EP0309311B1 - Überstromschalter - Google Patents
Überstromschalter Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0309311B1 EP0309311B1 EP88402271A EP88402271A EP0309311B1 EP 0309311 B1 EP0309311 B1 EP 0309311B1 EP 88402271 A EP88402271 A EP 88402271A EP 88402271 A EP88402271 A EP 88402271A EP 0309311 B1 EP0309311 B1 EP 0309311B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- opening
- circuit breaker
- contacts
- contact bridge
- arcing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H3/00—Mechanisms for operating contacts
- H01H3/22—Power arrangements internal to the switch for operating the driving mechanism
- H01H3/222—Power arrangements internal to the switch for operating the driving mechanism using electrodynamic repulsion
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
- H01H9/0072—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00 particular to three-phase switches
Definitions
- the invention relates to a circuit breaker-limiter with rapid opening control of contacts by Thomson effect, comprising, by pole, a movable element having a movable main contact bridge forming a main circuit with a pair of fixed main contacts connected to pads current supply, a movable arcing contact bridge forming with a pair of fixed arcing contacts an arcing circuit connected in parallel on the main circuit, a mechanism for controlling the moving equipment, for the opening of the main circuit and of the arc circuit, comprising a Thomson-effect propellant, a device for locking the moving element in the open position of the contacts and an unlocking control device, the main contact bridge being arranged between the fixed main contacts and the Thomson effect propellant, the mobile assembly comprising a drive rod secured to the main contact bridge, the Th effect propellant omson comprising an annular opening coil surrounding said rod and an opening disc arranged opposite the opening coil.
- the opening disc is movable relative to said rod
- the Thomson effect propellant member comprising an annular piston integral with the drive rod, springs being arranged between the opening disc and the piston , so that the current supply to the opening coil causes the opening disc and the piston to repel and the drive rod to move to the contact opening position, said springs bringing the disc back opening in the rest position opposite the opening coil at the end of the opening stroke.
- the circuit breaker comprises two breaking chambers arranged on either side of the arcing circuit, the circuit breaker housing being constituted by the assembly of an intermediate housing containing the breaking chambers and an assembly contact comprising the movable contacts and their drive members, a lower housing on the rear face of which the power supply pads protrude and carrying the fixed contacts, and a cover protecting the elements of the control mechanism of the moving part, arranged in the upper part of the housing.
- circuit breaker-limiter The maintenance of the circuit breaker-limiter is facilitated by the provision of a contact sub-assembly, of molded plastic material, with movable contact bridges and which can be removed as a whole from the circuit-breaker-limiter after removal of the lower housing constituting the bottom of the device.
- a pole of a circuit breaker-limiter comprises a pair of fixed main contacts connected to pads 10, 12 of protruding current supply, on the rear face of the circuit-breaker-limiter, outside of a lower housing 14.
- the fixed main contacts cooperate with a main contact bridge 16, possibly constituted by several elements 17 arranged in parallel, belonging to a contact sub-assembly 18, shown in more detail, in exploded view, on Figure 5, an operating rod 20 controlling the opening of the contacts.
- the operating rod 20 is biased towards the open position, represented in FIG. 2, by a Thomson effect actuating member, disposed in the upper part of the circuit breaker and constituted by an annular opening coil 22 opposite which is arranged an annular opening disc 24, of conductive material.
- a Thomson effect actuating member disposed in the upper part of the circuit breaker and constituted by an annular opening coil 22 opposite which is arranged an annular opening disc 24, of conductive material.
- the supply of the opening coil by an electric discharge, for example from a capacitor bank (not shown), results in the creation of currents induced in the opening disc, causing, by Thomson effect, a sudden repulsion of the disc.
- the opening disc 24 is associated with an annular piston 26, made of conductive material, secured to the operating rod 20.
- the command to open causes the opening disc 24 to move simultaneously upwards. , of the piston 26 and of the operating rod 20, thus causing the opening of the contacts.
- the upper end of the operating rod is integral with a hooking ring 28 which cooperates with a hooking device, of the half-moon type 30, so as to automatically lock the operating rod in position opening (fig. 2).
- the hooking ring 28 could possibly be replaced by a wider part forming an integral part of the drive rod.
- the two-part solution shown in the figures, is preferred because it facilitates both maintenance and assembly.
- the rod and the piston remain locked in the open position, while the opening disc 24 , which is not secured to the operating rod, returns, under the action of springs, not shown, arranged between the disc and the piston, to its initial position facing the opening coil 22.
- An arcing circuit is connected in parallel to the terminals of the main circuit and comprises two fixed arcing contacts 32, connected to the pads 10, 12 and the upper ends of which are arranged in arcing horns, these fixed arcing contacts cooperating with a movable arcing contact bridge 34, possibly constituted by several elements 35 in parallel (FIG. 5).
- the contact sub-assembly 18 is arranged so that the upward movement of the operating rod 20 first causes the displacement of the main contact bridge 16 and the switching of the current in the arcing circuit, then the opening of the arc circuit by moving the arc contact bridge 34 upwards.
- Two breaking chambers 36 of conventional type, arranged on either side of the operating rod 20, ensure the extinction of the two arcs coupled in series when the arc circuit is opened.
- the movable arcing contacts consist of two sub-groups of movable arcing contact bridges 35, arranged on either side of the operating rod 20, so as to obtain the formation of two arcs in series in the plane of Figure 1, these two arcs being in parallel on two other arcs, themselves in series in a plane parallel to the previous one.
- Four breaking chambers are then arranged so as to extinguish the four arcs.
- the circuit breaker includes an unlocking device allowing the contacts to return to the closed position under the action of return springs 38 and 40 acting respectively on the main contact bridge 16 and on the arcing contact bridge 34.
- the unlocking device intended to break the blocking of the hooking ring 28 by the half-moon 30, preferably uses the Thomson effect.
- a closing coil 42 causes, when it is supplied by an electric discharge, for example by means of capacitors (not shown), the sudden repulsion of a closing disc 44 which is normally biased in position for approaching the coil by springs not shown in the figures.
- the upward movement of the closing disc 44 causes the pivoting of a closing bar 46, causing the displacement of a closing rod 48.
- the latter acts on the half-moon 30 so as to unlock the hooking ring 28.
- a signaling element 50 is mounted on a fixed bearing 52, so as to be able to pivot under the action of torsion springs, from a closed position (fig. 1), where one of the ends of the element is biased downwards by the operating rod 20, to a position opening (fig. 2).
- An electrical contact (not shown), arranged so as to be actuated by the operating rod 20 at the same time as the signaling element 50, also makes it possible to obtain an electrical signaling of the position of the circuit breaker.
- the bearing 52 also serves as a guide element for the hooking ring 28, the piston 26, the opening disc 24, and the half-moon 30.
- the elements 35 of the arcing contact bridge 34 are arranged on either side of the operating rod, and positioned relative to each other using covers 62 and a spacer 64, the springs 40 reminder resting on the bottom of the contact box.
- the interrupting chambers and the contact sub-assembly are arranged inside an intermediate housing 66.
- the bearing 52 is fixed to the outside, on the upper wall of the housing intermediate, which also supports the opening and closing coils.
- the circuit breaker housing consists of the assembly of the intermediate housing 66, the lower housing 14 and a cover 68 disposed at the upper part of the circuit breaker.
- the latter of course comprises a transparent part allowing the visualization of the exterior of the signaling element 50.
- all the elements of the breaking part of the circuit breaker, breaking chambers and contact sub-assembly, are arranged in the intermediate box, in the central part of the circuit breaker.
- the control elements for opening and closing are arranged in the upper part of the housing and protected by the cover 68, while the current supply areas are arranged in the lower part of the housing.
- a current sensor 70 is arranged in the lower housing around one of the current supply ranges.
- a connector 72 mounted on the upper face of the intermediate housing, is intended to provide the electrical connections between the opening and closing coils and a trip unit, not shown, intended to control the circuit breaker.
- the connector 72 also transmits the information from the current sensors 70 and the electrical signaling contacts.
- the device according to the invention operates as follows: In the closed position of the circuit breaker (fig. 1), the main contact bridge 16 is biased by the springs 38 in the direction of the fixed main contacts, the arcing contact bridge 34 being biased by the springs 40 in the direction of the fixed arcing contacts 32. The current flows in areas 10, 12 and the main contact bridge 16.
- the current sensor 70 supplies the trip device, not shown, with a current measurement.
- the opening and closing coils 22 and 42 are not supplied and the opening and closing discs 26 and 44 are in the rest position near the corresponding coils.
- the trigger Upon detection of a fault current or of the opening command, the trigger causes the opening coil 22 to feed and the upward repulsion of the assembly constituted by the opening disc 24 and the piston 26, driving the operating rod 20 upwards.
- the latter being secured to the stirrup 56, itself secured to the cage 58 carrying the main contact bridge 16, the latter is pulled upwards, against the force of the return springs 38. It the main circuit is opened and the current is switched to the arc circuit.
- the upper part of the cage 58 comes into contact with the lower part of the elements 35 of the arcing contact bridge 36 and drives the latter upwards against the force of the return springs 40 , also opening the arc circuit. There is then formation of arcs in series in the arc circuit, these arcs being quickly extinguished in the breaking chambers 36.
- the hooking ring 28 releases the half-moon 30 which pivots and ensures the locking of the hooking ring, and consequently of the operating rod and of the contacts, in the open position.
- the opening disc 24 then returns to the rest position, as shown in FIG. 2, while the piston 26 secured to the operating rod remains in the high position.
- the closing of the circuit breaker is controlled by the supply of the closing coil 42, which pushes the closing disc upwards, causing the unlocking of the ring. attachment by rotating the half-moon 30 in the opposite direction by means of the bar 46 and the closing rod 48. Under the action of the return springs 38 and 40, the contact bridges, the cage, the bearing, the operating rod, the coupling ring and the piston are returned to the closed position shown in FIG. 1.
- each of the poles has an independent opening mechanism, with its own opening coil and its independent half-moon locking mechanism. There is thus good security, the failure of one of the opening mechanisms does not prevent the opening of the other two poles.
- the three-pole circuit breaker has a single closing system, simultaneously controlling the unlocking of the three poles.
- the single closing coil 42 is preferably arranged in the central pole and controls, via the single closing disc 44, the closing bar common to the three poles, which actuates a closing rod 48 per pole, for simultaneous unlocking of the three half-moons 30.
- the mass of the elements of the unlocking mechanism being low, it is thus possible to obtain a very rapid response time to an order to close the circuit breaker, by means of a single mechanism with Thomson effect.
- the signaling elements 50 of the three poles are preferably coupled by means of a bar 74, so that the opening of the circuit breaker can only be signaled when the three poles are open. Indeed, as long as one of the poles is closed, the corresponding operating rod 20 pushes down the associated end of the corresponding signaling element 50, preventing the pivoting of the bar, and consequently, the pivoting of the elements other poles, even if these are in the open position.
- the structure of the circuit breaker described above allows easy access to the different parts of the circuit breaker.
- the elements of the control mechanism are easily accessible by simple removal of the cover 68.
- the removal of the lower housing 14 carrying the fixed contact pads gives access to the contact sub-assembly 18, which forms a removable sub-assembly which can be checked or exchanged if necessary.
- the interrupting chambers 36 can, for their part, be inspected or modified by sliding them in the intermediate housing 66 after removing the fixing screws 67.
Landscapes
- Breakers (AREA)
- Arc-Extinguishing Devices That Are Switches (AREA)
Claims (7)
- Strombegrenzender Leistungsschalter mit Schnellausschaltung durch Thomson-Effekt, pro Pol bestehend aus einer beweglichen Einheit mit einer beweglichen Hauptkontaktbrücke (16), die zusammen mit zwei an den Anschlußfahnen (10, 12) befestigten feststehenden Hauptkontakten den Hauptstromkreis bilden, einer beweglichen Lichtbogenkontaktbrücke (34), die zusammen mit zwei feststehenden Lichtbogenkontakten (32) einen parallel zum Hauptstromkreis liegenden Lichtbogenstromkreis bilden, einem auf die bewegliche Einheit wirkenden Antriebsmechanismus zum Ausschalten des Haupt- und Lichtbogenstromkreises, der sich aus einem Thomson-Antriebselement (22, 24, 26) einer Verriegelungsvorrichtung (28, 30) zur Feststellung der beweglichen Einheit in der Ausschaltstellung der Kontakte sowie einer Entriegelungsvorrichtung (42, 44, 46, 48) zusammensetzt, wobei die Hauptkontaktbrücke (16) zwischen den feststehenden Hauptkontakten (10, 12) und dem Thomson-Antriebselement (22, 24, 26) angeordnet ist, die bewegliche Einheit eine fest mit der Hauptkontaktbrücke (16) verbundene Schaltstange (20) aufweist und das Thomson-Antriebselement aus einer die genannte Schaltstange ringförmig umgebenden Ausschaltspule (22) sowie einer der Spule gegenüberliegenden Ausschaltscheibe (24) besteht, gekennzeichnet dadurch, daß die Ausschaltscheibe (24) relativ zur genannten Ausschaltstange beweglich ist und das Thomson-Antriebselement mit einem fest mit der Schaltstange (20) verbundenen Ringkolben (26) ausgerüstet ist, wobei zwischen der Ausschaltscheibe (24) und dem Kolben (26) mehrere Federn angeordnet sind, so daß ein Stromfluß durch die Ausschaltspule (22) ein Abstoßen der Ausschaltscheibe (24) und des Kolbens (26) und damit eine Verschiebung der Schaltstange (20) in die Ausschaltstellung der Kontakte bewirkt und die genannten Federn die Ausschaltscheibe (24) am Ende des Öffnungshubs wieder in ihre Ruhelage gegenüber der Ausschaltspule (22) zurückbringen.
- Strombegrenzender Leistungsschalter nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zwei Lichtbogenlöschkammern (36) zu beiden Seiten des Lichtbogenstromkreises angeordnet sind und daß sich das Gehäuse des Leistungsschalters aus einem Gehäusezwischenteil (66), in dem die Lichtbogenlöschkammern (36) sowie eine Kontaktbaugruppe (18) mit den beweglichen Kontakten (16, 34) und den zugehörigen Antriebselementen (20, 56, 38, 40) untergebracht sind, einem Gehäuseunterteil (14), aus dessen Rückseite die mit den festen Kontakten verbunden Anschlußfahnen (10, 12) herausragen, sowie einer den im oberen Teil des Gehäuses angeordneten Antriebsmechanismus der beweglichen Einheit schützenden Gehäuseabdeckung (68) zusammensetzt.
- Strombegrenzender Leistungsschalter nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Verriegelungsvorrichtung zur Feststellung der beweglichen Kontakteinheit in der Ausschaltstellung eine Klinke (30) aufweist, die nach Verschiebung einer mit der beweglichen Kontakteinheit verbundenen Schaltstange (20) so verschwenkt werden kann, daß eine Rückbewegung der Schaltstange verhindert wird.
- Strombegrenzender Leistungsschalter nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Entriegelungsvorrichtung aus einer Einschaltspule (42) besteht, die durch Thomson-Effekt eine Einschaltscheibe (44) abstößt, so daß die Klinke (30) die Schaltstange freigibt und die Kontakte unter Wirkung der Rückholfedern (38, 40) wieder in die Einschaltstellung gebracht werden.
- Strombegrenzender Leistungsschalter nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Schalter mit einer Kontaktbaugruppe (18) bestückt ist, die sich zusammensetzt aus einer Kontaktkappe (54) aus Isolierstoff, die von einer fest mit einem Kontaktkäfig (58) aus Isolierstoff verbundenen Schaltstange (20) durchragt wird, wobei der Kontaktkäfig die Haupkontaktbrücke (16, 17) trägt, aus Rückholfedern (40), die auf dem Boden der Kontaktkappe bzw. der Lichtbogenkontaktbrücke (34) aufliegen, welche wiederum aus zwei zu beiden Seiten der Schaltstange angeordneten Kontaktelementen (35) besteht, sowie aus einem Zwischensteg (60), der als Auflagefläche für die Rückholfedern (38) der Hauptkontaktbrücke (16) dient, im Innern der Kontaktkappe (58) angeordnet ist und zur Befestigung am Leistungsschaltergehäuse vorgesehen ist, wobei die gesamte Anordnung so ausgeführt ist, daß bei einer Verschiebung der Schaltstange aufgrund eines Ausschaltbefehls des Leistungsschalters zunächst der Kontaktkäfig und die Hauptkontaktbrücke entgegen der Kraftrichtung der Rückholfedern (38) verschoben werden und anschließend, sobald der Kontaktkäfig gegen die Lichtbogenkontaktbrücke (34) stößt, eine Verschiebung der Lichtbogenkontaktbrücke gegen die Kraftrichtung der Rückholfedern (40) erfolgt.
- Strombegrenzender Leistungsschalter nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß jeder Pol mit einen unabhängigen Ausschaltmechanismus sowie einer unabhängigen Verriegelungsvorrichtung zur Feststellung der beweglichen Einheit in der Ausschaltstellung ausgerüstet ist, und daß alle Pole des strombegrenzenden Leistungsschalters über eine gemeinsame Entriegelungsvorrichtung, eine Einschaltspule (42) und eine Einschaltscheibe (44), die mit einer auf mehrere Einschaltstangen (48) wirkenden Einschaltklinke (46) verbunden ist, verfügen, wobei die Einschaltstangen mit den zugehörigen Polen verbunden sind und die Entriegelung des entsprechenden Pols bewirken.
- Strombegrenzender Leistungsschalter nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Schalter Pro Pol mit einer Anzeigevorrichtung (50) ausgerüstet ist und diese durch die Schaltstange (20) unter Wirkung einer Drehstabfeder aus der Einschalt- in die Ausschaltstellung verschwenkt wird, wobei die Anzeigevorrichtungen der einzelnen Pole über eine Kupplungsstange (74) miteinander verbunden sind, damit ein Verschwenken in die Ausschaltstellung nur dann möglich ist, wenn sich sämtlich Pole in Ausschaltstellung befinden.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR8713484 | 1987-09-25 | ||
FR8713484A FR2621170A1 (fr) | 1987-09-25 | 1987-09-25 | Disjoncteur-limiteur |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0309311A1 EP0309311A1 (de) | 1989-03-29 |
EP0309311B1 true EP0309311B1 (de) | 1992-12-09 |
Family
ID=9355358
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP88402271A Expired - Lifetime EP0309311B1 (de) | 1987-09-25 | 1988-09-09 | Überstromschalter |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4952897A (de) |
EP (1) | EP0309311B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JPH01157015A (de) |
DE (1) | DE3876567D1 (de) |
FR (1) | FR2621170A1 (de) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19701311A1 (de) * | 1997-01-16 | 1998-07-23 | Kloeckner Moeller Gmbh | Strombegrenzender Leistungsschalter |
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US6995640B2 (en) * | 2000-05-16 | 2006-02-07 | General Electric Company | Pressure sensitive trip mechanism for circuit breakers |
US6400245B1 (en) | 2000-10-13 | 2002-06-04 | General Electric Company | Draw out interlock for circuit breakers |
US6531941B1 (en) | 2000-10-19 | 2003-03-11 | General Electric Company | Clip for a conductor in a rotary breaker |
US6806800B1 (en) | 2000-10-19 | 2004-10-19 | General Electric Company | Assembly for mounting a motor operator on a circuit breaker |
US6429760B1 (en) | 2000-10-19 | 2002-08-06 | General Electric Company | Cross bar for a conductor in a rotary breaker |
US6362711B1 (en) | 2000-11-10 | 2002-03-26 | General Electric Company | Circuit breaker cover with screw locating feature |
US6380829B1 (en) | 2000-11-21 | 2002-04-30 | General Electric Company | Motor operator interlock and method for circuit breakers |
US6448522B1 (en) | 2001-01-30 | 2002-09-10 | General Electric Company | Compact high speed motor operator for a circuit breaker |
US6476337B2 (en) | 2001-02-26 | 2002-11-05 | General Electric Company | Auxiliary switch actuation arrangement |
US6882258B2 (en) * | 2001-02-27 | 2005-04-19 | General Electric Company | Mechanical bell alarm assembly for a circuit breaker |
US6678135B2 (en) | 2001-09-12 | 2004-01-13 | General Electric Company | Module plug for an electronic trip unit |
US6469882B1 (en) | 2001-10-31 | 2002-10-22 | General Electric Company | Current transformer initial condition correction |
US6804101B2 (en) | 2001-11-06 | 2004-10-12 | General Electric Company | Digital rating plug for electronic trip unit in circuit breakers |
FR2837619B1 (fr) * | 2002-03-22 | 2004-06-25 | Schneider Electric Ind Sa | Appareillage electrique de coupure limiteur ultrarapide |
JP6171320B2 (ja) | 2012-12-12 | 2017-08-02 | 富士電機機器制御株式会社 | 電磁接触器 |
DE102015215188B3 (de) * | 2015-08-10 | 2016-12-29 | Ellenberger & Poensgen Gmbh | Schaltsystem |
EP3439013A1 (de) * | 2017-08-04 | 2019-02-06 | ABB Schweiz AG | Armatur für einen elektromagnetischen aktuator, elektromagnetischer aktuator, schaltvorrichtung und verfahren zur herstellung einer armatur |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2930870A (en) * | 1958-04-24 | 1960-03-29 | Siemens Ag | High speed switch |
US3302144A (en) * | 1965-03-22 | 1967-01-31 | Ite Circuit Breaker Ltd | High speed circuit breaker with flip-flop mechanism |
CH453478A (de) * | 1965-07-03 | 1968-06-14 | Busch Jaeger Duerener Metall | Einpoliger Leitungsschutzschalter mit elektromagnetischer und thermischer Auslösung |
FR2377087A1 (fr) * | 1977-01-07 | 1978-08-04 | Merlin Gerin | Disjoncteur rapide a structure modulaire |
FR2377086A1 (fr) * | 1977-01-07 | 1978-08-04 | Merlin Gerin | Disjoncteur rapide limiteur a circuit electronique de commande |
FR2570217B1 (fr) * | 1984-09-07 | 1988-05-27 | Ferraz & Cie Lucien | Dispositif de coupe-circuit electromecanique |
-
1987
- 1987-09-25 FR FR8713484A patent/FR2621170A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
-
1988
- 1988-09-09 DE DE8888402271T patent/DE3876567D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-09-09 EP EP88402271A patent/EP0309311B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-09-15 US US07/244,478 patent/US4952897A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-09-19 JP JP63234696A patent/JPH01157015A/ja active Pending
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19701311A1 (de) * | 1997-01-16 | 1998-07-23 | Kloeckner Moeller Gmbh | Strombegrenzender Leistungsschalter |
DE19701311B4 (de) * | 1997-01-16 | 2005-08-25 | Moeller Gmbh | Strombegrenzender Leistungsschalter |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPH01157015A (ja) | 1989-06-20 |
FR2621170A1 (fr) | 1989-03-31 |
US4952897A (en) | 1990-08-28 |
DE3876567D1 (de) | 1993-01-21 |
EP0309311A1 (de) | 1989-03-29 |
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