprechend Fig.2 nach Verpressung als fertiges Heizelement; und
  • Figur 4 einen Schnitt entsprechend Fig.3 nach Auf­schneiden eines verpreßten Elements im Kantenbereich.
Further advantages and features of the invention emerge from the claims and from the following description, which explains an exemplary embodiment in detail with reference to the drawing. It shows:
  • Figure 1 The heating element according to the invention in a perspective view;
  • Figure 2 shows a cross section 2-2 through a unit for further processing to a heating element before pressing;
  • 3 shows a cross section corresponding to Figure 2 after pressing as a finished heating element; and
  • Figure 4 shows a section corresponding to Figure 3 after cutting a pressed element in the edge area.

Das in Fig.1 perspektifisch dargestellte Heizelement 1 weist eine Hülse 2 aus strangepreßter Aluminiumlegierung auf mit der Werkstoff-Nr. 32315.71-32318.72, bei dem die zunächst offenen Seiten 3 und 4 abgedichtet bzw. verschlos­sen sind, und aus dem einseitig die Anschlüsse 5 und 6 austreten. Die im äußeren Längsrand der Kontaktbleche 12, 13 dargestellte Nuten 21,22 dienen zur Aufnahme der elek­trischen Anschlüsse 5 und 6 (Figur 2).The heating element 1 shown in perspective in FIG. 1 has a sleeve 2 made of extruded aluminum alloy with the material no. 32315.71-32318.72, in which the initially open sides 3 and 4 are sealed or closed, and from which connections 5 and 6 emerge on one side. The grooves 21, 22 shown in the outer longitudinal edge of the contact plates 12, 13 serve to receive the electrical connections 5 and 6 (FIG. 2).

Ein erfindungsgemäßes elektrisches Heizelement wird insbe­sondere dadurch hergestellt, daß die Kontaktanordnung mit konvex den PTC-Elementen zugewandten Kontaktplatten (12, 13) in eine die Querschnittsabmessung der Kontaktanordnung übertreffende Öffnung eines Gehäuses aus Leichtmetall mit konvex nach innen gewölbten Innenwandungen eingeschoben und anschließend Gehäuse (2) und Kontaktplatten (12,13) verpreßt werden.An electrical heating element according to the invention is produced, in particular, by inserting the contact arrangement with contact plates (12, 13) convexly facing the PTC elements into an opening of a housing made of light metal with convex inward-arching inner walls and exceeding the cross-sectional dimension of the contact arrangement, and then housing (2) and contact plates (12, 13) are pressed.

Die Figur 2 zeigt einen Querschnitt durch eine Einheit 1a zur Weiterverarbeitung zu einem Heizelement 1. Es weist eine Kontakteinheit A am PTC Widerstandselement 14, die diese einrahmende Maske 15 und Kontaktplatten 12,13 auf. Die Kontakteinheit A ist unter Zwischenlage einer isolie­renden Umhüllung 16 in das Gehäuse 2 eingesetzt. Das im wesentlichen rechteckige Gehäuse 2 ist an den Schmalseiten 8,9 im Schnitt tonnenförmig ausgebildet. Die beiden Längs seiten 10,11 sind mit dem Radius r1 nach innen gewölbt, also mit ihren konvexen Seiten der Kontakteinheit A zuge­wandt. Das zwischen beiden Kontaktplatten 12,13 eingelegte PTC-Element ist zur Festlegung gegen Verschieben in eine Maske 15 aus elektrisch isolierendem Material wie Glimmer oder harzgebundenen Glimmerfasern (Multimica) gelegt. Die Kontaktplatten 12,13 bestehen aus dem gleichen Material wie das Gehäuse. Die Stärke der Maske 15 ist kleiner als die des PTC-Elements 14. Die Kontakteinheit mit den Kontakt­platten 12,13, dem PTC-Element 14 und der Maske 15 ist mit einer Umhüllung 16 aus elektrisch isolierendem Material, thermostabiler Polyimidfolie, unter dem Namen "Kapton" im Handel erhältlich, umgeben. Die durch die Umhüllung 16 aus elektrisch isolierendem Material zusammengehaltene Kontakt­einheit aus den Kontaktplatten 12,13 mit den dazwischen in der Maske 15 einliegenden PTC-Widerstandskörpern 14, läßt sich bei der Herstellung relativ einfach in die Alu­minium-Hülse 2 einschieben.FIG. 2 shows a cross section through a unit 1 a for further processing to form a heating element 1. It has a contact unit A on the PTC resistance element 14 which has this mask 15 and contact plates 12, 13. The contact unit A is inserted into the housing 2 with the interposition of an insulating sheath 16. The essentially rectangular housing 2 is barrel-shaped in section on the narrow sides 8, 9. The two longitudinal sides 10, 11 are curved inwards with the radius r1, that is to say with their convex sides facing the contact unit A. The PTC element inserted between the two contact plates 12, 13 is placed against a displacement in a mask 15 made of electrically insulating material such as mica or resin-bound mica fibers (Multimica). The contact plates 12, 13 consist of the same material as the housing. The thickness of the mask 15 is smaller than that of the PTC element 14. The contact unit with the contact plates 12, 13, the PTC element 14 and the mask 15 is provided with a covering 16 made of electrically insulating material, thermostable polyimide film, under the name " Kapton "commercially available, surrounded. The contact unit made of the contact plates 12, 13 held together by the sheath 16 of electrically insulating material with the PTC resistance bodies 14 lying in between in the mask 15 can be inserted relatively easily into the aluminum sleeve 2 during manufacture.

Die Kontaktplatten 12,13 sind unter einem Radius r2 nach außen gegen die Innenseiten 17,18 der rechteckförmigen Aluminium-Gehäuse 2 des Heizelementes 1, gebogen - also mit ihrer konkaven Seite zu der benachbaren Gehäusewandung gerichtet -. Der Radius r2 ist kleiner als der Radius r1 der beiden nach innen gebogenen Längsseiten 10 und 11 des Gehäuses. Nach dem Einbau der mit der elektrisch isolie­renden Umhüllung 16 versehenen Kontakteinheit A, wird durch Verpressen des Aluminium-Gehäuses 2 und Verformung der Längsseiten 10,11 des Aluminium-Gehäuses 2 und der Kontakt­ bleche 12,13 gegenüber der unbelasteten, entspannten, durch die genannten Radien r1 der Gehäusewandungen 10,11 und r2 der Kontaktplatten 12,13 eine dauerhafte Federkraft aufge­baut, welche aufgrund der Verwendung der relativ harten Aluminiumlegierungen für die rechteckförmige Hülse 2 und die Kontaktbleche 12,13 konstant bleibt und somit eine optimale Auskopplung der über die elektrischen Anschlüsse 5 und 6 zugeführten Energie gewährleistet.The contact plates 12, 13 are bent at a radius r2 to the outside against the inner sides 17, 18 of the rectangular aluminum housing 2 of the heating element 1, that is to say with their concave side facing the adjacent housing wall. The radius r2 is smaller than the radius r1 of the two inwardly bent longitudinal sides 10 and 11 of the housing. After installation of the contact unit A provided with the electrically insulating sheath 16, the aluminum housing 2 is pressed by pressing the aluminum housing 2 and the longitudinal sides 10, 11 and the contact is deformed compared to the unloaded, relaxed, by the mentioned radii r1 of the housing walls 10, 11 and r2 of the contact plates 12, 13, a permanent spring force is built up, which due to the use of the relatively hard aluminum alloys for the rectangular sleeve 2 and the contact plates 12, 13 remains constant and thus ensures optimal decoupling of the energy supplied via the electrical connections 5 and 6.

Die beiden, vorzugsweise tonnenförmig ausgebildeten Schmal­seiten 8 und 9 bilden nach Verformung Widerlager der nach außen gerichteten Federkraft der Kontaktplatten 12,13. Bei Langzeitversuchen mit diesem erfindungsgemäßen Heizelement 1 wurde festgestellt, daß durch tonnenförmig ausgebildete Schmalseiten 8,9 die auftretenden, senkrecht nach oben und außen gerichteten Federkräfte wesentlich besser aufgenommen werden können als bei umlaufenden und gleichbleibenden Querschnitten der Schmalseiten 8,9 des Aluminiumgehäuses, so daß optimale Konstanz der Wärmeauskopplung und damit die Beibehaltung des Wirkungsgrades wesentlich länger gegeben ist. Die Ausgestaltung der Schmalseiten 8 und 9, wie in der Fig.2 dargestellt, ist nicht die einzig mögliche Ausgestaltung. Die notwendige Erhöhung der Querschnitts­fläche 1 zur Bildung eines hinreichend festsen Widerlagers zur Aufnahme der Federkräfte, kann auch durch andere Quer­schnittsformen, wie Rautenformen, Kreisformen usw. erreicht werden. Weitere Versuche mit dem Heizelement 1 haben erge­ben, daß eine optimale, höchst konstante, einheitliche und gleichmäßige Verpressung der Schmalseiten dann gewährlei­stet ist, wenn die Übergänge 19,20 von den Längsseiten 10, 11 zu den Schmalseiten 8,9 in den jeweiligen Ecken 19,20 Einschnürungen aufweisen.After deformation, the two, preferably barrel-shaped, narrow sides 8 and 9 form abutments of the outwardly directed spring force of the contact plates 12, 13. In long-term experiments with this heating element 1 according to the invention, it was found that the barrel forces of narrow sides 8.9, the occurring spring forces directed vertically upwards and outwards can be absorbed much better than with circumferential and constant cross-sections of the narrow sides 8.9 of the aluminum housing, so that optimal Consistency of the heat extraction and thus maintaining the efficiency is given much longer. The configuration of the narrow sides 8 and 9, as shown in FIG. 2, is not the only possible configuration. The necessary increase in cross-sectional area 1 to form a sufficiently firm abutment for absorbing the spring forces can also be achieved by other cross-sectional shapes, such as diamond shapes, circular shapes, etc. Further tests with the heating element 1 have shown that an optimal, highly constant, uniform and uniform pressing of the narrow sides is ensured when the transitions 19, 20 from the long sides 10, 11 to the narrow sides 8, 9 in the respective corners 19, 20 constrictions.

Die Figur 3 zeigt das erfindungsgemäße Heizelement im fertig verpreßten Zustand. Es ist erkennbar, daß beim Verpressen insbesondere die Höhe der Außenabmessungen im Bereich der Schmalseiten 8,9 reduziert und dabei die Ballig­ keit oder Tonnenform der Schmalseiten 8,9 vergrößert werden. Die balligen Schmalseiten 8,9 werden beim Verpressen pla­stisch entgegen der Federwirkung der Kontaktfläche 12,13 und nehmen nach dem Verpressen deren Kräfte als Widerlager auf. Dies zeigt sich an der Darstellung der Figur 4. Schnei­det man nämlich den Mantel des erfindungsgemäßen Heizele­ments in einem Kantenbereich, bei 26, auf, so federt die entsprechende Wandung 11 in der dargestellten Weise unter Einwirkung der bei der Figur 3 unter Spannung stehenden Kontaktfläche 12,13 auf. Die erfindungsgemäßte Anordnung behält also bei Aufschneiden im Kantenbereich 26 nicht ihre Querschnittsform bei. Dies zeigt, daß in der fertigen verpreßten Form (nach Fig.3) die Kontaktfläche mit erheb­licher Kraft gegen die PTC-Elemente 14 gedrückt werden, wodurch die Leistungsauskopplung wesentlich vergrößert und verbessert wird. Im übrigen zeigt die Figur 3, daß die Ver­pressung derart erfolgen kann, daß die beiden Längsseiten 11,10 praktisch eben ausgebildet sind, so daß die weitere Abgabe der Wärme über diese ebenfalls gut durchgeführt werden kann.FIG. 3 shows the heating element according to the invention in the fully pressed state. It can be seen that when pressing, in particular, the height of the outer dimensions in the region of the narrow sides 8, 9 is reduced and, in the process, the crown speed or barrel shape of the narrow sides 8.9 can be enlarged. The crowned narrow sides 8, 9 become plastically against the spring action of the contact surface 12, 13 during the pressing and, after the pressing, absorb their forces as an abutment. This is shown in the illustration in FIG. 4. If one cuts the jacket of the heating element according to the invention in an edge region at 26, the corresponding wall 11 springs in the manner shown under the action of the contact surface 12 which is under tension in FIG. 13 on. The arrangement according to the invention therefore does not maintain its cross-sectional shape when it is cut open in the edge region 26. This shows that in the finished pressed form (according to FIG. 3) the contact surface is pressed against the PTC elements 14 with considerable force, as a result of which the output coupling is significantly increased and improved. For the rest, FIG. 3 shows that the pressing can take place in such a way that the two long sides 11, 10 are practically flat, so that the further dissipation of the heat can also be carried out via them.

Claims (10)

1. Elektrisches Heizelement mit einer aus mindestens einem PTC-Element und auf diesem beidseitig auf­liegenden Kontaktplatten gebildeten Kontakteinheit und mit einem Gehäuse, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Kontaktplatten (12,13) und das Gehäuse (2) eine Brinellhärte von 80 bis 100 aufweisen, daß in unverpreßtem Zustand des Heizelements die Kontaktplatten (12,13) gekrümmt sind und mit ihrer konvexen Seite auf den PTC-Elementen (14) auflie­gen, daß das Gehäuse (2) aus formstablilem Leicht­metall besteht und in unverpreßtem Zustand eine der Kontaktanordnung (12,13, 14) konvex zugewandte Innenwandung (17,18) mit einem endlichen Krümmungs­radius (r1) aufweist, der größer ist als der Krümmungsradius (r2) der Kontaktplatten (12,13).1. Electric heating element with a contact unit formed from at least one PTC element and contact plates resting on both sides thereof and with a housing, characterized in that the contact plates (12, 13) and the housing (2) have a Brinell hardness of 80 to 100, that in the uncompressed state of the heating element, the contact plates (12, 13) are curved and rest with their convex side on the PTC elements (14), that the housing (2) consists of dimensionally stable light metal and in the uncompressed state one of the contact arrangements (12, 13, 14) has a convexly facing inner wall (17, 18) with a finite radius of curvature (r1) which is greater than the radius of curvature (r2) of the contact plates (12, 13). 2. Heizelement nach Anspruch 1, gekennzeichnet durch Herstellung unter Verpressung von Gehäuse (2) und gekrümmten Kontaktplatten (12,13).2. Heating element according to claim 1, characterized by production by pressing the housing (2) and curved contact plates (12, 13). 3. Heizelement nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekenn­geichnet, daß die Kontaktplatten (12,13) nach Ver­pressung unter elastischer Spannung stehen.3. Heating element according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the contact plates (12, 13) are under elastic tension after pressing. 4. Heizelement nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Gehäuse ein Strang­preßprofilgehäuse ist.4. Heating element according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the housing is an extruded profile housing. 5. Heizelement nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeich­net, daß eine das Gehäuse einseitig verschließende Stirnseite einstückig mit dem Restgehäuse ausge­bildet ist.5. Heating element according to claim 4, characterized in that a housing which closes the housing on one side is formed in one piece with the rest of the housing. 6. Heizelement nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß Kontaktplatten (12,13) und/oder Gehäuse (2) aus AlMgSi1 bestehen.6. Heating element according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that contact plates (12, 13) and / or housing (2) consist of AlMgSi1. 7. Heizelement nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeich­net, daß Kontaktplatten (12,13) und/oder Gehäuse (2) aus AlMgSi1 F31 bestehen.7. Heating element according to claim 6, characterized in that contact plates (12, 13) and / or housing (2) consist of AlMgSi1 F31. 8. Heizelement nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Schmalseiten (8, 9) des Gehäuses (2) einen konvexen Querschnitt aufweisen.8. Heating element according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the narrow sides (8, 9) of the housing (2) have a convex cross section. 9. Heizelement nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Schmalseiten (8,9) im Schnitt ballig ausge­bildet sind.9. Heating element according to claim 8, characterized in that the narrow sides (8,9) are spherical in section. 10. Verfahren zur Herstellung eines elektrischen Heizelements, wobei eine Kontaktanordnung aus mindestens einem PTC-Element und auf diesem beid­seitig aufliegenden Kontaktplatten in ein Gehäuse eingeschoben wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Kontaktanordnung mit konvex den PTC-Elementen zugewandten Kontaktplatten in eine die Querschnitts­abmessung der Kontaktanordnung übertreffende Öffnung eines Gehäuses aus Leichtmetall mit konvex nach innen gewölbten Innenwandungen eingeschoben und anschließend Gehäuse (2) und Kontaktplatten (12,13) verpreßt werden.10. A method for producing an electrical heating element, wherein a contact arrangement of at least one PTC element and on this on both sides contact plates is inserted into a housing, characterized in that the contact arrangement with the PTC elements convex contact plates in a cross-sectional dimension of the contact arrangement Pushing over the opening of a housing made of light metal with convex inner walls and then pressing the housing (2) and contact plates (12, 13).
EP89107143A 1988-05-05 1989-04-20 Electrical heating element with a ptc element Expired - Lifetime EP0340550B1 (en)

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH01313875A (en) 1989-12-19
DE58904898D1 (en) 1993-08-19
DE3815306A1 (en) 1989-11-16
EP0340550A3 (en) 1990-08-01
JP2695236B2 (en) 1997-12-24
CA1312107C (en) 1992-12-29
EP0340550B1 (en) 1993-07-14
US4942289A (en) 1990-07-17

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