EP0280675A2 - Mould for a crankcase - Google Patents

Mould for a crankcase Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0280675A2
EP0280675A2 EP88890029A EP88890029A EP0280675A2 EP 0280675 A2 EP0280675 A2 EP 0280675A2 EP 88890029 A EP88890029 A EP 88890029A EP 88890029 A EP88890029 A EP 88890029A EP 0280675 A2 EP0280675 A2 EP 0280675A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
core
cores
base
water
casting mold
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP88890029A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0280675B1 (en
EP0280675A3 (en
Inventor
Peter Dipl.-Ing. Wünsche
Andreas Bilek
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AVL List GmbH
Original Assignee
AVL List GmbH
AVL Gesellschaft fuer Verbrennungskraftmaschinen und Messtechnik mbH
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Publication of EP0280675A2 publication Critical patent/EP0280675A2/en
Publication of EP0280675A3 publication Critical patent/EP0280675A3/en
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Publication of EP0280675B1 publication Critical patent/EP0280675B1/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
    • B22C9/10—Cores; Manufacture or installation of cores
    • B22C9/103—Multipart cores
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads 
    • F02F1/24—Cylinder heads

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a casting mold for a crankcase of an internal combustion engine with an outer shape resting on a base of a base core, the base core having a base portion, a crankcase portion and a main bearing portion, and with water jacket cores and cylinder bore cores.
  • Casting molds for crankcases are usually produced either with vertical or horizontal separation of the outer mold halves, with a crankcase core per cylinder, as well as other cores for oil pressure run, crankcase ventilation, water jacket, water pump etc.
  • the large number of cores increases the effort involved in assembling the core, which makes assembly more difficult, in particular by anchoring the individual cores by means of core supports, core nails or adhesive.
  • the casting tolerances are increased by the summation of the individual games between the casting cores and the effort for machining the crankcase after casting is increased.
  • a casting mold of the type mentioned is known for example from DE-PS 34 19 979.
  • This casting mold has a horizontal division of the outer shape consisting of lower box shape and upper box shape.
  • the lower box shape has the function of a basic core, which also takes on the function of the otherwise existing crankcase core.
  • a dividing line between the two mold halves runs horizontally in the outer region, namely in the plane of the base plate surface of the cylinder block. Then the dividing line follows the shape of the crank area.
  • the known casting mold also has a cylinder bore core with a top plate and a water jacket core with corresponding core anchoring.
  • the outer contour of the cylinder block has no undercuts, so that the two mold halves can be demolded in the axial direction of the cylinder block. Undercuts are also missing in the crankcase area of the cylinder block would be an obstacle to the bottom box shape to be demolded.
  • the object of the invention is to propose a mold for crankcases, which is simple in construction, allows more freedom in design, helps to reduce the effort for core assembly and machining of the crankcase, while on the other hand the casting accuracy should be increased so that thin housing wall thicknesses low casting tolerances can be achieved.
  • the base core has integrally formed cylinder bore cores, the base section, the crank chamber section and the main bearing section being combined into a single base core part to which the cylinder bore cores are connected, and in that the water jacket cores, the oil chamber cores and, if appropriate, a cover core the base core thus formed are stored.
  • the division level of the base core, on which all other cores can be built, runs through the cylinder axes. Instead of external molded parts or shell parts, you can also kick horizontally shaped bales.
  • core parts of the base core are present, which form the front and the rear face of the crankcase.
  • An advantageous embodiment of the invention provides that all water jacket cores are combined in one piece to form a water space core.
  • the water jacket cores thus form a single water space core, the division plane of which runs horizontally.
  • the assembly is also considerably simplified in comparison to individually used water jacket cores.
  • part of the water space core which consists of the individual water jacket cores, forms the water pump spiral.
  • the water space core is mounted on the cylinder bore cores of the base core by means of bridges integrally formed on the water jacket cores, the water space core being supported against the buoyancy during the casting with the water penetrations on the outer shape, possibly on the cover core.
  • the core of the water chamber therefore does not require any lateral core holes, as it is supported upwards by the water passages when it is poured upright, degassed and can also be cleaned.
  • a further development of the invention provides that there is a number of oil chamber cores which exceeds the number of cylinders by one, the division plane of which lies normal to the axis of the crankshaft.
  • four oil chamber cores are thus provided for the oil return from the cylinder or for the crankcase ventilation.
  • the casting mold can be formed with a total of only nine cores. If the upper part of the outer mold is made in two pieces, for example by two side cores each half of the lid core, only eight cores are necessary for the construction of the casting mold.
  • each oil space core penetrates the main bearing wall of the main bearing in two areas, so that two bulkheads are formed, which connect the main bearing to the side walls of the crankcase.
  • the oil chamber cores which are pushed over the base core, expose the cylinders below the water jacket.
  • the two bulkhead walls form a torsion and bending-resistant structure, which is lighter than a conventional ribbed main bearing wall due to the low accumulation of castings.
  • Oil chamber cores and water chamber cores can be designed in such a way that the crankcase is cast with a uniformly thin wall, thus largely avoiding the accumulation of castings. Lateral core bearings that have to be machined or locked later are not required.
  • the oil space cores may have extensions which laterally encompass the water jacket cores and form openings for the oil return.
  • the core arrangement according to the invention in a casting mold makes it possible to reduce the wall thickness tolerances from + 1 / -0.5 mm to + 0.7 / -0.3 mm and to provide nominal wall thicknesses of only 3.5 mm.
  • the special design of the oil chamber cores largely avoids material accumulation, especially in the area above the skin plague.
  • Cast springs only occur in small numbers and can mostly be cut in connection with the necessary machining of the crankcase. The cleaning effort is very low due to the good accessibility.
  • US Pat. No. 4,273,182 relates to a method for producing metal castings and, in particular, to a method for producing iron castings, in particular crankcases, in which the base core used for the molding process consists of a plurality of separate individual parts, such as base section, crankcase section and main bearing section, and thus from the subject matter of the invention deviates significantly.
  • the multi-part core arrangement is designed to cope with the casting pressures in such a way that it receives a destructible band via an annular outer path of the overall arrangement.
  • the tape is stretched over the core assembly by a tape sealing machine to form a positive form mechanical security.
  • the tape is preferably located in the same plane as the outer surface of core prints when mounted.
  • the core assembly braced by a tape is attached in any direction in a glued sand mold and molten metal is introduced into this mold.
  • the molten metal heats the mold and core surfaces as well as the surrounding sand body to such an extent that the band evaporates after the molten metal is poured in.
  • the demolding process disclosed in this patent also results from this.
  • AT-PS 320 181 describes a fairly complex mold for casting the housing of water-cooled in-line engines without a cooling water space between molded cylinder liners with a complicated mold core which gives the rest of the cooling water space.
  • the object of this AT-PS is based on the task of improving the casting mold in such a way that the casting of the motor housing in question is made possible and laborious reworking is avoided.
  • the above object is achieved in that the motor housing is molded with vertical cylinder axes, but the standing mandrel for the cooling water chamber has lateral approaches, which are held in the outer molded parts, preferably glued.
  • This known arrangement thus also deviates considerably from the subject of the invention because the mandrel has to be designed in several parts in a complex manner because of the mounting of the side lugs.
  • FIG. 1 shows a section through the casting mold according to the invention along the line II in FIG. 2, FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 each show a section along the line II-II or III-III in FIG. 1, wherein the side cores and the lid core have been removed
  • FIG. 4 shows a top view of the casting mold
  • FIGS. 5 and 6 sections through a crankcase formed with the casting mold according to FIGS. 1 to 4 in a representation corresponding to FIGS. 1 and 2 7 shows a top view
  • FIG. 8 shows a bottom view of the crankcase.
  • the casting mold for a three-cylinder internal combustion engine shown in FIGS. 1 to 4 has a base core 1 which is connected to the crankcase core 2 and the three cylinder bore cores 3 is made in one piece, the division plane E of the base core 1 coinciding with the cylinder axes.
  • the base core 1 has core parts 4 and 5, which form the front 6 and the rear end face 7 of the crankcase 8.
  • the main warehouse 9 and the warehouse lane 10 are also formed by the base core 1.
  • the two outer molded and jacket parts are not shown.
  • the lid core 11 can only be seen in FIG. 1. It is of course also possible within the scope of the invention to pull the outer molded parts up to the central plane E, so that the lid core is formed half by the two outer molded parts.
  • the water jacket cores 12 are combined in one piece to form a water chamber core 13 which, as can be seen in particular from FIGS. 2 to 4, is supported on the base core 1 by means of bridges 14 integrally formed on the water jacket cores 12 in the region of the cylinder bore cores 3.
  • a part 15 of the water space core 13 forms the water point spiral 16, which is shown in FIG. 4.
  • the water space core 13 does not require any further core anchoring, since it is supported against the ferrostatic buoyancy during casting via the water passages 17 on the cover core 11, or possibly on the outer molded parts.
  • the base core 1 Also directly on the base core 1 are four oil chamber cores 18 (or five in four-cylinder internal combustion engines), the structure of which can be seen in detail, in particular from FIG. 3.
  • the oil chamber cores 18 expose the cylinders 19 below the water jackets formed by the water chamber core 13 and penetrate the main bearing wall 20 in the areas 21, so that on both sides of the main bearing 9 two bulkheads 22 are formed, which form the main bearing 9 with the side walls 23 and 24 of the crankcase 8 connect.
  • Each oil chamber core 18, the division plane 25 of which is normal to the axis 26 of the crankshaft, has two extensions 27 which laterally surround the water jacket core 12 in the region between the cylinder bore cores 3 and form openings 28 for the oil return from the cylinder head.
  • the starter flange 29 is integrated in the rear face 7, the Oil pan flange 30 is approximately at the level of the axis 26 of the crankshaft.
  • the water pump spiral 16 is cast directly onto the crankcase 8.
  • a sheet metal tube 31 can be pressed in for the suction-side cooling water hose, which tube also partially covers the water pump impeller (not shown).
  • the top view shows the eight openings 28 for the oil return from the cylinder head, as well as the six water passages 17 of the water jackets on the top of the crankcase.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

Known moulds for crankcases have a large number of cores, which results in a more expensive core assembly and in an increase in the casting tolerances. In addition, due to unfavourable division of the outer mould, the freedom for shaping the crankcase is greatly restricted. In a mould for a crankcase of an in-line internal combustion engine with an outer mould resting on a pedestal of a base core, the base core having a pedestal section, a crank-space section and a main-bearing section, and with water-jacket cores and cylinder-bore cores, the above-mentioned disadvantages are overcome owing to the fact that the base core (1) has cylinder-bore cores (3) integrally formed in one piece, the pedestal section, the crank-space section and the main-bearing section being combined to form a single base-core part, adjoining which are the cylinder-bore cores, and that the water-jacket cores (12), the oil-space cores (18) and if need be a cover core (11) are mounted on the base core (1) thus formed. <IMAGE>

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Gießform für ein Kurbelgehäuse ei­ner Reihenbrennkraftmaschine mit einer auf einem Sockel eines Basiskerns aufliegenden Außenform, wobei der Basiskern einen Sockelabschnitt, einen Kurbelraumabschnitt und einer Hauptla­gerabschnitt aufweist, sowie mit Wassermantelkernen und Zylin­derbohrungskernen.The invention relates to a casting mold for a crankcase of an internal combustion engine with an outer shape resting on a base of a base core, the base core having a base portion, a crankcase portion and a main bearing portion, and with water jacket cores and cylinder bore cores.

Üblicherweise werden Gießformen für Kurbelgehäuse entweder mit vertikaler oder horizontaler Tennung der Außenformhälften, mit einem Kurbelraumkern je Zylinder, sowie weiteren Kernen für Öldrucklauf, Kurbelraumentlüftung, Wassermantel, Wasser­pumpe etc. hergestellt. Durch die große Anzahl der Kerne wird der Aufwand bei der Kernmontage erhöht, wobei diese ins­besondere durch die Verankerung der einzelnen Kerne durch Kernstützen, Kernnägel od. Kleben die Montage erschwert wird. Zusätzlich werden durch die Summation der einzelnen Spiele zwischen den Gußkernen die Gußtoleranzen erhöht und der Auf­wand für Bearbeitung des Kurbelgehäuses nach dem Gießen vergrößert.Casting molds for crankcases are usually produced either with vertical or horizontal separation of the outer mold halves, with a crankcase core per cylinder, as well as other cores for oil pressure run, crankcase ventilation, water jacket, water pump etc. The large number of cores increases the effort involved in assembling the core, which makes assembly more difficult, in particular by anchoring the individual cores by means of core supports, core nails or adhesive. In addition, the casting tolerances are increased by the summation of the individual games between the casting cores and the effort for machining the crankcase after casting is increased.

Eine Gießform der eingangs genannten Art is beispielsweise aus der DE-PS 34 19 979 bekannt. Diese Gießform weist eine horizontale Teilung der aus Unterkastenform und Oberkastenform bestehenden Außenform auf. Die Unterkastenform hat die Aufgabe eines Basiskerns, welcher zusätzlich die Funktion des sonst vorhandenen Kurbelraumkerns übernimmt. Eine Trennlinie zwi­schen den beiden Formhälften verläuft im Außenbereich horizon­tal, und zwar in der Ebene der Fußplattenfläche des Zy­linderblocks. Daran nach innen anschließend folgt die Trennli­nie der Form des Kurbelraumbereiches. Die bekannte Gießform weist weiters einen Zylinderbohrungskern mit Kopfplatte und einen Wassermantelkern mit entsprechender Kernverankerung auf. Die Außenkontur des Zylinderblocks weist keine Hinterschnei­dungen auf, sodaß die beiden Formhälften in axialer Richtung des Zylinderblocks entformt werden können. Auch im Kurbelraum­bereich des Zylinderblocks fehlen Hinterschneidungen, welche ein Hindernis für die nach unten zu entformende Unterkasten­form darstellen würden.A casting mold of the type mentioned is known for example from DE-PS 34 19 979. This casting mold has a horizontal division of the outer shape consisting of lower box shape and upper box shape. The lower box shape has the function of a basic core, which also takes on the function of the otherwise existing crankcase core. A dividing line between the two mold halves runs horizontally in the outer region, namely in the plane of the base plate surface of the cylinder block. Then the dividing line follows the shape of the crank area. The known casting mold also has a cylinder bore core with a top plate and a water jacket core with corresponding core anchoring. The outer contour of the cylinder block has no undercuts, so that the two mold halves can be demolded in the axial direction of the cylinder block. Undercuts are also missing in the crankcase area of the cylinder block would be an obstacle to the bottom box shape to be demolded.

Durch den Wegfall der Hinterschneidungen in vertikaler Rich­tung sind jedoch die Möglichkeiten der Formgebung stark einge­schränkt, außerdem sind die Probleme im Zusammenhang mit der Kernverankerung nicht glöst.By eliminating the undercuts in the vertical direction, however, the possibilities for shaping are severely limited, and the problems associated with core anchoring are not solved.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, eine Gießform für Kurbelgehäuse vorzugschlagen, die einfach aufgebaut ist, mehr Freiheit in der Formgebung erlaubt, den Aufwand für die Kernmontage und die Bearbeitung des Kurbelgehäuses zu reduzieren hilft, wobei an­derseits die Gußgenauigkeit erhöht werden soll, sodaß dünne Gehäusewandstärken mit geringen Gußtoleranzen erzielt werden können.The object of the invention is to propose a mold for crankcases, which is simple in construction, allows more freedom in design, helps to reduce the effort for core assembly and machining of the crankcase, while on the other hand the casting accuracy should be increased so that thin housing wall thicknesses low casting tolerances can be achieved.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß der Basiskern einstückig angeformte Zylinderbohrungskerne auf­weist, wobei der Sockelabschnitt, der Kurbelraumabschnitt und der Hauptlagerabschnitt zu einem einzigen Basiskernteil zusam­mengefaßt sind, an den sich die Zylinderbohrungskerne an­schließen, sowie daß die Wassermantelkerne, die Ölraumkerne sowie gegebenenfalls ein Deckelkern an dem so ausgebildeten Basiskern gelagert sind. Durch die Zusammenfassung der einzel­nen Kurbelraumkerne und Zylinderbohrungskerne zu einem einzi­gen Basiskern, welcher dann den Kurbelraum, die Zylinderboh­rungen und die Lagergasse formt, wird die Kernanzahl und dementsprechend auch die Zahl der Kerntrennflächen verringert. Gußtoleranzen, die insbesondere von der Anzahl der Kern­trennflächen abhängen, werden somit nicht kumuliert, sodaß ge­ringere Nennwandstärken bei kleineren Wandstärketoleranzen re­alisiert werden können. Da die Wasserraumkerne und die Ölraum­kerne, sowie ggf. ein Deckelkern und allfällige Mantelkerne direkt am Basiskern gelagert sind, entfallen sonst übliche Probleme im Zusammenhang mit der Kernverankerung. Es werden dabei sowohl bei der Herstellung der Kerne als auch bei der Kernmontage und der Bearbeitung des Kurbelgehäuses, welches vertikal, also stehend, gegossen wird, Kosten gespart und eine höhere Gußgenauigkeit erreicht.This object is achieved in that the base core has integrally formed cylinder bore cores, the base section, the crank chamber section and the main bearing section being combined into a single base core part to which the cylinder bore cores are connected, and in that the water jacket cores, the oil chamber cores and, if appropriate, a cover core the base core thus formed are stored. By combining the individual crankcase cores and cylinder bore cores into a single base core, which then forms the crankcase, the cylinder bores and the bearing lane, the number of cores and, accordingly, the number of core separating surfaces is reduced. Casting tolerances, which depend in particular on the number of core partitions, are therefore not cumulated, so that smaller nominal wall thicknesses can be achieved with smaller wall thickness tolerances. Since the water space cores and the oil space cores, as well as, if applicable, a cover core and any jacket cores are stored directly on the base core, the usual problems associated with core anchoring are eliminated. It saves costs both in the manufacture of the cores and in the core assembly and the machining of the crankcase, which is cast vertically, that is to say standing, and a higher casting accuracy is achieved.

Die Teilungsebene des Basiskerns, auf dem alle übrigen Kerne aufgebaut werden können, verläuft durch die Zylinderachsen. An die Stelle von äußeren Formteilen, bzw. Mantelteilen, können auch horizontal geformte Ballen treten.The division level of the base core, on which all other cores can be built, runs through the cylinder axes. Instead of external molded parts or shell parts, you can also kick horizontally shaped bales.

In einer Weiterbildung der Erfindung ist vorgesehen, daß Kern­teile des Basiskerns vorhanden sind, welche die vordere und die hintere Stirnseite des Kurbelgehäuses formen.In a further development of the invention it is provided that core parts of the base core are present, which form the front and the rear face of the crankcase.

Eine vorteilhafte Ausgestaltung der Erfindung sieht vor, daß alle Wassermantelkerne einstückig zu einem Wasserraumkern zu­sammengefaßt sind. Die Wassermantelkerne bilden somit einen einzigen Wasserraumkern, dessen Teilungsebene horizontal ver­läuft. Neben der einfachen Herstellung dieses Wasserraumkernes wird auch die Montage im Vergleich zu einzeln einzusetzenden Wassermantelkernen wesentlich vereinfacht.An advantageous embodiment of the invention provides that all water jacket cores are combined in one piece to form a water space core. The water jacket cores thus form a single water space core, the division plane of which runs horizontally. In addition to the simple manufacture of this water space core, the assembly is also considerably simplified in comparison to individually used water jacket cores.

Ein Teil des Wasserraumkernes, der aus den einzelnen Was­sermantelkernen besteht, bildet in einer weiteren Ausgestal­tung der Erfindung die Wasserpumpenspirale.In a further embodiment of the invention, part of the water space core, which consists of the individual water jacket cores, forms the water pump spiral.

Erfindungsgemäß wird der Wasserraumkern mittels einstückig an den Wassermantelkernen angeformten Brücken auf den Zylin­derbohrungskernen des Basiskerns gelagert, wobei sich der Wasserraumkern gegen den Auftrieb beim Gießen mit den Wasser­durchtritten an der Außenform, ggf. am Deckelkern, abstützt. Der Wasserraumkern benötigt daher keine seitlichen Kernlöcher, da er sich beim stehenden Gießen durch die Wasserdurchtritte nach oben abstützt, entgast und auch gereingt werden kann.According to the invention, the water space core is mounted on the cylinder bore cores of the base core by means of bridges integrally formed on the water jacket cores, the water space core being supported against the buoyancy during the casting with the water penetrations on the outer shape, possibly on the cover core. The core of the water chamber therefore does not require any lateral core holes, as it is supported upwards by the water passages when it is poured upright, degassed and can also be cleaned.

Eine Weiterbildung der Erfindung sieht vor, daß eine die Zy­linderzahl um eins überschreitende Anzahl von Ölraumkernen vorhanden ist, deren Teilungsbene normal zur Achse der Kur­belwelle liegt. Es sind somit bei einer Dreizylin­der-Brennkraftmaschine vier Ölraumkerne für den Ölrücklauf aus dem Zylinder bzw. für die Kurbelraumentlüftung vorgesehen. Zu­sammen mit dem Basiskern, dem Wasserraumkern sowie zwei Man­telkernen und einem Deckelkern kann die Gießform mit insgesamt nur neun Kernen gebildet werden. Falls der Oberteil der Außen­form zweistückig ausgeführt wird, beispielsweise durch zwei den Deckelkern je zur Hälfte umfassende Seitenkerne, sind so­gar nur acht Kerne für den Aufbau der Gießform nötig.A further development of the invention provides that there is a number of oil chamber cores which exceeds the number of cylinders by one, the division plane of which lies normal to the axis of the crankshaft. In a three-cylinder internal combustion engine, four oil chamber cores are thus provided for the oil return from the cylinder or for the crankcase ventilation. Together with the base core, the water space core as well as two jacket cores and a lid core, the casting mold can be formed with a total of only nine cores. If the upper part of the outer mold is made in two pieces, for example by two side cores each half of the lid core, only eight cores are necessary for the construction of the casting mold.

Ein weiterer Vorteil ergibt sich erfindungsgemäß dadurch, daß jeder Ölraumkern die Hauptlagerwand der Hauptlager in zwei Be­reichen durchdringt, sodaß zwei Schottwände entstehen, welche das Hauptlager mit den Seitenwänden des Kurbelgehäuses verbin­den. Zur Gewichtseinsparung stellen die Ölraumkerne, welche über den Basiskern geschoben werden, die Zylinder unterhalb des Wassermantels frei. Durch die beiden Schottwände wird eine torsions- und biegesteife Struktur gebildet, welche aufgrund geringerer Gußanhäufungen leichter ist als eine konventionelle verrippte Hauptlagerwand.Another advantage according to the invention results from the fact that each oil space core penetrates the main bearing wall of the main bearing in two areas, so that two bulkheads are formed, which connect the main bearing to the side walls of the crankcase. To save weight, the oil chamber cores, which are pushed over the base core, expose the cylinders below the water jacket. The two bulkhead walls form a torsion and bending-resistant structure, which is lighter than a conventional ribbed main bearing wall due to the low accumulation of castings.

Ölraumkerne und Wasserraumkern können so ausgeführt werden, daß das Kurbelgehäuse mit gleichmäßig dünner Wandstärke gegos­sen wird, Gußanhäufungen also weitgehend vermeiden werden. Seitliche Kernlager, die später bearbeitet bzw. verschlossen werden müssen, werden nicht benötigt.Oil chamber cores and water chamber cores can be designed in such a way that the crankcase is cast with a uniformly thin wall, thus largely avoiding the accumulation of castings. Lateral core bearings that have to be machined or locked later are not required.

Schließlich ist es in einer weiteren Ausführung nach der Er­findung möglich, daß die Ölraumkerne Fortsätze aufweisen, wel­che die Wassermantelkerne seitlich umfassen und Durchbrüche für den Ölrücklauf formen. Es ist durch die erfindungsgemäße Kernanordnung in einer Gießform möglich, die Wandstärketole­ranzen von +1/-0,5 mm auf +0,7/-0,3 mm zu reduzieren und Nenn­wandstärken von nur 3,5 mm vorzusehen. Die spezielle Konstruk­tion der Ölraumkerne vermeidet weitgehend Materialanhäufungen, vor allem im Bereich oberhalb der Hautplager.Finally, in a further embodiment according to the invention it is possible for the oil space cores to have extensions which laterally encompass the water jacket cores and form openings for the oil return. The core arrangement according to the invention in a casting mold makes it possible to reduce the wall thickness tolerances from + 1 / -0.5 mm to + 0.7 / -0.3 mm and to provide nominal wall thicknesses of only 3.5 mm. The special design of the oil chamber cores largely avoids material accumulation, especially in the area above the skin plague.

Gußfedern treten nur in geringer Anzahl auf und können zum größten Teil im Zusammenhang mit der notwendigen Bearbeitung des Kurbelgehäuses geschnitten werden. Der Putzaufwand ist durch die gute Zugänglichkeit sehr gering.Cast springs only occur in small numbers and can mostly be cut in connection with the necessary machining of the crankcase. The cleaning effort is very low due to the good accessibility.

Der Vollständigkeit halber wird zum Stand der Technik noch folgendes ausgeführt.For the sake of completeness, the following is stated regarding the prior art.

Die US-PS 4 273 182 betrifft ein Verfahren zum Herstellen von Metallgußstücken und insbesondere ein Verfahren zum Herstellen von Eisengußstücken, insbesondere Kurbelgehäusen, bei welchen der zum Formvorgang verwendete Basiskern aus mehreren geson­derten Einzelteilen, wie Sockelabschnitt, Kurbelraumabschnitt und Hauptlagerabschnitt, besteht und somit vom Erfin­dungsgegenstand erheblich abweicht. Die mehrteilige Kernanord­nung ist zur Bewältigung der Gießdrücke so gestaltet, daß sie ein zerstörbares Band über einen ringförmigen äußeren Pfad der Gesamtanordnung aufnimmt. Das Band wird über die Kernanordnung durch eine Bandverschlußmaschine gespannt, um eine formschlüs­ sige mechanische Sicherung zu bilden. Das Band ist vorzugs­weise in gleicher Ebene mit der Außenfläche von Kernabdrücken gelegen, wenn es montiert ist. Die durch ein Band verspannte Kernanordnung wird in beliebiger Richtung in einer verklebten Sandform angebracht und geschmolzenes Metall wird in diese Form eingeführt. Das geschmolzene Metall erwärmt die Form und Kernoberflächen sowie den umgebenden Sandkörper in einem sol­chen Ausmaß, daß das Band nach Eingießen des geschmolzenen Me­talls verdampft. Hieraus ergibt sich auch der in dieser Pa­tentschrift geoffenbarte Entformvorgang.US Pat. No. 4,273,182 relates to a method for producing metal castings and, in particular, to a method for producing iron castings, in particular crankcases, in which the base core used for the molding process consists of a plurality of separate individual parts, such as base section, crankcase section and main bearing section, and thus from the subject matter of the invention deviates significantly. The multi-part core arrangement is designed to cope with the casting pressures in such a way that it receives a destructible band via an annular outer path of the overall arrangement. The tape is stretched over the core assembly by a tape sealing machine to form a positive form mechanical security. The tape is preferably located in the same plane as the outer surface of core prints when mounted. The core assembly braced by a tape is attached in any direction in a glued sand mold and molten metal is introduced into this mold. The molten metal heats the mold and core surfaces as well as the surrounding sand body to such an extent that the band evaporates after the molten metal is poured in. The demolding process disclosed in this patent also results from this.

In der AT-PS 320 181 ist eine ziemlich aufwendige Form zum Gießen des Gehäuses wassergekühlter Reihenmotoren ohne Kühl­wasserraum zwischen mitgegossenen Zylinderbüchsen mit einem komplizierten, den übrigen Kühlwasserraum ergebenden Formkern beschrieben. Dem Gegenstand dieser AT-PS liegt die Aufgabe zu­grunde, die Gießform derart zu verbessern, daß einwandfreies Gießen der betreffenden Motorgehäuse ermöglicht und um­ständliche Nachbearbeitung vermieden wird. In diesem bekannten Fall wird die obige Aufgabe dadurch gelöst, daß das Motorge­häuse zwar mit lotrechten Zylinderachsen abgeformt ist, der stehende Formkern für den Kühlwasserraum aber seitliche An­sätze aufweist, die in den Außenformteilen gehalten, vorzugs­weise eingeklebt sind. Diese bekannte Anordnung weicht somit vom Erfindungsgegenstand ebenfalls beträchtlich ab, weil der Formkern wegen der Lagerung der seitlichen Ansätze in aufwen­diger Weise mehrteilig gestaltet werden muß.AT-PS 320 181 describes a fairly complex mold for casting the housing of water-cooled in-line engines without a cooling water space between molded cylinder liners with a complicated mold core which gives the rest of the cooling water space. The object of this AT-PS is based on the task of improving the casting mold in such a way that the casting of the motor housing in question is made possible and laborious reworking is avoided. In this known case, the above object is achieved in that the motor housing is molded with vertical cylinder axes, but the standing mandrel for the cooling water chamber has lateral approaches, which are held in the outer molded parts, preferably glued. This known arrangement thus also deviates considerably from the subject of the invention because the mandrel has to be designed in several parts in a complex manner because of the mounting of the side lugs.

Nachfolgend wird die Erfindung anhand eines Ausführungs­beispieles näher erläutert. Es zeigen Fig. 1 einen Schnitt durch die Gießform nach der Erfindung entlang der Linie I-I in Fig. 2, Fig. 2 bzw. Fig. 3 jeweils einen Schnitt entlang der Linie II-II bzw. III-III in Fig. 1, wobei die Seitenkerne und der Deckelkern abgenommen wurden, Fig. 4 eine Draufsicht auf die Gießform, die Fig. 5 bzw. 6 Schnitte durch ein mit der Gießform nach Fig. 1 bis 4 geformtes Kurbelgehäuse in einer Fig. 1 bzw. Fig. 2 entsprechenden Darstellung, Fig. 7 eine Draufsicht und Fig. 8 eine Bodenansicht des Kurbelgehäuses.The invention is explained in more detail below using an exemplary embodiment. 1 shows a section through the casting mold according to the invention along the line II in FIG. 2, FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 each show a section along the line II-II or III-III in FIG. 1, wherein the side cores and the lid core have been removed, FIG. 4 shows a top view of the casting mold, FIGS. 5 and 6 sections through a crankcase formed with the casting mold according to FIGS. 1 to 4 in a representation corresponding to FIGS. 1 and 2 7 shows a top view and FIG. 8 shows a bottom view of the crankcase.

Die in den Fig. 1 bis 4 dargestellte Gießform für eine Dreizy­linder-Brennkraftmaschine weist einen Basiskern 1 auf, welcher mit dem Kurbelraumkern 2 und den drei Zylinderbohrungskernen 3 einstückig ausgeführt ist, wobei die Teilungsebene E des Ba­siskerns 1 mit den Zylinderachsen zusammenfällt. Außerdem weist der Basiskern 1 Kernteile 4 und 5 auf, welche die vor­dere 6 bzw. die hintere Stirnseite 7 des Kurbelgehäuses 8 for­men. Die Hauptlager 9 und die Lagergasse 10 werden ebenfalls vom Basiskern 1 gebildet. Die beiden äußeren Form- bzw. Man­telteile sind aus Gründen der Übersichtlichkeit nicht darge­stellt. Der Deckelkern 11 ist lediglich aus Fig. 1 er­sichtlich. Es ist natürlich im Rahmen der Erfindung auch mög­lich, die äußeren Formteile bis zur Mittelebene E hochzuzie­hen, sodaß der Deckelkern je zur Hälfte von den beiden äußeren Formteilen gebildet wird.The casting mold for a three-cylinder internal combustion engine shown in FIGS. 1 to 4 has a base core 1 which is connected to the crankcase core 2 and the three cylinder bore cores 3 is made in one piece, the division plane E of the base core 1 coinciding with the cylinder axes. In addition, the base core 1 has core parts 4 and 5, which form the front 6 and the rear end face 7 of the crankcase 8. The main warehouse 9 and the warehouse lane 10 are also formed by the base core 1. For the sake of clarity, the two outer molded and jacket parts are not shown. The lid core 11 can only be seen in FIG. 1. It is of course also possible within the scope of the invention to pull the outer molded parts up to the central plane E, so that the lid core is formed half by the two outer molded parts.

Die Wassermantelkerne 12 sind einstückig zu einem Wasser­raumkern 13 zusammengefaßt, welcher sich, wie insbesondere aus den Fig. 2 bis 4 ersichtlich, mittels einstückig an den Was­sermantelkernen 12 angeformten Brücken 14 im Bereich der Zy­linderbohrungskerne 3 am Basiskern 1 abstützt. Ein Teil 15 des Wasserraumkernes 13 bildet dabei die Wasserpunpenspirale 16, welche in Fig. 4 dargestellt ist. Der Wasserraumkern 13 benö­tigt keine weiteren Kernverankerungen, da er sich gegen den ferrostatischen Auftrieb beim Gießen über die Wasserdurch­tritte 17 am Deckelkern 11, bzw. ggf. an den äußeren Formtei­len, abstützt.The water jacket cores 12 are combined in one piece to form a water chamber core 13 which, as can be seen in particular from FIGS. 2 to 4, is supported on the base core 1 by means of bridges 14 integrally formed on the water jacket cores 12 in the region of the cylinder bore cores 3. A part 15 of the water space core 13 forms the water point spiral 16, which is shown in FIG. 4. The water space core 13 does not require any further core anchoring, since it is supported against the ferrostatic buoyancy during casting via the water passages 17 on the cover core 11, or possibly on the outer molded parts.

Ebenfalls direkt auf den Basiskern 1 sind vier Ölraum­kerne 18 (bzw. fünf bei Vierzylinder-Brennkraftmaschinen) ge­lagert, deren Aufbau im Detail, insbesondere aus Fig. 3, er­sichtlich ist.Also directly on the base core 1 are four oil chamber cores 18 (or five in four-cylinder internal combustion engines), the structure of which can be seen in detail, in particular from FIG. 3.

Zur Gewichtseinsparung stellen die Ölraumkerne 18 die Zy­linder 19 unterhalb der durch den Wasserraumkern 13 gebildeten Wassermäntel frei und durchdringen die Hauptlagerwand 20 in den Bereichen 21, sodaß beiderseits des Hauptlagers 9 zwei Schottwände 22 entstehen, welche das Hauptlager 9 mit den Sei­tenwänden 23 und 24 des Kurbelgehäuses 8 verbinden.To save weight, the oil chamber cores 18 expose the cylinders 19 below the water jackets formed by the water chamber core 13 and penetrate the main bearing wall 20 in the areas 21, so that on both sides of the main bearing 9 two bulkheads 22 are formed, which form the main bearing 9 with the side walls 23 and 24 of the crankcase 8 connect.

Jeder Ölraumkern 18, dessen Teilungsebene 25 normal zur Achse 26 der Kurbelwelle liegt, weist zwei Fortsätze 27 auf, welche den Wassermantelkern 12 im Bereich zwischen den Zylin­derbohrungskernen 3 seitlich umfassen und Durchbrüche 28 für den Ölrücklauf aus dem Zylinderkopf bilden. Der Anlasser­flansch 29 ist in der hinteren Stirnseite 7 integriert, der Ölwannenflansch 30 befindet sich ungefähr auf der Höhe der Achse 26 der Kurbelwelle.Each oil chamber core 18, the division plane 25 of which is normal to the axis 26 of the crankshaft, has two extensions 27 which laterally surround the water jacket core 12 in the region between the cylinder bore cores 3 and form openings 28 for the oil return from the cylinder head. The starter flange 29 is integrated in the rear face 7, the Oil pan flange 30 is approximately at the level of the axis 26 of the crankshaft.

In den Darstellungen nach Fig. 5 und 6 sind die durch den Was­serraumkern gebildeten Wassermäntel 32 sowie die von den Öl­raumkernen erzeugten Räume 33 samt Durchbrüchen 28 zum nicht dargestellten Zylinderkopf dargelegt sowie in Fig. 6 und ins­besondere Fig. 8 die aus zwei Schottwänden 22 bestehenden Hauptlagerwände 20, welche jedes Hauptlager 9 mit den Seiten­wänden 23, 24 des Kurbelgehäuses 8 verbinden.5 and 6, the water jackets 32 formed by the water space core and the spaces 33 generated by the oil space cores together with openings 28 to the cylinder head, not shown, and in FIG. 6 and in particular FIG. 8, the main bearing walls consisting of two bulkheads 22 are shown 20, which connect each main bearing 9 to the side walls 23, 24 of the crankcase 8.

Wie aus Fig. 7 ersichtlich, ist die Wasserpumpenspirale 16 di­rekt am Kurbelgehäuse 8 angegossen. Für den saugseitigen Kühl­wasserschlauch kann ein Blechrohr 31 eingepreßt werden, wel­ches auch teilweise die Abdeckung des nicht dargestellten Was­serpumpenlaufrades übernimmt. In der Draufsicht sind die acht Durchbrüche 28 für den Ölrücklauf aus dem Zylinderkopf, sowie die sechs Wasserdurchtritte 17 der Wassermäntel an der Ober­seite des Kurbelgehäuses sichtbar.As can be seen from FIG. 7, the water pump spiral 16 is cast directly onto the crankcase 8. A sheet metal tube 31 can be pressed in for the suction-side cooling water hose, which tube also partially covers the water pump impeller (not shown). The top view shows the eight openings 28 for the oil return from the cylinder head, as well as the six water passages 17 of the water jackets on the top of the crankcase.

Claims (9)

1. Gießform für ein Kurbelgehäuse einer Reihenbrennkraftma­schine mit einer auf einem Sockel eines Basiskerns auflie­genden Außenform, wobei der Basiskern einen Sockelab­schnitt, einen Kurbelraumabschnitt und einen Hauptlagerab­schnitt aufweist, sowie mit Wassermantelkernen und Zylin­derbohrungskernen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Basis­kern (1) einstückig angeformte Zylinderbohrungskerne (3) aufweist, wobei der Sockelabschnitt, der Kurbelraumab­schnitt und der Hauptlagerabschnitt zu einem einzigen Ba­siskernteil zusammengefaßt sind, an den sich die Zylinder­bohrungskerne anschließen, sowie daß die Wassermantelker­ne (12), die Ölraumkerne (18) sowie gegebenenfalls ein Deckelkern (11) an dem so ausgebildeten Basiskern (1) ge­lagert sind.1. Casting mold for a crankcase of an in-line internal combustion engine with an outer shape resting on a base of a base core, the base core having a base portion, a crankcase portion and a main bearing portion, and with water jacket cores and cylinder bore cores, characterized in that the base core (1) integrally molded cylinder bore cores ( 3), the base section, the crank chamber section and the main bearing section being combined into a single base core part, to which the cylinder bore cores are connected, and that the water jacket cores (12), the oil chamber cores (18) and, if appropriate, a cover core (11) on the so trained base core (1) are stored. 2. Gießform nach Anspruch 1,dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß Kernteile (4, 5) des Basiskerns (1) vorhanden sind, welche die vordere (6) und die hintere Stirnseite (7) des Kur­belgehäuses (8) formen.2. Casting mold according to claim 1, characterized in that core parts (4, 5) of the base core (1) are present, which form the front (6) and the rear end face (7) of the crankcase (8). 3. Gießform nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß alle Wassermantelkerne (12) einstückig zu einem Was­serraumkern (13) zusammengefaßt sind.3. Casting mold according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that all water jacket cores (12) are combined in one piece to form a water chamber core (13). 4. Gießform nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß ein Teil (15) des Wasserraumkerns (13) die Wasserpumpenspirale bildet.4. Casting mold according to claim 3, characterized in that a part (15) of the water chamber core (13) forms the water pump spiral. 5. Gießform nach Anspruch 3 oder 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Wasserraumkern (13) mittels einstückig an den Was­sermantelkern (12) angeformten Brücken (14) auf den Zylin­derbohrungskernen (3) des Basiskerns (1) gelagert ist.5. Casting mold according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that the water space core (13) by means of integrally formed on the water jacket core (12) bridges (14) on the cylinder bore cores (3) of the base core (1) is mounted. 6. Gießform nach einem der Ansprüche 3 bis 5, dadurch gekenn­zeichnet, daß sich der Wasserraumkern (13) gegen den Auf­ trieb beim Gießen mit den Wasserdurchtritten (17) an der Außenform, ggf. am Deckelkern (11), abstützt.6. Casting mold according to one of claims 3 to 5, characterized in that the water space core (13) against the up when casting with the water passages (17) on the outer shape, if necessary on the lid core (11). 7. Gießform nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekenn­zeichnet, daß eine die Zylinderzahl um eins überschrei­tende Anzahl von Ölraumkeren (18) vorhanden ist, deren Teilungsebene (25) normal zur Achse (26) der Kurbelwelle liegt.7. Casting mold according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that a number of cylinders exceeding the number of cylinders (18) is present, the division plane (25) of which is normal to the axis (26) of the crankshaft. 8. Gießform nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekenn­zeichnet, daß jeder Ölraumkern (18) die Hauptlager­wand (20) der Hauptlager (9) in zwei Bereichen (21) durch­dringt, sodaß zwei Schottwände (22) entstehen, welche das Hauptlager mit den Seitenwänden (23, 34) des Kurbelgehäu­ses (8) verbinden.8. Casting mold according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that each oil chamber core (18) penetrates the main bearing wall (20) of the main bearing (9) in two areas (21), so that two bulkheads (22) are formed, which the main bearing with connect the side walls (23, 34) of the crankcase (8). 9. Gießform nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekenn­zeichnet, daß die Ölraumkerne (18) Fortsätze (27) aufwei­sen, welche die Wassermantelkerne (12) seitlich umfassen und Durchbrüche (28) für den Öldrucklauf formen.9. Casting mold according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the oil chamber cores (18) have extensions (27) which laterally surround the water jacket cores (12) and form openings (28) for the oil pressure run.
EP88890029A 1987-02-25 1988-02-09 Mould for a crankcase Expired - Lifetime EP0280675B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT0041887A AT387164B (en) 1987-02-25 1987-02-25 MOLDING FOR A CRANKCASE
AT418/87 1987-02-25

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EP0280675A2 true EP0280675A2 (en) 1988-08-31
EP0280675A3 EP0280675A3 (en) 1989-02-22
EP0280675B1 EP0280675B1 (en) 1990-11-22

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EP88890029A Expired - Lifetime EP0280675B1 (en) 1987-02-25 1988-02-09 Mould for a crankcase

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EP (1) EP0280675B1 (en)
KR (1) KR910006549B1 (en)
AT (1) AT387164B (en)
DE (1) DE3861100D1 (en)

Cited By (5)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0486463A2 (en) * 1990-11-16 1992-05-20 AVL Gesellschaft für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen und Messtechnik mbH.Prof.Dr.Dr.h.c. Hans List Casting mold for cylinder block of a V-type internal combustion engine
EP1147836A2 (en) * 2000-04-19 2001-10-24 VAW mandl & berger GmbH Casting mould consisting of external mould parts and cores of moulding material inserted into these parts
WO2004033128A2 (en) * 2002-10-02 2004-04-22 Eisenwerk Brühl GmbH Mold core arrangement for producing a cylinder crankcase with a separate water cooling area
CN112566739A (en) * 2018-11-09 2021-03-26 宝马股份公司 Ingot mold and method for manufacturing crankcase
CN114850446A (en) * 2022-04-11 2022-08-05 中国第一汽车股份有限公司 Process for improving position degree and fitting degree of cylinder sleeve of V-shaped aluminum alloy casting sleeve cylinder body

Families Citing this family (2)

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DE4118403C2 (en) * 1991-06-05 1999-09-23 Deutz Ag casing
DE4324609C2 (en) * 1993-07-22 1997-10-16 Avl Verbrennungskraft Messtech Crankcase for internal combustion engines

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US4273182A (en) * 1979-12-07 1981-06-16 Ford Motor Company Core assembly and the method of making and using such assembly
EP0083713A2 (en) * 1982-01-07 1983-07-20 Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz Aktiengesellschaft Method of producing a hollow foundry core
EP0092690A1 (en) * 1982-04-22 1983-11-02 Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. Molding core for casting engine cylinder block
DE3419979C2 (en) * 1984-05-29 1986-04-17 Fritz Winter, Eisengießerei oHG, 3570 Stadtallendorf Casting mold for cylinder blocks of internal combustion engines

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AT320181B (en) * 1972-11-09 1975-01-27 Steyr Daimler Puch Ag Mold for casting the housing of water-cooled in-line engines
US4273182A (en) * 1979-12-07 1981-06-16 Ford Motor Company Core assembly and the method of making and using such assembly
EP0083713A2 (en) * 1982-01-07 1983-07-20 Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz Aktiengesellschaft Method of producing a hollow foundry core
EP0092690A1 (en) * 1982-04-22 1983-11-02 Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. Molding core for casting engine cylinder block
DE3419979C2 (en) * 1984-05-29 1986-04-17 Fritz Winter, Eisengießerei oHG, 3570 Stadtallendorf Casting mold for cylinder blocks of internal combustion engines

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0486463A2 (en) * 1990-11-16 1992-05-20 AVL Gesellschaft für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen und Messtechnik mbH.Prof.Dr.Dr.h.c. Hans List Casting mold for cylinder block of a V-type internal combustion engine
EP0486463A3 (en) * 1990-11-16 1993-03-24 Avl Gesellschaft Fuer Verbrennungskraftmaschinen Und Messtechnik Mbh.Prof.Dr.Dr.H.C. Hans List Casting mold for cylinder block of a v-type internal combustion engine
EP1147836A2 (en) * 2000-04-19 2001-10-24 VAW mandl & berger GmbH Casting mould consisting of external mould parts and cores of moulding material inserted into these parts
EP1147836A3 (en) * 2000-04-19 2001-12-19 VAW mandl & berger GmbH Casting mould consisting of external mould parts and cores of moulding material inserted into these parts
US6662857B2 (en) 2000-04-19 2003-12-16 Vaw Mandl & Berger Gmbh Mold comprising outer mold parts and molding material cores inserted into same
CZ303141B6 (en) * 2000-04-19 2012-05-02 Vaw Mandl & Berger Gmbh Casting mold containing external parts of the mold and method of casting a melt therewith
WO2004033128A2 (en) * 2002-10-02 2004-04-22 Eisenwerk Brühl GmbH Mold core arrangement for producing a cylinder crankcase with a separate water cooling area
WO2004033128A3 (en) * 2002-10-02 2005-09-09 Bruehl Eisenwerk Mold core arrangement for producing a cylinder crankcase with a separate water cooling area
CN112566739A (en) * 2018-11-09 2021-03-26 宝马股份公司 Ingot mold and method for manufacturing crankcase
CN114850446A (en) * 2022-04-11 2022-08-05 中国第一汽车股份有限公司 Process for improving position degree and fitting degree of cylinder sleeve of V-shaped aluminum alloy casting sleeve cylinder body

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0280675B1 (en) 1990-11-22
ATA41887A (en) 1988-05-15
EP0280675A3 (en) 1989-02-22
KR910006549B1 (en) 1991-08-28
DE3861100D1 (en) 1991-01-03
KR880009714A (en) 1988-10-04
AT387164B (en) 1988-12-12

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