EP0321495B1 - Lebensmittelpackung mit einem zwischen einem unter spannung stehenden film und dem deckel eingeschlossenen gas - Google Patents

Lebensmittelpackung mit einem zwischen einem unter spannung stehenden film und dem deckel eingeschlossenen gas Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0321495B1
EP0321495B1 EP19870905932 EP87905932A EP0321495B1 EP 0321495 B1 EP0321495 B1 EP 0321495B1 EP 19870905932 EP19870905932 EP 19870905932 EP 87905932 A EP87905932 A EP 87905932A EP 0321495 B1 EP0321495 B1 EP 0321495B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
goods
base
flexible skin
skin
meat
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP19870905932
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0321495A4 (de
EP0321495A1 (de
Inventor
Anthony James Murray Garwood
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Seawell Corp NV
Original Assignee
Seawell Corp NV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Seawell Corp NV filed Critical Seawell Corp NV
Priority to AT87905932T priority Critical patent/ATE76832T1/de
Publication of EP0321495A1 publication Critical patent/EP0321495A1/de
Publication of EP0321495A4 publication Critical patent/EP0321495A4/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0321495B1 publication Critical patent/EP0321495B1/de
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
    • B65B7/00—Closing containers or receptacles after filling
    • B65B7/16—Closing semi-rigid or rigid containers or receptacles not deformed by, or not taking-up shape of, contents, e.g. boxes or cartons
    • B65B7/168—Closing semi-rigid or rigid containers or receptacles not deformed by, or not taking-up shape of, contents, e.g. boxes or cartons by applying and securing double closures
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
    • B65B31/00—Packaging articles or materials under special atmospheric or gaseous conditions; Adding propellants to aerosol containers
    • B65B31/02—Filling, closing, or filling and closing, containers or wrappers in chambers maintained under vacuum or superatmospheric pressure or containing a special atmosphere, e.g. of inert gas
    • B65B31/021—Filling, closing, or filling and closing, containers or wrappers in chambers maintained under vacuum or superatmospheric pressure or containing a special atmosphere, e.g. of inert gas the containers or wrappers being interconnected
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D81/00—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents
    • B65D81/18—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents providing specific environment for contents, e.g. temperature above or below ambient
    • B65D81/20—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents providing specific environment for contents, e.g. temperature above or below ambient under vacuum or superatmospheric pressure, or in a special atmosphere, e.g. of inert gas
    • B65D81/2069—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents providing specific environment for contents, e.g. temperature above or below ambient under vacuum or superatmospheric pressure, or in a special atmosphere, e.g. of inert gas in a special atmosphere
    • B65D81/2076—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents providing specific environment for contents, e.g. temperature above or below ambient under vacuum or superatmospheric pressure, or in a special atmosphere, e.g. of inert gas in a special atmosphere in an at least partially rigid container
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2565/00—Wrappers or flexible covers; Packaging materials of special type or form
    • B65D2565/38—Packaging materials of special type or form
    • B65D2565/381—Details of packaging materials of special type or form
    • B65D2565/388—Materials used for their gas-permeability

Definitions

  • This invention relates to improved packaging and relates particularly but not exclusively to improved packaging where the goods therein such as fresh meats and/or other like goods are skin wrapped and which contains a gas to enhance the keeping properties of the goods packaged therein.
  • Skin wrapping/packaging is a technique where goods such as meat can be packaged and where substantially all of the air and/or gases which surround the meat or other goods is evacuated.
  • US-A-4,201,030 to Mahaffy et al. discloses packaging for making vacuum or gas filled enclosures.
  • the packaging is for sealing sliced meat.
  • This specification makes no reference to providing a lid over the packaging with a space between the lid and a skin packing web and charging that space with a gas which can permeate the skin and enhance the keeping properties of the packaged goods. It further does not disclose stretching of the skin over the goods while tension is applied to the skin whereby to cause a substantially continuously applied tension to the skin and sealing that skin to the base at positions below the tops of the meat so that the meat is tightly held to the base.
  • US-A-4,114,348 to Mahaffy et al. is similar in disclosure content to that in relation to the prior mentioned US-A-4,201,030 in that it does not dislcose placing a lid over the package and providing a space in the lid which contains a gas which can permeate a skin and enhance preservation of the goods which are packaged.
  • the goods are retained in compression under the skin by the skin being bonded to the base at positions below the top of the goods while tension is applied thereto to cause the tension to be substantially continuously applied to the skin to maintain the goods held tightly to the base.
  • US-A-3,481,100 to Bergstrom discloses packaging for goods where the goods are packed with a gas which can enhance the keeping of the goods.
  • a skin which packages the goods of a gas permeable nature so that the gas in the package can permeate the skin to ehance the keeping properties of the goods.
  • the goods are retained in compression under the skin by the skin being bonded to the base at positions below the top of the goods while tension is applied thereto, whereby to cause a tension to be substantially continuously applied to the skin to maintain the goods held tightly to the base.
  • Figures 1 and 2 show a form of plastics material packaging which has been proposed hitherto and which is generally disclosed in PCT Patent Application WO-A- 87/02965 in the name A.J.M. Garwood and Garwood Limited.
  • a plastics material base 1 with goods 3 such as fresh meat, fish, poultry and/or vegetables packaged therein.
  • the base 1 has a peripheral lip 5 and the upper surface of the goods 3 is shown lower than the the lip 5.
  • a skin wrapping plastics material 7 is fitted over the goods 3 and is bonded to the peripheral lip 5 as by welding or the like bonding techniques.
  • the skin wrapping 7 extends downwardly from the lip 5 and closely surrounds the upper surface of the goods 3 so that substantially all air and/or gases are excluded from the space between the base 1 and the skin 7.
  • a plastics material lid 9 is provided over the skin 7 and is bonded to the base 1 around the peripheral lip 5.
  • a space 11 is provided between the lid 9 and the skin 7.
  • the space 11 can contain a gas which will assist the keeping of the packaged goods 3.
  • the gas can be either, or a combination of gas such as O2, N2, CO2 which can enhance the colour and keeping qualities of the packaged goods 3 such as red meats.
  • the plastics material for the base 1, the skin 7 can be clear plastics materials.
  • the base 1 is PVC
  • the skin 7 is a co-extruded plastic such as PE/EVA
  • the lid 9 is a plastics material such as PVC/PE.
  • the base 1, the skin 7 and/or the lid 9 may be multi-layered webs where selective plastics materials are employed to enable suitable bonding as by heat bonding caused by, for example, a heat bank or by RF welding, and to enable selective exclusion and/or transmission of gases through the various webs and particularly skin web 7.
  • the present invention attempts to provide an improved packaging where the skin material is maintained under tension in contact with the goods at all times.
  • a plastics material packaging for meat or other like goods comprising, a base of plastics material, meat or other like goods on said base, a plastics material skin wrapping overlaying the meat or other like goods on said base, said skin being bonded to said base around the periphery of said base, and a lid of plastics material fitted over said skin and bonded relative to said base around the periphery of said base, there being a space between said lid and said skin, a gas in said space which will enhance the keeping qualities of the packaged goods, said meat or other like goods being retained in compression under said skin by said skin bearing thereon, whereby to cause a tension to be applied to said skin to maintain said skin and said meat or other like goods in close skin wrapping relation.
  • a method for producing a packaging of the above type comprising, providing a plastics material base, providing meat or other like goods on said base, providing a plastics material skin wrapping over said meat or other like goods, compressing the meat or other like goods by causing the skin to overlay said meat or other like goods, then bonding said skin to said base around the periphery of said base whilst maintaining the compression relationship, placing a lid of plastics material over said skin and bonding it relative to said base, there being a space between said lid and said skin and a gas in space which will enhance the keeping qualities of the packaged goods, said skin being maintained under tension by the bonding and by the outwardly directed forces applied thereto consequent on the compression of said meat or other like goods by said skin.
  • the method also includes the step of applying inwardly directed forces to the meat or other like goods at the region where the bonding is to be effected between the skin and the base, said inwardly directed forces being to move the meat or other like goods away from the surfaces where the bonding is to occur.
  • these inwardly directed forces are applied by means which engage with the outermost surface of the skin relative to said meat or other like goods and apply forces inwardly across the package.
  • a heated platen for a skin wrapping apparatus for packaging goods to enable subsequent skin wrapping and bonding of the skin wrapping material to a base member in which goods are skin packaged
  • said platen comprising a first section defining an area where bonding of skin wrapping material is to occur and a second section where skin wrapping is to occur, said platen being movable towards said skin wrapping material to heat the same whereby the areas to be bonded are heated to a bonding temperature, and where the areas to be skin wrapped are heated to a skin wrapping temperature, so that heat bonding and skin wrapping can occur; said areas of said platen being individually heatable and thermostatic control means associated with each section whereby selected temperatures of the areas can be controlled.
  • the base 1 has a second lip 13 which is displaced downwardly closer to the bottom 15 of the base 1 than the lip 5.
  • the second lip 13 is inclined downwardly and inwardly as shown but it may be parallel with lip 5.
  • a suitable angle of inclination is 45 degrees.
  • the skin 7 is bonded to the second lip 13 at the innermost and lowermost surfaces thereof as shown by numeral 17.
  • the bonding is preferably by a heat bonding which can be performed by using a heat bank type bonding member.
  • the lid 9 is bonded completely around the perimeter of the base 5 by bonding at the region 19. This bonding also is to the skin 7 which overlays the lip 5.
  • the base 1 is of PVC(PE
  • the skin 7 of a LLDPE material and the lid 9 is of PVC/PE.
  • the base 1 can be 200-600 microns thick.
  • the skin 7 can be 10-100 microns thick and the lid 9 50-100 microns thick.
  • the goods 3 are compressed by the skin 7 being applied thereto under tension so that they produce outwardly directed forces 21 to the skin 7 and these forces 21 in turn provide for substantially continuously applied tension forces 23 to be retained in the skin 7.
  • the tension forces may change slightly after a period of time, but the relationship is such that there will be a substantially, continuously applied tension in the skin 7.
  • the tension forces in effect stretch the skin 7 over the goods 3.
  • a vacuum or lower than atmosphere pressure is provided under the skin and this to some degree assists in maintaining the skin 7 in contact with the upper surface of the goods 3.
  • the space 11 under the lid 9 and above the skin 7 can contain a gas for enhancing the keeping qualities of the packaged goods 3.
  • the gas can be O2, N2 or CO2 or any combination thereof. Other gases or combinations thereof can be employed if desired.
  • FIG. 4 there is shown a close-up detail of the lip region of the packing shown in Figure 3.
  • lip 5 is generally horizontally extending and parallel with the bottom 15 of the base 1.
  • the lip 13 is inclined relative to the bottom 15. The angle of inclination at about 45°.
  • the upper side wall 25 between lip 13 and lip 5 is inclined inwardly towards the bottom 15 of the base 1.
  • the lower side wall 27 below the lip 13 is inclined inwardly towards the bottom.
  • the depth of the packaging below lip 13 be changeable at the time of making the base 1 to compensate for different thicknesses of goods 3 which are to be packaged within the packaging. Accordingly, depth 29 will be arranged to be fixed whilst depth 31 can be arranged to be variable.
  • the requirement is to provide a base 1 where the upper surface of the goods 3 will be in the region between the bottom of lip 13 and lip 5, i.e. within depth 29. In this way when the skin 7 is welded to the bottom of the lip 13 as at bond 17, the necessary compressive forces will be applied to the goods 3 and thus the tension and stretch forces 23 will be produced in the skin 7.
  • FIG. 5 there is shown a detail of how the skin 7 is moved during the method of producing the packaging.
  • the goods 3 are loaded into the base 1 so that the upper surface of the goods 3 is in the region between the bottom of the lip 13 and the lip 5.
  • the skin plastics material 7 is then placed over the opening in the top of the base 1 and held thereto by holding means not shown. Air pressure is reduced in a chamber (not shown in Figure 5) which surrounds the base 1.
  • a platen 33 with outwardly biased resilient pushing members 35 is depressed into the top of the base 1 stretching the skin 7 downwardly into the base 1. If the opening at the top of the base 1 is rectangular there will be four such pushing members 35 - one for each side.
  • the pushing members 35 have a roll lowermost end 37.
  • the skin 7 being flexible and stretchable moves downwardly down the upper side wall 27 by the roll lowermost end 37 engaging therewith.
  • the roll lowermost end 37 locates at the top of the lip 13, and as it moves downwardly thereover, there is provided inwardly directed forces to that portion of the side edges of the goods 3 which are above the bottom of the lip 13.
  • the goods 3 are pushed inwardly relative to the lower side wall 28.
  • the resilient pushing members 35 move inwardly by their sliding action down the upper side wall 27 and the second lip 13.
  • the skin 7 can then be bonded to the lowermost region of the lip 13 by a heated die member which can be inserted downwardly into the base 1 between the pushing members 35 and the side wall 27. This will be explained in due course. Thus, there will be a lower than atmospheric pressure of air sealed under the skin 7.
  • FIG. 6 there is shown an apparatus used for producing pairs of bases 1.
  • a web of plastics material 1 is provided over a pair of female die cavities 39.
  • the plastics material 1 may be PVC or alternatively PVC/PE or of other like materials. Typically it can be in the order of 400 micron thickness. Thus it will produce relatively rigid base 1 structures.
  • the female die cavities 39 have an upper configuration to form lip 5, upper side wall 27 second lip 13 and lower side wall 28.
  • the distance 29 is a fixed distance while distance 31 is a variable distance to allow for producing bases 1 with desired depths to suit different height size goods 3.
  • the distance 31 can be adjusted by raising and/or lowering bottom sections 41 of the female die cavities 39. As shown in Figure 6 this may conveniently be performed by means of hydraulic rams 43.
  • the web 1 is heated to a thermo forming temperature and is clamped above the female die cavities 39 by means of clamps 45. A vacuum is then provided underneath the web 1 in the cavities 39 to cause it to vacuum form to the shape of the female die cavities 39.
  • the skin wrapping station comprises a lower section 47 which is shaped with cavities 49 in which the bases 1 are received.
  • the cavities 49 are shaped to closely follow the upper portion of the bases at least above the bottom of the lips 13.
  • the lower section 47 includes rubber sealing and pressure anvil surfaces 51.
  • the skin wrapping station is covered by a movable upper chamber part 52 which can be moved up and down to seal relative to the lower chamber 47.
  • the air pressure within the skin wrapping station is then reduced below atmospheric pressure, and the platens 33 are then lowered which causes the skin material 7 which may be LLDPE to apply a compressive force to the top of the goods 3 within the package and thus a tension force to be applied to the skin 7 as described in relation to Figure 5 and Figure 3.
  • the skin material 7 will stretch during this procedure.
  • a heated heat bank 53 with downwardly extending skirts 55 is then lowered.
  • the lowermost end of the skirts 55 are inclined at the same angle as the angle of the lips 13.
  • a further heat bank 57 can be lowered to effect a bonding of the skin material 7 to the lip 5 of the base 1 if desired.
  • the platen 33 and the pushing members 35 carried thereby are cooled as by water flowing through a hollow interior of the platen 33 so as to enable the pushing members 35 and the roll lowermost ends 37 thereof to not effect bonding of skin material 7 to the base 1 as it is lowered thereinto.
  • the skin wrapped goods in the bases 1 can then be taken to a further station (not shown) where lids 9 as PVC/PE can be bonded thereto and where suitable gases can be provided within the space 11 between the lid 9 and the skin 7.
  • a typical example of how the lids 9 and suitable gases can be provided is disclosed in PCT Patent specification no. PCT/AU84/00131 assigned to Garwood Limited. This is now regarded as common knowledge. The details of that method are imported into the present patent specification.
  • FIG 8 there is shown a packaging similar to that shown in Figure 1 but here the packaging is provided with an optional liner tray 59 which has a corrugated bottom 61.
  • the corrugations in the corrugated bottom 61 space the meat or other goods 3 upwardly a small distance from the bottom of the base 1.
  • the lowermost corrugations have a number of openings 63 therein, only some of which have been shown in Figure 8 in order to aid clarity.
  • the liner tray 59 is preferably of a clear plastics material such as of PVC.
  • the openings 63 provide air passageway means for (a) enabling easy nested insertion of the liner tray 59 in the base 1 and (b) to also allow liquids which may escape from the meat to settle underneath the liner tray 59 and should the packaging be inverted then any liquids will be inhibited from passing through the openings 63 as those openings will now be the crests rather than the troughs of the corrugations.
  • the openings 63 also allow gas packaged within the package to circulate. This will be explained more fully in due course.
  • the height of the liner tray 59 is arranged to be just below the second lip 13. It will be noted that the packaging has a bond 19 around the peripheral lip 5 and that it has four bonds 17 - one along each of the respective sides of the packaging on the second lip 13.
  • the bonds 17 along each side do not meet and that there is provided an unbonded section 65 in each corner of the packaging. Gases are permitted to flow from under the skin wrapping 7 into the space 11 and vice versa by passing through the unbonded sections 65.
  • a plurality of apertures 67 in that portion of the skin wrapping 7 which extends from the bond 17 to the bond 19.
  • the apertures 67 may be provided by finger like rods 68 (see Figure 5) which extend from the outermost faces of the pushing members 35 and pierce the skin material as the pushing members 35 are lowered.
  • the rods 68 are swingable towards the outer face of the pushing members 35 as the heated skirts 55 of the heat bank 53 is lowered. This occurs when the skirts 55 engage with the rods 68 during the movement of the skirts 55 to effect bonding of the skin 5 to the lower lip 13.
  • the lid 9 may be of a PVC/PE material of about 100 micron thickness.
  • FIG. 9 there is shown a cross-sectional side view of a skin wrapping station 69 of a different embodiment.
  • goods 3 have been provided in the preformed base 1 which is typically formed integral in a web of plastics material together with others of the bases 1.
  • the bases 1 may be formed by thermoforming as in the previous embodiment.
  • a gas injeçtion plate means 71 of the same type in the aforementioned Specification As previously mentioned the disclosure in that patent specification is imported herein. It can be seen that the skin wrapping station 69 includes an upper chamber part 73 and a lower chamber part 75.
  • Each of the ripper chamber part 73 and lower chamber part 75 have seal means 77 so that when the upper chamber part 73 and the lower chamber 75 are brought together, they will engage with the respective opposed surfaces of the plate means 71 and provide a gas type seal within the upper chamber part 73 and the lower chamber part 75.
  • the gas injection plate means 71 (hereinafter referred to as plate means 71) has a central opening 79 which corresponds to the shape of the perimeter of the base 1. This is clearly disclosed in the aforementioned PCT Patent Specification No. PCT/AU84/00131.
  • the skin wrapping material 7 passes from the upper surface of the plate means 71 - see the left hand side of Figure 9 - diagonally through the opening 79 to the undersurface of the plate means - see the right hand side of Figure 9.
  • the plate means 71 contains gas passageway means 81 which communicate with the opening 79.
  • a gas such as O2, N2 or CO2 or mixtures thereof can be emitted from the gas passageway means 81.
  • the pressure of the gas in the skin wrapped packaging can be less than atmospheric when the skin 7 is bonded to the base 1.
  • the lower chamber part 75 can be closed on the undersurface of the plate means 71 and similarly the upper chamber part 73 can be closed on the upper surface of the plate means 71.
  • the air pressure can be reduced and the gas can then be passed through the gas passageway means 81 whilst a part of platen 83 can simultaneously be lowered.
  • the platen 83 is a two part platen comprising an upper heated part 85 and a lower cooled part 87 which can be independently moved.
  • the necessary connections for heating and for cooling of the heated part 85 and the cooled part 87 of the platen 83 have not been shown in order to aid clarity.
  • the platen 83 can be moved upwardly and downwardly within the upper chamber part 73.
  • the cooled part 87 carries pushing members 35.
  • platen 83 is in two parts - upper heated part 85 and lower cooled part 87.
  • the pushing members 35 comprise a single peripheral skirt 103 around the lower extremity of lower cooled part 87 with a pushing face 105 inclined at the same angle as the angle of inclination of second lip 13.
  • a series of openings 107 are provided in the peripheral skirt 87 which pass from a top surface 109 thereof to the pushing face 105. Webs 110 remain between the openings 107 to hold the peripheral skirt relative to the lower cooled part 87.
  • the arrangement is such that the pushing face 105 is cooled.
  • the upper heated part 85 has a series of welding fingers 113 extending therefrom and in aligned relationship to the openings 107.
  • the fingers 113 are heated from the upper heated part 87 and pass downwardly through the openings 107 to effect welding of the skin material when the upper part 85 is lowered.
  • the ends 115 of the lower face of the fingers 35 are inclined at the same angle as the angle of inclination of the lower lip 13.
  • the arrangement is such that when the lower or cooled part 87 is lowered first the pushing member 35 engage with the skin material and push and stretch it down to the lower lip 13 where it is held.
  • the inclined nature of the inside surfaces of the pushing members 35 also causes the goods 3 to be displaced inwardly and off the lower lip 13 if the goods 3 should extend over onto the lower lip 13.
  • the skin 7 is thus under tension as the goods 3 are compressed slightly, following this procedure.
  • the upper heated part 85 is then lowered so the fingers 113 pass through the apertures and weld bond the skin 7 to the lower lip 13, retaining the tension in the skin 7 when the pushing member 35 and the fingers 113 are removed.
  • the skin 7 will be caused to be held to the base 1 and skin pack the goods 3.
  • Figure 10 shows a close-up detail of the pushing member 35 and the fingers 113 contacting the skin 7 at the lower lip 13.
  • the gas which is passed through passageway 81 can be used to inflate the skin 7 relative to the base 1 so as to cause the skin 7 to move upwardly into the cavity 116 of the lower cooled part 87 or the corresponding cavity in any of the previous embodiments.
  • the lowermost surfaces of the cooled part 87 can be positioned to align with the height level of the undersurface of the plate 71 until it is required to cause the skin 7 to engage with the surface of the goods 3.
  • the web 7 may be heated to a suitable deforming temperature to assist skin wrapping prior to it entering the skin wrapping station.
  • the cavity 116 can therefore be suitably shaped for this purpose.
  • the pressure of inflation can be to about 10% of atmospheric air pressure such as 0.1 BAR.
  • Atmospheric air pressure can then be admitted above the skin 7 and into the cavity 116, causing the skin 7 to invert.
  • the lower or cooled part 35 can then be lowered to effect weld bonding to the lower lip 13.
  • the tension and stretch forces applied to the skin 7 will then be similar to those as applied previously, but the inversion process assists the skin 7 assuming the required skin wrap position.
  • apertures 67 can be punched through the skin 7 between the lower lip 13 and the lip 5.
  • Fingers 68 (see Figure 10) on the lower cooled part 87 provide such punching in that part of the skin 7 which is held taught between the lower lip 13 and the upper lip 5 and which does not directly contact the side walls of the base 1 between those positions.
  • the bases 1 are then advanced to a lid sealing station of the type disclosed in PCT patent application PCT/AU84/00131 referred to previously where a lid 9 can be provided and a desired gas provided in the space 11 under the lid 9 and above the skin 7.
  • the packaging can then advance to a guillotine where the packaging can be separated from the web of material in which all the bases 1 are provided.
  • Figure 9 represents a central one of three packages in the skin wrapping station.
  • Figures 13 and 14 show that three packages are produced simultaneously at the skin wrapping station.
  • Means for effecting movement of the cooled platen 87 and the heated platen 85 have not been shown but conveniently these may comprise air bag movement means.
  • the packaging has the upper lip 5 and the lower lip 13 of the previous packaging.
  • the skin wrap material 7 is bonded to the lower lip 13.
  • the lid 9 retains desired gas above the skin 7.
  • That gas can now freely circulate to contact the surface of the goods 3 by passing through apertures 67 and then through spaces 117. It may also pass directly through the skin material 7.
  • That gas can now freely circulate to contact the surface of the goods 3 by passing through apertures 67 and then through spaces 117. It may also pass directly through the skin material 7.
  • the whole of the free volume within the packages contain a desired gas to enhance the keeping qualities of the goods, such as red meats.
  • the fact that the skin 7 is wrapped to the goods 3 with a desired gas under the skin 7 means that there is unlikely to be any undesirable gas packaged.
  • the skin wrapping station is sealed by an upper chamber part 73 as in previous embodiments.
  • the space under the upper chamber part 73 can be filled with a suitable gas such as O2, N2 or CO2 or mixtures thereof after evacuation of the air pressure so that the environment of the skin wrapping station contains a desired gas.
  • the heated part 85 and the cooled part 87 are shown together as blocks 143. Heated bars 163 are provided down each side of the skin wrapping station. In use, the heated bars are lowered prior to movement of the parts 85/87 so as to heat weld the skin wrap material 7 (not shown in Figures 13 or 14) to the side edges of the material from which the bases 1 are made.
  • a further heated bar 165 is also provided and this is lowered to effect heat bonding transverse to the web 1 from which the bases 1 are made prior to opening of the upper cavity 73 and the lower cavity 75, after the skin wrap material 7 has been suitably bonded to the lips 13.
  • the bars 163 and 165 bond the skin wrap material 7 to the web of material from which the bases 1 are formed and thus physically hold the skin wrap material in a generally planar stretched condition across the bases 1.
  • plastics materials used for the packaging can be the same as in any of the previous embodiments.
  • the bars 163/165 may provide continuous welds around the perimeter of the skin wrapping station so there will be no spaces between the welds of the bars.
  • FIG. 15 there is shown a different embodiment of a skin wrapping station which includes two stations therein.
  • the skin wrapping station can conveniently include a gas discharging plate 71 of the type previously described and in particular of a type similar to that disclosed in PCT Patent Specification PCT/AU84/00131.
  • bases 1 index into the skin wrapping station they first index into the first station 171 therein.
  • the upper chamber part 73 closes onto the plate means 71 and the lower chamber part 75 also closes onto the plate means 71.
  • Air is evacuated.
  • a desired gas is introduced at a pressure slightly less than atmospheric, say 10% atmospheric.
  • a heated platen 175 which is heated to a temperature such as 90°C for heating the web of skin material 7 to a desired skin wrapping temperature.
  • the platen 175 is lowered towards the skin wrapping material 7 to effect this required heating.
  • the desired gas can then be expelled through the opening 81 in the plate means 71 at a pressure say 10% of atmospheric such as 0.1 BAR.
  • Air can then be allowed into the upper chamber or alternatively a gas such as the same gas which is provided under the web 7 but at a higher pressure, can be admitted into the upper chamber 73 causing the web 7 to skin wrap into the base 1 and over goods 3 which maybe therein.
  • the temperature of the heated platen 177 may conveniently be 115°C which will be sufficient to provide for suitable bonding by welding of the skin wrap material 7 to the lower lips 7.
  • differentials in temperature can be provided for (a) skin wrapping and (b) subsequent bonding or welding.
  • the heated platen 177 may be arranged to provide a completely continuous weld around the lip 13 or to provide a series of spaced apart welds as in the embodiments previously disclosed.
  • FIG. 16 there is disclosed a completely different type of platen which can be used to effect both heating to a skin wrapping temperature and heating to a bonding temperature.
  • a platen base 181 Attached to the base 181 is a continuous or an interrupted first platen area 183, and also a second platen area 185.
  • the first platen area 183 can be continuous so that when heated to require temperatures it can effect a continuous bond as by heat welding. Accordingly, the first platen area 183 is heated to a suitable welding or bonding temperature. If desired, the first platen area 183 may be interrupted so as to provide a series of spaced apart bonds or welds with gas passageway means therein as disclosed in connection with the previous embodiments.
  • the second platen area 185 provides heating to a skin wrapping temperature where the plastics web 7 can be heated to a desired skin wrapping temperature.
  • the first platen area 183 is heated by heating means which is independent of the heating means which heats the second platen area 185.
  • the first platen area 183 is heated by electrical coils 187 and the second platen area is heated by electrical coils 189.
  • the coils 187 are connected to a source of input energy such as an AC energy source and are controlled in temperature by a thermostat means 191.
  • the electric coils 189 are similarly connected to a source of energy and are controlled by a thermostat means 193.
  • the heating of the first platen area 183 and of the second platen area 185 may not necessarily be by electric heating means but by any other convenient heating means which is suitably thermostatically controlled.
  • the platen means disclosed in Figure 16 can be used in other environments as for example in blow moulding arts where it may be desirable to heat plastics materials in selected areas to different temperatures to enhance the blow moulding of the plastics.
  • the platen shown in Figure 16 may be used to replace the platen referred to in any of the previous embodiments - the prime requirement here being to provide a bonding as by heat welding to the lower lip 13 and a subsequent skin wrapping of the web 7 over the goods 3.
  • FIG. 17 there is shown a different type of platen which is in two parts which each may be indepenently moved relative to the other. Each of the platen parts is heated to suitable temperatures for heating areas of the plastics material which is to be heated thereby.
  • the platen comprises a central portion 195 and an outer peripheral portion 197.
  • both the central portion 195 and the peripheral portion 197 are brought down together to engage with or be in proximity to the upper surface of a web of skin wrap material 7.
  • the peripheral portion 197 is then lowered and pressure applied so that bonding occurs around the upper lip 5. It will of course be appreciated that air has been evacuated from the skin wrapping station and a desired gas introduced at a pressure lower than atmosphere under the web 7. Because the air pressure will be lower above the web 7 than below the web 7, the web 7 will displace upwardly towards the central portion 195 and be heated thereby. It will generally conform to the shape of the cavity 199 in the central portion 195.
  • the central portion 195 can then be lowered so that the undermost surfaces 201 provide the bonding by heat welding of the skin wrap material 7 to the lower lips 13. It may be desirable to apply greater pressure for the bonding of the web 7 to the upper lip 5 than to the lower lip 13. This may be required to ensure that there is an absolute gas tight seal around the upper lip 5 but whereas at the lower lip 13 it may not be necessary to provide for such a good and gas tight seal.
  • the peripheral portion 197 can be heated to a desired temperature and because the central portion 195 can be heated to a different desired temperature, there can be control of the temperature of the web of material which is to be bonded.
  • This control of the temperature coupled with the independent control of pressure applied by the peripheral part 197 and the central part 195 can be used to enhance the packaging process.
  • This type of platen can also be used in any of the embodiments previously described and in other arts where material may need to be selectively heated in areas to different temperatures such as in the blow moulding arts.
  • FIG 18 there is shown a variation of the embodiment shown in Figures 9 through 11. in this embodiment there are three moveable platens.
  • the lower platen 87 is a cooled platen.
  • Intermediate platen 85 is a heated platen and upper platen 88 is a cooled platen.
  • platen 87 is lowered first, causing the skin 7 to be held at the lowermost edge of lip 13.
  • the upper platen 88 is then lowered causing the skin 7 to be also held at the uppermost edge of lip 13.
  • Both the lower platen 87 and the upper plate 88 are temperature controlled and are maintained at approximately the same temperature which is below the heat welding or bonding temperature of skin 7 to web 1.
  • the intermediate and heated platen 85 can be lowered to effect heat welding or bonding of skin 7 to web 1. All of the platens 87, 88 and 85 can then be raised.
  • the former skin wrapping techniques such as those disclosed in the aforementioned PCT patent specification No. PCT/AU86/00339 require thicker skin webs 7 than the stretch technique disclosed herein.
  • the stretch technique for the skin 7 the thickness can be less than in the former packaging and yet enhanced holding properties are provided.
  • the skin 7 can be thinner, then there can be greater permeation of gas through the skin material 7 and thus it may not always be necessary to provide the unbonded sections 65 nor the apertures 67 to assist in the gas flow from above the skin 7 to below the skin 7 and visa versa.
  • the skin 7 may be such that for certain goods, it be substantially non-gas permeable.
  • the skin 7 may be a co-extruded laminate of PE/EVA or like laminates.
  • the EVA can be about 5 microns thickness whilst the PE can be about 20 microns thickness.
  • the EVA laminate can be the laminate which contacts the base which may be PVC or a PVC/PE co-extruded laminate or a PVC/PVA co-extruded laminate with the EVA laminate contacting the base or a laminate of the base with a similar melt temperature.
  • EVA has a melt temperature of approximately 80°C which is lower than that of PE which melts at approximately 115°C.
  • the skin 7 may be bonded to the bottom 15 of a base 1 around the perimeter thereof, and wherein there is not provided a second lip 13.
  • the base 1 may be of a configuration as shown in Figures 1 and 2. The requirement is to provide for tension forces to be provided in the skin 7 when the skin 7 is bonded to the base 1.
  • the upper surface of the goods 3 may be arranged to be above the upper lip 5 of a base 1 and where the skin 7 is maintained in tension as a result of its bonding to the lip 5.
  • a second lip 13 need not be provided.
  • the packaging may have a somewhat similar configuration to that of Figure 1 but where the lid 9 is convex and where the upper surface of the goods 3 and a desired gas are within the convex section of the lid 9.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Packages (AREA)
  • Vacuum Packaging (AREA)

Claims (13)

1. Kunststoffmaterialverpackung für Fleisch oder andere Waren (3), mit einer Basis (1) aus Kunststoffmaterial, mit Fleisch oder anderen Waren (3) auf dieser Basis (1), mit einer flexiblen, das Fleisch oder die anderen Waren (3) auf dieser Basis (1) bedeckenden Kunststoffmaterialhaut (7), wobei die flexible Haut (7) um den Umfang der Basis (1) herum mit der Basis verschweißt ist, und mit einem Deckel (9) aus Kunststoffmaterial, der über die flexible Haut (7) paßt und mit der Basis (1) um den Umfang der Basis (1) herum verschweißt ist, wobei sich ein Raum (11) zwischen dem Deckel (9) und der flexiblen Haut (7) und in diesem Raum (11) ein Gas befindet, das die Haltbarkeit der verpackten Waren durch Durchdringen der flexiblen Haut (7) verbessert, und wobei diese Basis (1) im Vergleich zur flexiblen Haut (7) relativ starr ist und das Fleisch oder die anderen Waren (3) gegen die Basis (1) gehalten werden, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Fleisch oder die anderen Waren (3) unter der flexiblen Haut (7) dadurch zusammengedrückt gehalten werden, daß die flexible Haut (7) an Stellen unter der obersten Stelle des Fleisches oder der anderen Waren (3) unter Aufbringen von Spannung mit der Basis (1) verschweißt wird, wodurch bewirkt wird, daß eine Spannung im wesentlichen kontinuierlich auf die flexible Haut (7) aufgebracht wird, um das Fleisch oder die anderen Waren fest gegen die Basis (1) gedrückt zu halten.
2. Verpackung nach Anspruch 1, worin die Basis (1) eine obere Umfangslippe (5) und eine untere Lippe (13) zwischen der oberen Lippe (5) und einem Boden der Basis (1) aufweist, und worin die flexible Haut (7) mit der unteren Lippe (13) verschweißt ist.
3. Verpackung nach Anspruch 2, worin die Verschweißung (17) um die untere Lippe (13) herum nicht kontinuierlich ist, um dadurch ein Öffnungsmittel (65) festzulegen, durch welches in der Verpackung befindliches Gas durchtreten kann, um zu ermöglichen, daß oberhalb der flexiblen Haut befindliches Gas (7) zirkuliert und mit der Oberfläche des Fleisches oder der anderen Waren (3) unter der flexiblen Haut (7) in Kontakt kommt.
4. Verpackung nach Anspruch 3, worin die flexible Haut (7) auch mit der Umfangslippe (5) verschweißt ist und worin das Öffnungsmittel (67) in jenem Teil der flexiblen Haut (7) zwischen der unteren Lippe (13) und der Umfangslippe (5) vorgesehen ist, um dadurch zu ermöglichen, daß Gas durchtreten kann, so daß über der flexiblen Haut (7) befindliches Gas zirkulieren und mit der Oberfläche des Fleisches oder der anderen Waren (3) unter der flexiblen Haut (7) in Kontakt treten kann.
5. Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Verpackung, bei welchem eine Kunststoffmaterialbasis (1) vorgesehen wird, Fleisch oder andere Waren (3) an der Basis (1) positioniert vorgesehen werden und eine flexible Kunststoffmaterialhaut (7) über dem Fleisch oder den anderen Waren (3) vorgesehen wird, wobei die Basis (1) im Vergleich zur flexiblen Haut (7) relativ starr ist,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Fleisch oder die anderen Waren (3) zusammengedrückt werden, indem bewirkt wird, daß die flexible Haut (7) unter Spannung über dem Fleisch oder den anderen Waren (3) liegt,
daß danach die flexible Haut (7) mit der Basis (1) unter der obersten Stelle des Fleisches oder der anderen Waren (3) um den Umfang der Basis (1) herum unter Aufrechterhaltung der Spannung verschweißt wird,
ein Deckel (9) aus Kunststoffmaterial über die flexible Haut (7) gegeben wird und mit der Basis (1) verschweißt wird,
wobei sich zwischen dem Deckel (9) und der flexiblen Haut (7) ein Raum (11) befindet, und daß ein Gas im Raum (11) vorgesehen wird, welches die Haltbarkeit der verpackten Waren durch Durchdringen der flexiblen Haut (7) verbessert,
und wobei die flexible Haut (7) durch die Verschweißung und durch die nach außen gerichteten, darauf aufgebrachten Kräfte, die sich daraus ergeben, daß das Fleisch oder andere ähnliche Waren (3) durch die flexible Haut (7) unter Druck gegen die Basis (1) gehalten werden, im wesentlichen kontinuierlich unter Spannung gehalten wird.
6. Verfahren nach Anspruch 5, worin die Verpackung eine obere Umfangslippe (5) und eine untere Lippe (13) zwischen der oberen Lippe (5) und einem Boden der Basis (1) aufweist, wobei die flexible Haut (7) mit der unteren Lippe (13) verschweißt wird.
7. Verfahren nach Anspruch 6 in Abhängigkeit von Anspruch 7, welches das Verschweißen mit der unteren Lippe (13) in einer nicht-kontinuierlichen Verschweißung (17) umfaßt, um dadurch Öffnungsmittel (65) zwischen den Verschweißungen (17) zu schaffen, durch welche in der Verpackung befindliches Gas durchtreten kann, um zu ermöglichen, daß über der flexiblen Haut (7) befindliches Gas zirkuliert und mit der Oberfläche des Fleisches oder der anderen Waren (3) unter der flexiblen Haut (7) in Kontakt kommt.
8. Verfahren nach Anspruch 7, welches auch das Verschweißen der flexiblen Haut (7) mit der Umfangslippe (5) und das Vorsehen eines Öffnungsmittels (67) in jenem Teil der flexiblen Haut (7) zwischen der unteren Lippe (13) und der Umfangslippe (5) umfaßt, um dadurch einen Durchtritt von Gas zu ermöglichen, so daß über der flexiblen Haut (7) befindliches Gas zirkulieren kann, um mit der Oberfläche des Fleisches oder der anderen Waren (3) unter der flexiblen Haut (7) in Kontakt zu kommen.
9. Vorrichtung zur Herstellung einer Verpackung mit einer relativ starren Basis (1), auf der Basis (1) positioniertem Fleisch oder anderen Waren (3), einer über das Fleisch oder die anderen Waren (3) gespannten flexiblen Haut (7) und einem mit der Basis (1) verschweißten Deckel (9), wobei die Basis (1) in bezug auf die flexible Haut (7) starr ist und wobei die Vorrichtung Mittel (52, 47) zur Abstützung der Basis (1) mit den darauf befindlichen Waren (3) an einer Arbeitsstation, sowie Mittel an dieser Arbeitsstation zum Gespannthalten der flexiblen Haut (7), wenn sich die flexible Haut (7) auf und über diesen Waren (3) befindet, aufweist, gekennzeichnet durch
(a) Schiebeelementmittel (33, 35, 37) an der Arbeitsstation zur Bewegung der flexiblen Haut (7) zu den Waren (3) hin, so daß die flexible Haut an der obersten Stelle der Waren (3) angreift und über diese Waren (3) gespannt und gestreckt wird und diese zusammendrückt, wobei die Seitenzonen der flexiblen Haut (7) zu einer Position unter der obersten Stelle der Waren (3) bewegt werden;
(b) Verschweißmittel (55) zur Befestigung der Seitenzonen der flexiblen Haut an der Basis (1) unter Beibehaltung der Spannung;
(c) Mittel zum Aufbringen eines Deckels (9) über der Basis (1), so daß, wenn der Deckel (9) mit der Basis (1) versiegelt ist, ein Raum (11) zwischen dem Deckel (9) und der flexiblen Haut (7) vorhanden ist;
(d) Mittel (71) zum Einleiten eines Gases in den Raum (11), welches die Haltbarkeit der Waren (3) verbessert; und
(e) Mittel (57) zum Versiegeln des Deckels (9) und der flexiblen Haut (7) mit der Basis (1), um das Gas im Raum (11) einzuschließen und um zu ermöglichen, daß dieses aus dem Raum (11) zu den Waren (3) gelangt, wodurch das Fleisch oder die anderen Waren (3) durch die kontinuierlich aufgebrachte Spannung in der flexiblen Haut (7) unter Druck fest gegen die Basis gehalten wird (werden).
10. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 9, worin das Mittel (33, 35, 37) zur Bewegung durch Kühlmittel gekühlt ist.
11. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 9, worin das Mittel (55) zur Befestigung eine erste beheizte Platte (53) zum Erhitzen des Mittels (55) zum Versiegeln der flexiblen Haut (7) gegenüber der Basis (1) aufweist.
12. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 11, worin das Mittel (57) zum Versiegeln eine zweite beheizte Platte (57) zum Versiegeln des Deckels (9) gegenüber der Basis (1) aufweist.
13. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 9, welche weiters Mittel (71) aufweist, um das Gas im Raum (11) auf einem relativ höheren Druck als dem unter der flexiblen Haut (7) herrschenden Druck zu halten, wodurch die flexible Haut (7) mit den Waren gegen die Basis (1) gehalten wird, wobei die flexible Haut (7) auch gegen die Waren gedrückt wird, und zwar durch das sich ergebende Druckdifferential auf der flexiblen Haut (7).
EP19870905932 1986-09-03 1987-08-28 Lebensmittelpackung mit einem zwischen einem unter spannung stehenden film und dem deckel eingeschlossenen gas Expired EP0321495B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT87905932T ATE76832T1 (de) 1986-09-03 1987-08-28 Lebensmittelpackung mit einem zwischen einem unter spannung stehenden film und dem deckel eingeschlossenen gas.

Applications Claiming Priority (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU7832/86 1986-09-03
AUPH783286 1986-09-03
AU8237/86 1986-09-26
AUPH823786 1986-09-26
AU468/87 1987-02-20
AUPI046887 1987-02-20
AU866/87 1987-03-16
AUPI086687 1987-03-16

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EP0321495A1 EP0321495A1 (de) 1989-06-28
EP0321495A4 EP0321495A4 (de) 1990-02-05
EP0321495B1 true EP0321495B1 (de) 1992-06-03

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EP19870905932 Expired EP0321495B1 (de) 1986-09-03 1987-08-28 Lebensmittelpackung mit einem zwischen einem unter spannung stehenden film und dem deckel eingeschlossenen gas

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EP (1) EP0321495B1 (de)
JP (1) JPH02500355A (de)
CA (1) CA1295290C (de)
NZ (1) NZ221616A (de)
WO (1) WO1988001592A1 (de)

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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WO1990001005A1 (en) * 1988-07-21 1990-02-08 Seawell Corp. N.V. Food packaging with gases between tensioned film, lid and food
CA2036298A1 (en) * 1990-02-15 1991-08-16 Steven Dale Barger Method for channeling gases in a lined container
GB2251540B (en) * 1991-01-08 1993-11-24 United Biscuits Ltd Improvements in and relating to preserving food products
CA2152751C (en) * 1994-06-30 2007-04-17 Henry Walker Stockley Iii Barrier package for fresh meat products
DE102005035476B4 (de) * 2005-07-26 2022-07-07 Jörg von Seggern Maschinenbau GmbH Vorrichtung zum gasdichten Verpacken von Gegenständen
DE102006061309A1 (de) 2006-12-22 2008-07-03 Jörg von Seggern Maschinenbau GmbH Verfahren zum gasdichten Verpacken von Gegenständen und Anlage zum gasdichten Verpacken von Gegenständen
ITPD20080346A1 (it) * 2008-11-25 2010-05-26 Hot Form Production S N C Di Mario Tto Adriano & Contenitore per la conservazione di prodotti deperibili
US20110086141A1 (en) * 2009-10-14 2011-04-14 Erik Strilich Package for Cushioning Food Product
EP2783990A1 (de) * 2013-03-27 2014-10-01 Multivac Sepp Haggenmüller GmbH & Co. KG Schalenverschließmaschine und Verfahren

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US3481100A (en) * 1966-11-23 1969-12-02 Anderson Bros Mfg Co Method and apparatus for packaging in protective atmosphere
US3467244A (en) * 1967-03-10 1969-09-16 Mahaffy & Harder Eng Co Evacuated package with semirigid shell and flexible closure
GB1199998A (en) * 1968-04-03 1970-07-22 Unilever Ltd Food Package
FR2165761B1 (de) * 1971-12-29 1975-04-18 Gatineau Jacques
JPS52103288A (en) * 1976-02-23 1977-08-30 Toyo Aluminium Kk Vacuum packaging goods of powder and vacuum gas fill packaging goods
US4114348A (en) * 1976-05-05 1978-09-19 Mahaffy & Harder Engineering Co. Packaging techniques for semi-rigid packages
JPS5525275Y2 (de) * 1976-09-28 1980-06-17
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IT1153034B (it) * 1982-11-15 1987-01-14 Grace W R & Co Procedimento ed apparecchiatura per il confezionamento sottovuoto e reativa confezione
WO1987002965A1 (en) * 1985-11-14 1987-05-21 Garwood Ltd. Packaging

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NZ221616A (en) 1990-12-21
EP0321495A4 (de) 1990-02-05
EP0321495A1 (de) 1989-06-28
JPH02500355A (ja) 1990-02-08
CA1295290C (en) 1992-02-04
WO1988001592A1 (en) 1988-03-10

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