EP0291084B1 - Photoelecric cell, particularly for the detection of ultra-violet radiation - Google Patents
Photoelecric cell, particularly for the detection of ultra-violet radiation Download PDFInfo
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- EP0291084B1 EP0291084B1 EP88107750A EP88107750A EP0291084B1 EP 0291084 B1 EP0291084 B1 EP 0291084B1 EP 88107750 A EP88107750 A EP 88107750A EP 88107750 A EP88107750 A EP 88107750A EP 0291084 B1 EP0291084 B1 EP 0291084B1
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- cathode
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- center portion
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J40/00—Photoelectric discharge tubes not involving the ionisation of a gas
- H01J40/16—Photoelectric discharge tubes not involving the ionisation of a gas having photo- emissive cathode, e.g. alkaline photoelectric cell
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J40/00—Photoelectric discharge tubes not involving the ionisation of a gas
- H01J40/02—Details
- H01J40/04—Electrodes
Definitions
- the invention relates to a photocell, in particular for detecting UV radiation, with a plate cathode, an anode and in each case supply and discharge lines which are welded into a glass tube, the plate cathode comprising a sheet metal strip connected at its ends to the supply lines and the anode consists of a wire connected at its ends to the leads, on the side of the plate cathode facing the radiation to be determined, which is arranged essentially parallel to and at a distance from the same.
- a photocell forms a photoelectric component, namely an electron tube, in which the electrons are freed from the photocathode by radiation and sucked off by the opposite anode.
- An application example of such a photocell is for example the detection of flames or fire. It goes without saying that the glass of the tube of the photocell must be transparent to UV radiation if such is to be determined.
- a discharge lamp is now known (AT-PS 287 089), in which on the one hand the plate cathode and on the other hand the wire anode are arranged parallel to one another in planes perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tube. It is understood that the greatest sensitivity is present perpendicular to the plane of the plate cathode, thus in the case of radiation incident parallel to the tube axis, whereas the sensitivity tends to 0 if the angle of incidence moves in the range of 90 ° to the longitudinal axis of the tube or parallel to the plate cathode.
- a photocell with plate cathode and wire anode combines the efficiency advantages of a plate cathode with the manufacturing and economic advantages of a wire anode, the loss of sensitivity of such a photocell compared to that with a plate anode being less than one should expect.
- This can be explained experimentally by the fact that the wire anode only slightly impairs the incidence of radiation perpendicular to the plate cathode, so that practically the entire plate cathode surface is available for the radiation. In contrast, the lower suction effect of the wire anode compared to a plate anode is evident.
- the photocell has a good sensitivity over a wide range of different angles of incidence of the radiation, which remains only slightly reduced even with radiation incident perpendicular to the plate cathode, although with such an angle of incidence perpendicular to the plate plane, that on the one to be determined Radiation-facing side of the plate cathode arranged wire anode causes a slight shadowing.
- this effect is far from being comparable to that of a plate anode, which means that in the event of radiation incident perpendicular to the plate cathode, the latter is approximately 50% is shadowed.
- exact parallelism advantageously has to be ensured only in one coordinate in order to use the active cathode surface practically fully.
- photocells of this type are only suitable for either vertical or horizontal installation, based on their longitudinal axis, depending on whether their plate cathode is arranged transversely to the longitudinal axis, as is usually the case, or parallel to it.
- the area thereof is limited by the free cross section of the glass tube.
- the object on which the invention is based is seen in creating a photocell of the type mentioned which is suitable both for vertical and for horizontal installation, and thus for a main radiation incident parallel to the longitudinal axis as well as perpendicular to it, that is to say transversely to the longitudinal axis of the Tube.
- This angle of inclination makes it possible to install the photocell according to the invention in different positions with respect to the direction of incidence of the radiation without losing sensitivity. If an angle of inclination of 45 ° is preferably used, the photocell according to the invention can be installed both in a vertical and in a horizontal position, in each case based on the longitudinal axis of the photocell, the sensitivity for both vertically and horizontally incident radiation being the same in both cases is, ie the cathode is always below 45 ° from the incident radiation.
- the absolute magnitude of the sensitivity of the photocell according to the invention can be improved further by increasing the area of the cathode, specifically beyond that dimension which would be inevitably given by its clear width if the plane of the plate cathode were arranged perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tube; namely, the inclined arrangement enables the plate cathode area to be enlarged on both sides in the direction of the tube in which the plate cathode is inclined.
- the larger the cathode area the greater the amount of radiation that can strike this area, which inevitably increases the sensitivity.
- both the ends of the metal strip forming the cathode and the ends of the wire forming the anode are each bent once to the feed lines or to the discharge lines and connected to them in such a way that the central parts of the cathode and the anode essentially strip in the middle of the sheet and face each other perpendicular to it.
- the entire system consisting of plate cathode and wire anode with supply and discharge lines is polished electrolytically. So far, the individual elements of the photocells have been polished, which is naturally more complex.
- Another particular advantage is the possibility of performing a cleaning anneal in a high vacuum with current passage, expediently with direct current. Until now, induction annealing was more complex required.
- the plate cathode 1 consists of a sheet metal strip 13 connected at its ends 20 and 21 to the leads 3 and 4.
- the anode 2 in turn consists of a plate 14 connected at its ends 14 and 15 to the leads 5, 6, on the side facing the radiation to be determined the plate cathode 1 essentially parallel to and at a distance d from the same arranged wire electrode 16.
- the radiation to be detected falls on the plate cathode 1 in the direction of arrow A (FIG. 3).
- the supply and discharge lines 3, 4 and 5, 6 are, as shown, welded essentially parallel to each other in the tube plate 9.
- the ends 20 and 21 of the sheet metal strip 13 are bent at right angles for connection to the feed lines 3 and 4.
- One end of the supply line is connected to one end of the sheet metal strip, expediently by welding.
- FIGS. 2 and 3 The response behavior of this embodiment is shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. Each section plane is clear from the side view of this photocell located in the middle of the respective diagram.
- the greatest sensitivity in the direction of the arrow A results in the section of FIG in the direction of arrow A is large with a slight increase up to 0 ° and 90 ° with expected minima at -45 ° and 135 °.
- Fig. 3 shows the response behavior at different angles of incidence in a section perpendicular to that of Fig. 2, the section plane being a longitudinal median plane, i.e. contains the longitudinal axis 19 of the photocell.
- the plane of the central part of the sheet metal strip 13 forming the cathode 1 is arranged obliquely to these lines 3 to 6 and its ends 20, 21 are bent in a U-shape for connection to the supply lines 3, 4. It is crucial apparent inclined arrangement according to the angle ⁇ between feed lines 3, 4 and the ends 20 and 21.
- the ends 14 and 15 of the wire anode 13 are also bent in a plane towards the leads 5, 6, which is inclined at approximately 45 ° to the longitudinal axis 19 of the tube 7, as clearly shown in FIGS. 1 and 3.
- the photocell according to the embodiment according to FIG. 1 is suitable for both front and side radiation, as FIG. 3 shows particularly clearly.
- the vertical direction of irradiation according to arrow direction A is inclined by 45 ° with respect to the longitudinal axis 19 of the photocell if this longitudinal axis 19 is taken as the 0 ° direction of the incident radiation.
- the respective sensitivity maxima are at 0 ° and at 90 °.
- the 0 ° direction can be defined as front radiation and the 90 ° direction as side radiation.
- Fig. 2 shows the sensitivity distribution in horizontal section with the maximum at 90 °.
- a corresponding picture would of course also result in a vertical section (not shown), the section plane then being vertical both on the drawing plane of FIG. 2 and the drawing plane of FIG. 3 and containing the 0 ° direction.
- the operating voltage was 300 V direct current, the operating voltage 180 ⁇ 15 volts Operating current 2 mA, the extinguishing voltage 500 V, the maximum current 4 mA and the operating temperature interval -20 ° to + 90 °.
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Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Fotozelle, insbesondere zur Feststellung von UV-Strahlung, mit einer Plattenkathode, einer Anode und jeweils Zu- und Ableitungen, die in eine Glasröhre eingeschweißt sind, wobei die Plattenkathode aus einem an seinen Enden mit den Zuleitungen verbundenen Blechstreifen und die Anode aus einem an seinen Enden mit den Ableitungen verbundenen, auf der der festzustellenden Strahlung zugewandten Seite der Plattenkathode im wesentlichen parallel zu und in Abstand von derselben angeordneten Draht besteht.The invention relates to a photocell, in particular for detecting UV radiation, with a plate cathode, an anode and in each case supply and discharge lines which are welded into a glass tube, the plate cathode comprising a sheet metal strip connected at its ends to the supply lines and the anode consists of a wire connected at its ends to the leads, on the side of the plate cathode facing the radiation to be determined, which is arranged essentially parallel to and at a distance from the same.
Eine Fotozelle bildet ein fotoelektrisches Bauelement, und zwar eine Elektronenröhre, in der die Elektronen aus der Fotokathode durch Bestrahlung befreit und von der gegenüberstehenden Anode abgesaugt werden. Man unterscheidet Vakuum-Fotozellen und Gas-Fotozellen. Bei beiden Arten ist der Fotostrom der Beleuchtungsstärke bzw. dem Lichtstrom, bezogen auf die Fotokathode, proportional, ferner der Größe der wirksamen Fläche der Fotokathode, wobei eine konstante Beleuchtungsstärke derselben vorausgesetzt wird.A photocell forms a photoelectric component, namely an electron tube, in which the electrons are freed from the photocathode by radiation and sucked off by the opposite anode. A distinction is made between vacuum photocells and gas photocells. In both types, the photocurrent is proportional to the illuminance or the luminous flux, based on the photocathode, and also the size of the effective area of the photocathode, assuming a constant illuminance thereof.
Ein Anwendungsbeispiel einer solchen Fotozelle ist z.B. die zur Feststellung von Flammen bzw. Feuer. Dabei versteht es sich, daß das Glas der Röhre der Fotozelle für UV-Strahlung durchlässig sein muß, wenn eine solche festgestellt werden soll.An application example of such a photocell is for example the detection of flames or fire. It goes without saying that the glass of the tube of the photocell must be transparent to UV radiation if such is to be determined.
Es ist nun eine Entladungslampe bekannt (AT-PS 287 089), bei welcher einerseits die Plattenkathode und andererseits die Drahtanode parallel zueinander in zur Längsachse der Röhre senkrechten Ebenen angeordnet sind. Es versteht sich, daß die größte Empfindlichkeit senkrecht zur Ebene der Plattenkathode vorhanden ist, somit bei einem Strahlungseinfall parallel zur Röhrenachse, wohingehend die Empfindlichkeit gegen 0 tendiert, wenn der Einfallswinkel sich im Bereich von 90° zur Röhrenlängsachse bzw. parallel zur Plattenkathode bewegt.A discharge lamp is now known (AT-PS 287 089), in which on the one hand the plate cathode and on the other hand the wire anode are arranged parallel to one another in planes perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tube. It is understood that the greatest sensitivity is present perpendicular to the plane of the plate cathode, thus in the case of radiation incident parallel to the tube axis, whereas the sensitivity tends to 0 if the angle of incidence moves in the range of 90 ° to the longitudinal axis of the tube or parallel to the plate cathode.
Eine Fotozelle mit Plattenkathode und Drahtanode verbindet die wirkungsgradmäßigen Vorteile einer Plattenkathode mit den herstellungstechnischen und wirtschaftlichen Vorteilen einer Drahtanode, wobei die Einbuße an Empfindlichkeit einer solchen Fotozelle gegenüber derjenigen mit einer Plattenanode geringer ist, als man erwarten sollte. Dies läßt sich versuchsweise damit erklären, daß die Drahtanode den Einfall von Strahlung senkrecht zur Plattenkathode nur wenig beeinträchtigt, so daß praktisch die gesamte Plattenkathodenfläche für die Einstrahlung zur Verfügung steht. Demgegenüber tritt der geringere Absaugeffekt der Drahtanode gegenüber einer Plattenanode offensichtlich zurück. Von besonderem Vorteil ist dabei, daß die Fotozelle über einen weiten Bereich unterschiedlicher Einfallswinkel der Strahlung eine gute Empfindlichkeit aufweist, die auch bei einer senkrecht zur Plattenkathode einfallenden Strahlung nur wenig gemindert beibehalten bleibt, obgleich bei einem solchen Einfallswinkel senkrecht zur Plattenebene die auf der der festzustellenden Strahlung zugewandten Seite der Plattenkathode angeordnete Drahtanode eine geringfügige Abschattung bewirkt. Dieser Effekt ist jedoch bei weitem nicht mit demjenigen bei einer Plattenanode vergleichbar, der dazu führt, daß bei einem Strahlungseinfall senkrecht zur Plattenkathode dieselbe zu etwa 50 % abgeschattet wird. Ferner muß vorteilhafterweise exakte Parallelität nur in einer Koordinate sichergestellt sein, um die aktive Kathodenoberfläche praktisch voll zu nutzen.A photocell with plate cathode and wire anode combines the efficiency advantages of a plate cathode with the manufacturing and economic advantages of a wire anode, the loss of sensitivity of such a photocell compared to that with a plate anode being less than one should expect. This can be explained experimentally by the fact that the wire anode only slightly impairs the incidence of radiation perpendicular to the plate cathode, so that practically the entire plate cathode surface is available for the radiation. In contrast, the lower suction effect of the wire anode compared to a plate anode is evident. It is particularly advantageous that the photocell has a good sensitivity over a wide range of different angles of incidence of the radiation, which remains only slightly reduced even with radiation incident perpendicular to the plate cathode, although with such an angle of incidence perpendicular to the plate plane, that on the one to be determined Radiation-facing side of the plate cathode arranged wire anode causes a slight shadowing. However, this effect is far from being comparable to that of a plate anode, which means that in the event of radiation incident perpendicular to the plate cathode, the latter is approximately 50% is shadowed. Furthermore, exact parallelism advantageously has to be ensured only in one coordinate in order to use the active cathode surface practically fully.
Andererseits sind Fotozellen dieser Art nur für entweder vertikalen oder horizontalen Einbau, bezogen auf ihre Längsachse, geeignet, je nachdem, ob ihre Plattenkathode quer zur Längsachse, wie zumeist üblich, oder parallel zu derselben angeordnet ist. Im erstgenannten Fall, d.h. bei quer zur Längsachse unter 90° zu derselben angeordneter Plattenkathode ist die Fläche derselben durch den freien Querschnitt der Glasröhre beschränkt.On the other hand, photocells of this type are only suitable for either vertical or horizontal installation, based on their longitudinal axis, depending on whether their plate cathode is arranged transversely to the longitudinal axis, as is usually the case, or parallel to it. In the former case, i.e. in the case of a plate cathode arranged transversely to the longitudinal axis at 90 ° to the same, the area thereof is limited by the free cross section of the glass tube.
Die der Erfindung zugrunde liegende Aufgabe wird darin gesehen, eine Fotozelle der genannten Art zu schaffen, die sich sowohl für einen senkrechten als auch für einen waagerechten Einbau eignet, somit für einen hauptsächlichen Strahlungseinfall parallel zur Längsachse wie auch senkrecht dazu, also quer zur Längsachse der Röhre.The object on which the invention is based is seen in creating a photocell of the type mentioned which is suitable both for vertical and for horizontal installation, and thus for a main radiation incident parallel to the longitudinal axis as well as perpendicular to it, that is to say transversely to the longitudinal axis of the Tube.
Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß durch eine Fotozelle nach dem Anspruch 1 gelöst.This object is achieved by a photocell according to claim 1.
Durch diesen Neigungswinkel ist es möglich, die erfindungsgemäße Fotozelle in unterschiedlichen Lagen zur Einfallsrichtung der Strahlung einzubauen, ohne Empfindlichkeitseinbußen zu erleiden. Verwendet man vorzugsweise einen Neigungswinkel von 45°, dann ist ein Einbau der erfindungsgemäßen Fotozelle sowohl in senkrechter als auch in waagerechter Lage möglich, jeweils bezogen auf die Längsachse der Fotozelle, wobei in beiden Fällen die Empfindlichkeit sowohl für senkrecht als auch für waagerecht einfallende Strahlung gleich ist, d. h. die Kathode wird stets unter 45° von der einfallenden Strahlung getroffen. Abgesehen davon, daß die Empfindlichkeit, ausgehend von einem Strahlungseinfall senkrecht zur Kathodenebene, bis etwa 45° nach beiden Seiten vorteilhafterweise praktisch gleichbleibt, läßt sich die absolute Größe der Empfindlichkeit der erfindungsgemäßen Fotozelle noch dadurch verbessern, daß die Fläche der Kathode vergrößert wird, und zwar über dasjenige Maß hinaus, das bei einer Anordnung der Ebene der Plattenkathode senkrecht zur Längsachse der Röhre zwangsläufig durch deren lichte Weite gegeben wäre; die Schräganordnung ermöglicht nämlich eine Vergrößerung der Plattenkathodenfläche nach beiden Seiten in derjenigen Richtung der Röhre, in welche die Plattenkathode geneigt ist. Je größer jedoch die Kathodenfläche ist, desto größer ist die Menge an Strahlung, die auf diese Fläche auftreffen kann, was zwangsläufig die Empfindlichkeit erhöht.This angle of inclination makes it possible to install the photocell according to the invention in different positions with respect to the direction of incidence of the radiation without losing sensitivity. If an angle of inclination of 45 ° is preferably used, the photocell according to the invention can be installed both in a vertical and in a horizontal position, in each case based on the longitudinal axis of the photocell, the sensitivity for both vertically and horizontally incident radiation being the same in both cases is, ie the cathode is always below 45 ° from the incident radiation. Apart from the fact that the sensitivity, starting from a radiation incident perpendicular to the cathode plane, advantageously remains practically the same up to about 45 ° on both sides, the absolute magnitude of the sensitivity of the photocell according to the invention can be improved further by increasing the area of the cathode, specifically beyond that dimension which would be inevitably given by its clear width if the plane of the plate cathode were arranged perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tube; namely, the inclined arrangement enables the plate cathode area to be enlarged on both sides in the direction of the tube in which the plate cathode is inclined. However, the larger the cathode area, the greater the amount of radiation that can strike this area, which inevitably increases the sensitivity.
Bei der Erfindung sind sowohl die Enden des die Kathode bildenden Blechstreifens als auch die Enden des die Anode bildenden Drahts je einmal zu den Zuleitungen bzw. zu den Ableitungen hin abgebogen und mit diesen verbunden, derart, daß sich die Mittelteile von Kathode und Anode im wesentlichen in einer mittig zum Blech streifen und senkrecht zu diesem angeordneten Ebene gegenüberliegen. Diese Maßnahmen vereinfachen die Herstellung.In the invention, both the ends of the metal strip forming the cathode and the ends of the wire forming the anode are each bent once to the feed lines or to the discharge lines and connected to them in such a way that the central parts of the cathode and the anode essentially strip in the middle of the sheet and face each other perpendicular to it. These measures simplify production.
Gemäß einem bevorzugten Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Fotozelle nach der Erfindung wird das aus Plattenkathode und Drahtanode mit Zu- und Ableitungen bestehende Gesamtsystem elektrolytisch poliert. Bisher wurde ein Polieren der einzelnen Elemente der Fotozellen durchgeführt, was naturgemäß aufwendiger ist.According to a preferred method for producing a photocell according to the invention, the entire system consisting of plate cathode and wire anode with supply and discharge lines is polished electrolytically. So far, the individual elements of the photocells have been polished, which is naturally more complex.
Von besonderem Vorteil ist auch die Möglichkeit, ein Reinigungsglühen im Hochvakuum mit Stromdurchgang vorzunehmen, zweckmäßig mit Gleichstrom. Bisher war ein aufwendigeres Induktionsglühen erforderlich.Another particular advantage is the possibility of performing a cleaning anneal in a high vacuum with current passage, expediently with direct current. Until now, induction annealing was more complex required.
Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung sind Gegenstand der Unteransprüche.Advantageous embodiments of the invention are the subject of the dependent claims.
Die Erfindung ist im folgenden anhand eines in der Zeichnung dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiels näher erläutert.The invention is explained below with reference to an embodiment shown in the drawing.
Es zeigt:
- Fig. 1
- eine Ausführungsform der Fotozelle in schaubildlicher Ansicht;
- Fig. 2
- eine Draufsicht auf die Ausführungsform nach Fig. 1 in einem Diagramm, das das Ansprechverhalten bzw. die Empfindlichkeit in einer waagerechten, die Plattenkathode schneidenden Ebene zeigt;
- Fig. 3
- eine Seitenansicht der Ausführungsform nach Fig. 1 und ein umgebendes Diagramm entsprechend dem Ansprechverhalten bzw. der Empfindlichkeit in einer zur Ebene gemäß Fig. 2 senkrechten Längsmittelebene;
- Fig. 4
- ein die relative spektrale Empfindlichkeit der Ausführungsform nach Fig. 1 aufzeigendes Diagramm.
- Fig. 1
- an embodiment of the photocell in a perspective view;
- Fig. 2
- a plan view of the embodiment of Figure 1 in a diagram showing the response or sensitivity in a horizontal plane intersecting the plate cathode.
- Fig. 3
- a side view of the embodiment of Figure 1 and a surrounding diagram corresponding to the response or sensitivity in a perpendicular to the plane of Figure 2 longitudinal center plane.
- Fig. 4
- a diagram showing the relative spectral sensitivity of the embodiment of FIG. 1.
Die Fotozelle nach Fig. 1 weist eine Plattenkathode 1, eine Anode 2 und jeweils Zuleitungen 3 und 4 zur Plattenkathode 1 und Ableitungen 5 und 6 von der Anode auf, die in eine Glasröhre 7 eingeschweißt sind, und zwar mit Schmelzfüßen 8 im verdickten Boden 9 der Glasröhre 7, wobei sie als Kontaktstifte 10 unten aus dem Boden 9 vorstehen; lediglich drei Kontaktstifte 10 sind in der gezeigten schaubildlichen Ansicht sichtbar.1 has a plate cathode 1, an
Die Plattenkathode 1 besteht aus einem an seinen Enden 20 und 21 mit den Zuleitungen 3 und 4 verbundenen Blechstreifen 13. Die Anode 2 wiederum besteht aus einer an ihren Enden 14 und 15 mit den Ableitungen 5, 6 verbundenen, auf der der festzustellenden Strahlung zugewandten Seite der Plattenkathode 1 im wesentlichen parallel zu und in Abstand d von derselben angeordneten Drahtelektrode 16. Die festzustellende Strahlung fällt in Pfeilrichtung A (Fig. 3) auf die Plattenkathode 1.The plate cathode 1 consists of a
Die Zu- und Ableitungen 3, 4 bzw. 5, 6 sind, wie gezeigt, im wesentlichen parallel zueinander im Röhrenboden 9 eingeschweißt. Die Enden 20 und 21 des Blechstreifens 13 sind zur Verbindung mit den Zuleitungen 3 und 4 rechtwinklig abgebogen. Jeweils ein Zuleitungsende ist mit jeweils einem Blechstreifenende verbunden, zweckmäßig durch Schweißung.The supply and
Das Ansprechverhalten dieser Ausführungsform zeigen die Fig. 2 und 3. Jede Schnittebene wird anhand der Seitenansicht dieser in der Mitte des jeweiligen Diagramms befindlichen Fotozelle deutlich. Bei Strahlungseinfall entsprechend der Pfeilrichtung A (Fig. 3) ergibt sich somit im Schnitt von Fig. 2 die größte Empfindlichkeit in Pfeilrichtung A mit annähernder seitlicher Konstanz in einem Bereich von etwa 30° nach beiden Seiten, wobei die Empfindlichkeit im Schnitt nach Fig. 3 in Pfeilrichtung A groß ist bei geringfügiger Zunahme bis 0° und 90° mit zu erwartenden Minima bei -45° und 135°.The response behavior of this embodiment is shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. Each section plane is clear from the side view of this photocell located in the middle of the respective diagram. In the case of radiation incident in the direction of the arrow A (FIG. 3), the greatest sensitivity in the direction of the arrow A results in the section of FIG in the direction of arrow A is large with a slight increase up to 0 ° and 90 ° with expected minima at -45 ° and 135 °.
Fig. 3 zeigt das Ansprechverhalten bei unterschiedlichen Einfallswinkeln in einem Schnitt senkrecht zu dem nach Fig. 2, wobei die Schnittebene eine Längsmittelebene ist, d.h. die Längsachse 19 der Fotozelle enthält.Fig. 3 shows the response behavior at different angles of incidence in a section perpendicular to that of Fig. 2, the section plane being a longitudinal median plane, i.e. contains the
Die Ebene des Mittelteils des die Kathode 1 bildenden Blechstreifens 13 ist schräg zu diesen Leitungen 3 bis 6 angeordnet und seine Enden 20, 21 sind zur Verbindung mit den Zuleitungen 3, 4 U-förmig abgebogen. Entscheidend ist die ersichtliche Schräganordnung gemäß dem Winkel α zwischen Zuleitungen 3, 4 und den Enden 20 und 21. Dabei ist die Ebene des die Kathode 1 bildenden Blechstreifens 13 vorzugsweise etwa α = 45° zur Längsachse 19 (Fig. 3) der Röhre 7 geneigt angeordnet. Auch die Enden 14 und 15 der Drahtanode 13 sind in diesem Falle in einer Ebene zu den Ableitungen 5, 6 hin abgebogen, die etwa 45° zur Längsachse 19 der Röhre 7 geneigt ist, wie dies deutlich die Fig. 1 und 3 zeigen. Durch die Schräganordnung der Elektroden ist die Fotozelle gemäß der Ausführungsform nach Fig. 1 sowohl für eine Front- als auch für eine Seiteneinstrahlung geeignet, wie Fig. 3 besonders deutlich zeigt. Die senkrechte Einstrahlungsrichtung gemäß Pfeilrichtung A ist um 45° gegenüber der Längsachse 19 der Fotozelle geneigt, wenn man diese Längsachse 19 als 0°-Richtung des Strahlungseinfalls nimmt. Wie ersichtlich, befinden sich bei 0° und bei 90° die jeweiligen Empfindlichkeitsmaxima. Dabei läßt sich die 0°-Richtung als Fronteinstrahlung und die 90°-Richtung als Seiteneinstrahlung definieren. Fig. 2 zeigt die Empfindlichkeitsverteilung im Horizontalschnitt mit dem Maximum bei 90°. Ein entsprechendes Bild ergäbe sich natürlich auch bei einem nicht gezeigten Vertikalschnitt, wobei die Schnittebene dann sowohl auf der Zeichenebene der Fig. 2 als auch der Zeichenebene der Fig. 3 senkrecht stünde und die 0°-Richtung enthielte.The plane of the central part of the
Fig. 4 schließlich zeigt die relative spektrale Empfindlichkeit mit einem Maximum bei einer Wellenlänge von etwa λ = 200 nm ± 10 nm mit anschließendem Abfall bis auf etwa 190 bis 280 nm. Die Betriebsspannung betrug 300 V Gleichstrom, die Brennspannung 180 ± 15 Volt, der Betriebsstrom 2 mA, die Löschspannung 500 V, der Maximalstrom 4 mA und das Betriebstemperaturintervall -20° bis +90°.Fig. 4 finally shows the relative spectral sensitivity with a maximum at a wavelength of about λ = 200 nm ± 10 nm with subsequent drop to about 190 to 280 nm. The operating voltage was 300 V direct current, the operating
Es ergibt sich vorteilhafterweise eine fast halbkugelige Zone größter Ansprechbarkeit bzw. Empfindlichkeit. Als weitere Vorteile der erfindungsgemäßen Bauart sind anzuführen, daß eine elektrolytische Politur des Gesamtsystems möglich ist, während beim nächstliegenden Stand der Technik die Plattenelektroden einzeln behandelt werden. Ferner läßt sich nach der Erfindung ein Reinigungsglühen im Hochvakuum mit Stromdurchgang vornehmen, vorzugsweise unter Verwendung von Gleichstrom, während beim nächstliegenden Stand der Technik ein Induktionsglühen erforderlich ist.The result is an almost hemispherical Zone of greatest responsiveness or sensitivity. Further advantages of the design according to the invention are that electrolytic polishing of the entire system is possible, while in the closest prior art the plate electrodes are treated individually. Furthermore, according to the invention, cleaning annealing in a high vacuum with current passage can be carried out, preferably using direct current, while induction annealing is required in the closest prior art.
Beide Schritte führen unabhängig voneinander zu erheblichen Kosteneinsparungen beim Herstellungsprozeß.Both steps lead independently of each other to considerable cost savings in the manufacturing process.
Claims (7)
- A photocell, in particular for detecting U.V. radiation, comprising a plate cathode (1), an anode (2) and lead-ins and lead-outs (3,4,5,6), respectively, which are sealed into a glass tube (7), wherein the plate cathode (1) consists of a sheet metal strip (13) connected at its ends (20,21) to said lead-ins (3,4) and having a flat center portion, and said anode (2) consists of a wire (16) connected at its ends (14,15) to the lead-outs (5,6) and arranged substantially parallel to and in a distance (d) from the center portion of the cathode on that side of the plate cathode facing the radiation to be detected, and wherein the plane of the center portion of the sheet metal strip (13) forming the cathode (1) possesses an angle of inclination with regard to the longitudinal axis (19; fig. 3) of the tube, and the ends (20,21) of the sheet metal strip (13) forming the cathode (1) as well as the ends (14,15) of the wire (16) forming the anode (2) are bent each one time towards the lead-ins (3,4) or lead-outs (5,6), respectively, and are connected to same, in such a manner that the center portion of the cathode (1) and the center portion of the anode (2) are arranged essentially opposite to each other in a common plane positioned centric to the center portion of the cathode and vertical to same.
- A photocell according to claim 1, characterized in that the angle of inclination is essentially 45°.
- A photocell according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the lead-ins and the lead-outs (3,4,5,6) are heat-sealed within the base (9) of the tube in such a manner that they extend substantially parallel to each other, while the plane of the center portion of the sheet metal strip (13) forming the cathode (1) is disposed obliquely to these leads.
- A photocell according to claim 2, characterized in that also the ends (14,15) of the wire anode (2) are bent towards the lead-outs (5,6) in a plane which is inclined by about 45° with respect to the longitudinal axis (19) of the tube (7).
- Method of manufacturing a photocell according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by an electrolytical polishing of the entire system consisting of plate cathode and wire anode with lead-ins and lead-outs.
- Method of manufacturing a photocell according to one of the preceding claims, characterized by a purification annealing in high-vacuum with current passage.
- Method according to claim 6, characterized in that direct current is used.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19873715924 DE3715924A1 (en) | 1987-05-13 | 1987-05-13 | PHOTOCELL, ESPECIALLY FOR DETECTING UV RADIATION |
| DE3715924 | 1987-05-13 |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0291084A2 EP0291084A2 (en) | 1988-11-17 |
| EP0291084A3 EP0291084A3 (en) | 1990-01-31 |
| EP0291084B1 true EP0291084B1 (en) | 1994-03-30 |
Family
ID=6327422
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP88107750A Expired - Lifetime EP0291084B1 (en) | 1987-05-13 | 1988-05-13 | Photoelecric cell, particularly for the detection of ultra-violet radiation |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4876443A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0291084B1 (en) |
| DE (2) | DE3715924A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE4125638C2 (en) * | 1991-08-02 | 1994-06-30 | Gte Licht Gmbh | Photocell, especially for the detection of UV radiation |
| DE4134810C2 (en) * | 1991-10-22 | 1994-07-28 | Gte Licht Gmbh | Photocell, especially for the detection of UV radiation |
| SE0101864L (en) | 2001-06-01 | 2002-12-02 | Xcounter Ab | Flame and spark detector, automatic fire alarm and related procedure |
| JP6495755B2 (en) * | 2015-06-12 | 2019-04-03 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | UV detector |
| CN106935474A (en) * | 2016-08-03 | 2017-07-07 | 成都青岗科技有限公司 | A kind of micro high sensitivity ultraviolet phototube |
| CN106941072A (en) * | 2016-08-03 | 2017-07-11 | 成都青岗科技有限公司 | A kind of micro high sensitivity inflates ultraviolet phototube |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2237242A (en) * | 1938-01-05 | 1941-04-01 | Univ Illinois | Phototube |
Family Cites Families (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR392849A (en) * | 1907-08-01 | 1908-12-07 | Otto Max Mueller | Improvements to safety lamps for mines |
| DE573141C (en) * | 1929-05-06 | 1933-03-28 | Westinghouse Lamp Co | Especially for measuring therapeutically effective radiation, only ultraviolet-sensitive photocell |
| US2000705A (en) * | 1931-01-17 | 1935-05-07 | Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co | Phototube |
| US2103031A (en) * | 1935-02-08 | 1937-12-21 | Gen Electric Vapor Lamp Co | Electric gaseous discharge device |
| US2283413A (en) * | 1940-08-03 | 1942-05-19 | Robert J Cashman | Phototube and method of manufacture |
| US2421192A (en) * | 1943-05-29 | 1947-05-27 | Rca Corp | Multicathode phototube |
| US2604604A (en) * | 1949-07-20 | 1952-07-22 | Bendix Aviat Corp | Mount for electron discharge devices |
| US2576251A (en) * | 1950-06-29 | 1951-11-27 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Electrode spacer structure for electron discharge devices |
| GB731755A (en) * | 1953-05-05 | 1955-06-15 | Trist & Co Ltd Ronald | Improvements relating to photo-electric cells |
| US3244890A (en) * | 1963-03-22 | 1966-04-05 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Photosensitive broadband coupler using wave guide |
| US3372279A (en) * | 1965-05-06 | 1968-03-05 | Honeywell Inc | Ultraviolet sensitive geiger-mueller type radiation detector |
| US3656019A (en) * | 1967-08-11 | 1972-04-11 | Melpar Inc | Hydrogen-filled gas detector having cathode helix supported by envelope wall |
| AT287089B (en) * | 1968-03-15 | 1971-01-11 | Philips Nv | Method for manufacturing an electrical discharge tube with a photocathode, the active component of which consists of a highly p-conductive AIII B V compound |
| US3636399A (en) * | 1970-10-21 | 1972-01-18 | Dean E Eastman | Rare earth chalcogenide thermionic emission cathodes |
| US3809939A (en) * | 1972-11-08 | 1974-05-07 | Varian Associates | Gridded electron tube employing cooled ceramic insulator for mounting control grid |
| JPS5947425B2 (en) * | 1982-03-24 | 1984-11-19 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | Phototube and its manufacturing method |
-
1987
- 1987-05-13 DE DE19873715924 patent/DE3715924A1/en active Granted
-
1988
- 1988-05-13 EP EP88107750A patent/EP0291084B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-05-13 US US07/193,962 patent/US4876443A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-05-13 DE DE88107750T patent/DE3888722D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2237242A (en) * | 1938-01-05 | 1941-04-01 | Univ Illinois | Phototube |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE3888722D1 (en) | 1994-05-05 |
| US4876443A (en) | 1989-10-24 |
| DE3715924A1 (en) | 1988-12-01 |
| EP0291084A3 (en) | 1990-01-31 |
| EP0291084A2 (en) | 1988-11-17 |
| DE3715924C2 (en) | 1989-10-19 |
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