EP0278701A2 - Système de dégivrage d'échangeurs de chaleur - Google Patents

Système de dégivrage d'échangeurs de chaleur Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0278701A2
EP0278701A2 EP88300999A EP88300999A EP0278701A2 EP 0278701 A2 EP0278701 A2 EP 0278701A2 EP 88300999 A EP88300999 A EP 88300999A EP 88300999 A EP88300999 A EP 88300999A EP 0278701 A2 EP0278701 A2 EP 0278701A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
defrost
controller
heat exchanger
defrosting
time
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP88300999A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0278701B1 (fr
EP0278701A3 (en
Inventor
Anthony Robert Fry
Derek Kent
Bernard W. Johnson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
York International Ltd
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York International Ltd
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Publication date
Application filed by York International Ltd filed Critical York International Ltd
Priority to AT8888300999T priority Critical patent/ATE105071T1/de
Publication of EP0278701A2 publication Critical patent/EP0278701A2/fr
Publication of EP0278701A3 publication Critical patent/EP0278701A3/en
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Publication of EP0278701B1 publication Critical patent/EP0278701B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D21/00—Defrosting; Preventing frosting; Removing condensed or defrost water
    • F25D21/002—Defroster control
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2700/00—Sensing or detecting of parameters; Sensors therefor
    • F25B2700/11—Sensor to detect if defrost is necessary
    • F25B2700/111—Sensor to detect if defrost is necessary using an emitter and receiver, e.g. sensing by emitting light or other radiation and receiving reflection by a sensor

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the defrosting of heat exchangers particularly, but not exclusively, to the defrosting of a heat pump system.
  • a fin-and-tube air-to-refrigerant heat exchanger is used as an evaporator in heat pump systems to collect heat from the air.
  • frosting or icing up of the heat exchanger may occur.
  • Such frosting both lowers (and, indeed, may stop) the throughput of air and acts as a barrier to the transfer of heat between the air and the primary and secondary surface material of the heat exchanger. It is conventional, therefore, to make provision for the heat exchanger to be defrosted from time to time where it is operating in low temperature humid air conditions where frosting occurs.
  • a typical defrosting technique used with heat exchangers is the "hot-gas" technique; in this, by operation of suitable valving in the refrigerant circuit, the heat exchanger is injected with hot compressor discharge gas, the air-to-refrigerant evaporator thus operating temporarily as a condenser, thereby rejecting heat to the outside and causing the frosting or ice to be melted. Operation in this way obviously detracts from the overall efficiency of the heat pump since while the defrost cycle is in operation the evaporator is not able to fulfil its normal function of collecting heat from the surrounding air.
  • a sensor is provided to detect frosting or icing up of the evaporator - this may be done, for example, by measuring the temperature of the primary or secondary surface of the evaporator, the refrigerant temperature or pressure, the air pressure difference across the coil, the optical reflectivity of the evaporator and so on.
  • a control circuit periodically samples the output of this sensor to determine whether a defrost cycle should be initiated. The defrosting cycle may either be of fixed duration or terminated by sensing that the frost or ice has been melted.
  • the present invention seeks to provide an improved defrosting system for heat exchangers such as air to refrigerant outdoor heat exchangers and proposes that the defrost cycle be adapted to prevailing conditions. More specifically, it is proposed that the timing of the defrost sampling intervals, that is the intervals at which the need (or otherwise) for defrosting is determined and, if necessary, defrosting is carried out, be varied in a manner such as to improve the overall operating efficiency of the system as compared with the system operating with fixed defrost sampling intervals. This can be done by varying the sampling intervals so that it is increased in circumstances where less defrosting is required and decreased where more defrosting is required. The requirement for more or less defrosting can be determined in a variety of ways.
  • the defrost cycle is done by recording the time taken for the defrost cycle to complete (as determined by whatever sensor determines the end of the defrost cycle) and using this information to increment or decrement the subsequent sampling interval as appropriate.
  • the increments and decrements may be linear, step-wise, or follow any other suitable law appropriate to the particular circumstances in which the system is operated.
  • the present invention provides, inter alia, a defrost controller for a heat exchanger which is operative to adapt the defrosting operation to prevailing conditions by increasing or decreasing the intervals between defrosting cycles as appropriate.
  • Fig 1 shows an example of a heat pump to which the present invention may be applied and which comprises a compressor 1 for driving refrigerant around a refrigerant circuit comprising an air-to-refrigerant fin-and-tube evaporator 2 which is exposed to outside air, a condenser 3 in which the refrigerant cools and rejects heat to another medium such as water in a hot-water supply circuit or space air, a refrigerant expansion device 4 which may be a thermostatic expansion valve or an electronically controlled expansion valve and a hot gas injection valve 12.
  • a compressor 1 for driving refrigerant around a refrigerant circuit comprising an air-to-refrigerant fin-and-tube evaporator 2 which is exposed to outside air
  • a condenser 3 in which the refrigerant cools and rejects heat to another medium such as water in a hot-water supply circuit or space air
  • a refrigerant expansion device 4 which may be a thermostatic expansion valve or an electronically controlled expansion valve and
  • the system has associated with it a system controller 5 which incorporates electronic circuitry and appropriate interfaces to enable the system to operate under the control of one or more inputs generally designated 6 which may, for example, be used to signal to the system controller 5 a set point value for one or more relevant operating parameters of the system.
  • An example of such a parameter is the temperature of the secondary medium leaving the condenser 3 where the system is intended primarily for heating purposes.
  • a set point for air or water leaving the evaporator can be applied by one of the inputs 6 to the system controller 5.
  • the system controller 5 has various sensors associated with it and distributed around the elements of the refrigerant circuit are electro-mechanical devices such as solenoid valves for controlling the refrigerant flow around the refrigerant circuit and to control the progressive loading and unloading of the compressor 1 in response to increasing and decreasing cooling or heating demands.
  • electro-mechanical devices such as solenoid valves for controlling the refrigerant flow around the refrigerant circuit and to control the progressive loading and unloading of the compressor 1 in response to increasing and decreasing cooling or heating demands.
  • One of the functions of the system controller 5 is, in appropriate operating conditions, periodically to determine whether defrosting of the evaporator 2 is required and, if so, to initiate and control a defrosting cycle.
  • the evaporator 2 (or each evaporator where there is a number of them) has associated with it a sensor 7 which can supply to the system controller 5 a signal (such as an analogue voltage) which when compared with a reference value is indicative of the need or otherwise for the initiation of a defrost cycle.
  • the sensor 7 may detect the temperature of the primary or secondary surface of the evaporator 2, the air pressure difference across the evaporator coil (which will increase as the evaporator coil frosts up), the pressure in, or pressure difference across, an appropriate part of the refrigerant system (such as at the exit of the evaporator 2), the optical reflectivity of the exterior of the evaporator or by any other variable indicative of the actual or likely occurrence of frosting.
  • the system controller 5 may be implemented using discrete electronic components, IC digital logic circuits or be based around a suitably programmed micro-computer.
  • the system controller 5 is to be implemented using a microprocessor (MPU) and associated interfacing and support circuitry.
  • MPU microprocessor
  • the MPU 10 will execute a suitable program stored in a non-volatile, usually read only memory (ROM), have random access memory (RAM) available as program workspace and be provided with suitable interfaces to accept control and information signals and emit data and commands signals in a form electrically compatible with the controlled or controlling equipment of the heat pump system.
  • the program for the MPU 10 will be such as to cause a desired control algorithm for the heat pump to be carried into effect. In particular, this program may be used in implementing the present invention.
  • the system controller 5 includes a defrost interval timer 8 which is used to generate a defrost-enable signal 9 which is used to signal the microprocessor 10 that the time has been reached at which a determination is to be made of whether a defrost cycle should be initiated.
  • the timer 8 may be implemented by means of a MPU register or RAM memory location in which a timing count is loaded, its value being incremented or decremented at appropriate intervals and a time-out determination made i.e. by the start of the timing interval, the time 8 can be loaded with a number representing the interval in, say, minutes or seconds with this value then being decremented periodically (for example every second or minute as appropriate) and then a determination be made by the microprocessor 10 to whether the count has reached zero.
  • the MPU 10 makes a determination, from the output of one of more of the sensors 7, as to whether a defrost cycle is to be initiated. If the determination is that a defrost cycle is required, the system controller 5 sends the appropriate control signals to the electro-mechanical devices controlling operation of the heat pump to initiate a hot-gas defrost cycle, in this case by the hot gas defrost in which hot, gaseous refrigerant is delivered to the evaporator 2 via valve 12.
  • the defrost cycle length timer 11 is activated and this is used to record the time that the defrost cycle actually takes to complete. This may be achieved by initially storing a count of zero in the timer 11 and having the MPU 10 increment this at regular intervals. At appropriate intervals during the defrost cycle the MPU checks the output of the sensor(s) 7 to determine whether the defrost cycle is completed. At the end of the defrost cycle, the timer 11 will contain information as to the time which was taken to carry out the defrost cycle. This value is then used to determine whether an adjustment needs to be made of the defrost sampling interval in the next cycle.
  • This determination can be made on the basis that a long defrost time suggest adverse operating conditions making more frequent defrost cycles desirable while a shorter than expected defrost cycle, indicating that defrosting is completing in less time than was expected, suggests that a longer defrost interval can be tolerated (and in the interests of efficiency this determination should be followed by an increase in the defrost interval).
  • the adjustment of the defrost interval can be done in a step-wise or linear manner or, indeed, in accordance with any other law appropriate to the circumstances.
  • Figures 3 and 4 illustrate one arrangement in which adjustment is made in a series of steps.
  • the controller 5 issues a command for defrost to be carried out. It may be carried out by any of the standard methods such as the hot gas mentioned above, electric heating elements, warm water, etc, until defrost completion is detected by any one of the sensing methods described above.
  • the controller 5 can provide control facilities through which each of the parameter set points may be varied, for example, defrost initiation occurring between 3°C and 9°C, the higher value enabling evaporator coil secondary surface temperatures to be effectively monitored; in the case of defrost termination temperatures between 5°C and 15°C may be selected.
  • the controller 5 includes a control facility in which the maximum optimum defrost period may be preset, for example between 1 and 6 minutes in the example shown in fig 3, and as described below. Below optimum band, 0 to 75% of preset maximum optimum defrost period Optimum band within 75% to 100% of the present maximum optimum defrost period, Above optimum band 100% to 200% of preset maximum optimum defrost period.
  • the actual defrost time taken as established by the defrost duration timer 11 is compared by the controller 5 with those defined parameters in fig 3 to determine in which band the defrost termination signal occurred.
  • the controller 5 has a control facility in which the 100% parameter for the interval time between defrost initiations may be set, for example between 30 and 90 minutes as another set point.
  • the subsequent interval between defrost will be incremented by a discrete percentage value i.e. to 120% of the original preset interval. If the system interval time for a defrost initiation is reached and the defrost initiation sensor temperature is greater than that at which defrost is required then no defrosting will take place and the control system will automatically increment the control defrost interval time.
  • the interval between defrost is again incremented to a longer time interval until a maximum value is reached, for example if fig 4, up to 160%. If the actual defrost period terminates within the "optimum band", in the illustrated example 75 to 100% of the set point (period Y), then no change will occur to the controlled interval time between defrost initiations. Thus, in this condition the controller 5 takes account of the defrost times necessary and the time interval between defrosts to achieve an optimum operating condition.
  • the subsequent interval between defrost will be decremented and if necessary after subsequent defrosts further decremented, until a minimum time between defrosts is reached.
  • defrost termination will occur irrespective of the signal from the defrost termination sensor, i.e. this is a maximum defrost time override condition.
  • the defrost interval time can return to the 100% set point or remain at the previous operating set point.
  • the above logic is applicable to any evaporator coil circuit that is defrosted in total.
  • Fig 5 shows part of a heat-pump system having a number of evaporators EVAP1, EVAP2, EVAPN, with associated solenoid valves SV, refrigerant expansion devices tev and defrost sensors SI...SN.
  • the controller 5 can cause defrosting of some circuits while others continue operation as evaporators.
  • the controller 5 is arranged to have the capability of dictating the defrost logic such that coincident defrosting of all the evaporators is inhibited.
  • the defrost cycle for this type of evaporator coil arrangement is determined on the basis of previous defrost times.
  • the actual defrost time for a particular evaporator EVAPX is compared to the parameters as defined in fig 2 to determine in which band the defrost termination signal occurred. This information is then related to the information obtained for the previous defrost time on the other coil(s) and the following decision table can be used to update the defrost interval time:-
  • controller 5 dictates that each circuit is sensed for defrost in sequence within the time interval between defrost as shown in fig 6.
  • the time interval at which the next coil defrost cycle is initiated in the case of two coils, will be half the defrost time interval determined by fig 4.
  • the actual time interval is divided evenly amongst the number of coils involved.
  • each evaporator has its own sensor designated S1...Sn; when evaporator EVAP1 has terminated its defrost, the time taken D1, is used for the controller 5 to select the time interval T1 between defrosts (fig 4) based on table 1. The time then allocated before defrost initiation of the next evaporator EVAP2, is in the case shown in, T1/2 (fig 6). After the second evaporator EVAP2 has defrosted then the defrost time D2 is used for the controller to select the revised time interval T2 between defrost initiation (fig 4) based on table 1.
  • the revised time before defrost initiation of the first evaporator EVAP1 again is T2/2.
  • two such sensors may be provided at opposite sides (in the direction of air flow through the evaporator) of the evaporator and means may be provided to select for monitoring purposes, whichever of those sensors whose output indicates the greater likelihood of frosting.
  • the output used would be the one from the sensor 7 indicating the lower evaporator temperature.
  • the time to defrost is variable dependent upon the capacity load being generated at that time (eg 1/2 or 1/4 load) - the greater the unloading, the higher the evaporating temperature which in turn reduces the likelihood of frost formation.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Defrosting Systems (AREA)
  • Air Conditioning Control Device (AREA)
EP88300999A 1987-02-06 1988-02-05 Système de dégivrage d'échangeurs de chaleur Expired - Lifetime EP0278701B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT8888300999T ATE105071T1 (de) 1987-02-06 1988-02-05 Abtauanlage fuer waermeaustauscher.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB8702722 1987-02-06
GB878702722A GB8702722D0 (en) 1987-02-06 1987-02-06 Defrosting of heat exchangers

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0278701A2 true EP0278701A2 (fr) 1988-08-17
EP0278701A3 EP0278701A3 (en) 1989-10-04
EP0278701B1 EP0278701B1 (fr) 1994-04-27

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ID=10611837

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88300999A Expired - Lifetime EP0278701B1 (fr) 1987-02-06 1988-02-05 Système de dégivrage d'échangeurs de chaleur

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0278701B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE105071T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE3889237D1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2055736T3 (fr)
GB (1) GB8702722D0 (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1180652A1 (fr) * 2000-08-18 2002-02-20 Ranco Incorporated of Delaware Dispositif de commande et procédé pour commander l'opération de dégivrage dans un réfrigérateur
WO2011041780A3 (fr) * 2009-10-02 2011-07-21 The Controls Group, Inc. Retrait d'une substance congelée accumulée à partir d'une unité de refroidissement
WO2021053227A1 (fr) 2019-09-19 2021-03-25 Guinault Sa Unité de conditionnement d'air pour aéronef

Citations (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2850198A1 (de) * 1978-11-18 1980-05-29 Hamadeh Steueranlage zum abtauen von kuehlstellen
US4206612A (en) * 1977-07-15 1980-06-10 Emhart Industries, Inc. Refrigeration system control method and apparatus
EP0021151A1 (fr) * 1979-06-20 1981-01-07 Spectrol Electronics Corporation Procédé et commande adaptatives de dégivrage
US4251988A (en) * 1978-12-08 1981-02-24 Amf Incorporated Defrosting system using actual defrosting time as a controlling parameter
US4328680A (en) * 1980-10-14 1982-05-11 General Electric Company Heat pump defrost control apparatus
EP0052323A2 (fr) * 1980-11-18 1982-05-26 Linde Aktiengesellschaft Dégivrage selon les besoins de réfrigérateurs
DE3110042A1 (de) * 1981-03-16 1982-09-30 Gesellschaft für Wärmepumpen und Energierückgewinnungsanlagen mbH, 7311 Holzmaden Verfahren und anordnung zum abtauen von eis an einem luftkuehler einer waermepumpe oder kaeltemaschine
EP0063178A1 (fr) * 1981-04-16 1982-10-27 KKW Kulmbacher Klimageräte-Werk GmbH Procédé pour le fonctionnement d'une pompe à chaleur
US4395887A (en) * 1981-12-14 1983-08-02 Amf Incorporated Defrost control system
DE3235642A1 (de) * 1982-09-25 1984-03-29 3 E Elektronik-Elektro-Energieanlagen Baugesellschaft mbH, 5500 Trier Einrichtung zur elektrischen abtauregelung fuer den verdampfer einer kaelteanlage
EP0108906A2 (fr) * 1982-10-15 1984-05-23 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Procédé de dégivrage de l'évaporateur d'une machine frigorifique utilisée par exemple comme pompe à chaleur
EP0147825A2 (fr) * 1983-12-27 1985-07-10 Honeywell Inc. Système de régulation de dégivrage pour une pompe à chaleur
EP0164948A2 (fr) * 1984-06-12 1985-12-18 York International Corporation Système de commande et procédé pour le dégivrage du serpentin extérieur d'une pompe à chaleur
US4627245A (en) * 1985-02-08 1986-12-09 Honeywell Inc. De-icing thermostat for air conditioners

Patent Citations (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4206612A (en) * 1977-07-15 1980-06-10 Emhart Industries, Inc. Refrigeration system control method and apparatus
DE2850198A1 (de) * 1978-11-18 1980-05-29 Hamadeh Steueranlage zum abtauen von kuehlstellen
US4251988A (en) * 1978-12-08 1981-02-24 Amf Incorporated Defrosting system using actual defrosting time as a controlling parameter
EP0021151A1 (fr) * 1979-06-20 1981-01-07 Spectrol Electronics Corporation Procédé et commande adaptatives de dégivrage
US4328680A (en) * 1980-10-14 1982-05-11 General Electric Company Heat pump defrost control apparatus
EP0052323A2 (fr) * 1980-11-18 1982-05-26 Linde Aktiengesellschaft Dégivrage selon les besoins de réfrigérateurs
DE3110042A1 (de) * 1981-03-16 1982-09-30 Gesellschaft für Wärmepumpen und Energierückgewinnungsanlagen mbH, 7311 Holzmaden Verfahren und anordnung zum abtauen von eis an einem luftkuehler einer waermepumpe oder kaeltemaschine
EP0063178A1 (fr) * 1981-04-16 1982-10-27 KKW Kulmbacher Klimageräte-Werk GmbH Procédé pour le fonctionnement d'une pompe à chaleur
US4395887A (en) * 1981-12-14 1983-08-02 Amf Incorporated Defrost control system
DE3235642A1 (de) * 1982-09-25 1984-03-29 3 E Elektronik-Elektro-Energieanlagen Baugesellschaft mbH, 5500 Trier Einrichtung zur elektrischen abtauregelung fuer den verdampfer einer kaelteanlage
EP0108906A2 (fr) * 1982-10-15 1984-05-23 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Procédé de dégivrage de l'évaporateur d'une machine frigorifique utilisée par exemple comme pompe à chaleur
EP0147825A2 (fr) * 1983-12-27 1985-07-10 Honeywell Inc. Système de régulation de dégivrage pour une pompe à chaleur
EP0164948A2 (fr) * 1984-06-12 1985-12-18 York International Corporation Système de commande et procédé pour le dégivrage du serpentin extérieur d'une pompe à chaleur
US4627245A (en) * 1985-02-08 1986-12-09 Honeywell Inc. De-icing thermostat for air conditioners

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1180652A1 (fr) * 2000-08-18 2002-02-20 Ranco Incorporated of Delaware Dispositif de commande et procédé pour commander l'opération de dégivrage dans un réfrigérateur
WO2011041780A3 (fr) * 2009-10-02 2011-07-21 The Controls Group, Inc. Retrait d'une substance congelée accumulée à partir d'une unité de refroidissement
US9562757B2 (en) 2009-10-02 2017-02-07 The Controls Group, Inc. Removal of an accumulated frozen substance from a cooling unit
WO2021053227A1 (fr) 2019-09-19 2021-03-25 Guinault Sa Unité de conditionnement d'air pour aéronef
FR3101137A1 (fr) * 2019-09-19 2021-03-26 Guinault Sa Unité de conditionnement d’air pour aéronef

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0278701B1 (fr) 1994-04-27
DE3889237D1 (de) 1994-06-01
ES2055736T3 (es) 1994-09-01
EP0278701A3 (en) 1989-10-04
ATE105071T1 (de) 1994-05-15
GB8702722D0 (en) 1987-03-11

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