EP0271859B1

EP0271859B1 - Compact coiled coil incandescent filament using pitch for sag control

Info

Publication number: EP0271859B1
Application number: EP87118491A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Pierce Johnson, Jr.
Original assignee: GTE Products Corp
Current assignee: Osram Sylvania Inc
Priority date: 1986-12-16
Filing date: 1987-12-14
Publication date: 1997-04-02
Anticipated expiration: 2007-12-14
Also published as: EP0271859A2; DE3752040D1; EP0271859A3; DE3752040T2

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a unique coiled coil incandescent filament and supports therefor, especially useful in a European version of Sylvania's Capsylite lamps. Both PAR and A-line versions of these lamps are commercially available in the United States. The U.S. versions of these lamps are characterized by a low-wattage, tungsten - halogen, hard glass light-source capsule, mounted within a heavy outer envelope. See, for example, U.S. Patent No. 4,598,225. EP-A-0 241 911 (falling within the terms of Article 54(3) EPC) and GB-A-1 147 140 disclose filaments of the first part of present Claim 1.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The use of parabolic aluminized reflector (PAR), elliptical reflector (ER), or reflector (R) lamps for general spot, downlighting, and/or flood lighting applications is well established. In particular, R, PAR, and ER type lamps have been accepted as the lamps of choice for short to medium distance outdoor uses, as well as for indoor display, decoration, accent, and inspection applications of down lighting.
Traditionally, incandescent PAR-type lamps, particularly Sylvania's PAR38, have used a filament mounted transversely in the reflector, that is, perpendicular to its axis of symmetry, because this was the simplest configuration to manufacture.
The result of this configuration is an asymmetric beam pattern and the spreading of stray light outside of the useful beam. Additionally, the necessity of maintaining the proper atmosphere in the outer jacket required that the lamp be hermetically sealed with the lens flame-sealed to the reflector.
With the introduction of Sylvania's Capsylite PAR lamps, which use a halogen capsule as a light source, came lamps with axially mounted filaments which yield a more symmetric beam pattern and more efficient collection of light by the reflector into a useful beam.
Part of this gain in optical efficiency is due to the fact that the Capsylite lamps use a compact filament which more nearly approaches the theoretically ideal "point" source.
In Capsylite lamps operating under United States type electrical systems (i.e., 120-130V; 60 Hertz) such compact filaments are made possible by the use of a halfwave rectifying diode which effectively reduces the capsule voltage from 120V to about 84V. Furthermore, since the atmosphere in the outer envelope is no longer critical because of the capsule, the lamp need not be hermetic and bonded beam lamps have appeared.
In European line voltage PAR lamps, typically of 220 to 250V, halogen capsules have not been used because of the exceedingly fine wire that is required at this high voltage.
Low wattage (<150W), line voltage filaments tend to be long and flimsy, prone to sag and requiring multiple supports which reduce efficiency. Voltage reducing diodes cannot be used because they produce objectionable flickering of the filament when run on the 50 cycle AC which is standard in Europe.
"Folded" filaments tend to have detrimental interactions between adjacent sections of the filament which will reduce life.
Coiled filaments are known, see for example, U.S. Patent Nos. 1,180,159; 1,247,068; 2,142,865; 2,306,925; 2,774,918; 4,208,609; and 4,316,116. However, none of these coiled filaments provides the unique features of the filament of the present invention.
Filament supports typically cause shadowing and scattering of light. Examples of typical filament supports may be found in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,359,665; 4,208,606; 3,780,333; 3,736,455; 3,678,319; 3,634,722; 3,335,312; and 3,173,051.
While quartz halogen capsules in the 220-250V range have been made, they are generally inefficient and complicated affairs with zig-zagged" filaments and multiple coil supports.
Thus, conventional quartz capsules are not well suited for use in PAR lamps since they are lacking both in luminous efficiency and in optical efficiency. They are also more expensive to produce than hard glass capsules due to the high cost of materials and processes involved and the amount of labor required.
The present invention overcomes the difficulties mentioned above with respect to European type PAR and A-line lamps by providing a unique filament and non-interfering supports therefor.
The present invention is directed to a low wattage (<150W) high voltage (120-250V) halogen coil filament particularly well suited for use in European type PAR and A-line lamps.
Viewed from one aspect the present invention provides an incandescent filament comprising a coiled coil of refractory metal wire having a diameter d, wherein the primary winding diameter D₁ and the secondary winding diameter D₂ of said filament are defined by the equations: $D_{1} = d(A+2);$
$D_{2} {= D}_{1} (B+2);$
$1.40 ≤ A ≤ 3.00;$
and $3.0 ≤ B ≤ 10.0,$
where d equals the filament wire diameter, characterised in that the inner pitch, IP, of said coiled coil filament satisfies the condition: $1.08 ≤ IP ≤ 1.35$
wherein the inner pitch, IP, of said coiled coil filament is defined as follows: $IP = \frac{(4B + 1) ∗PP}{(4B + A + 2)}$
where PP equals the pitch of the primary coil; and in that the secondary pitch is in the range of from 1.40 to 1.60.
Viewed from another aspect the present invention provides a method of making a coiled coil incandescent filament, said method comprising the steps of:
winding a filament wire having a diameter d, around a primary mandrel having a diameter M₁ to produce a primary coil having a primary winding diameter D₁ and winding said primary coil around a secondary mandrel having a diameter M₂, to produce a coiled coil filament having a secondary winding diameter D₂ which satisfy the equations: $D_{1} = d(A+2);$
$D_{2} {= D}_{1} (B+2);$
$1.40 ≤ A ≤ 3.00;$
and $3.0 ≤ B ≤ 10.0,$
where d equals the filament wire diameter, characterised in that the inner pitch, IP, of said coiled coil filament satisfies the condition: $1.08 ≤ IP ≤ 1.35$
where IP is defined as follows: $IP = \frac{(4B + 1) ∗PP}{(4B + A + 2)}$
where PP equals the pitch of the primary coil; and in that the secondary pitch is in the range of from 1.40 to 1.60.
Such filaments may be used in incandescent lamps, in particular ones with a halogen or halide gas fill.
Thus in at least preferred embodiments there is provided an improved halogen coil lamp, the improvements including a compact high efficiency filament mounted axially in a single ended hard glass capsule with a unique system of supports sufficient to prevent significant coil sag over the useful life thereof.
The parameters of the filament of the present invention are new. A filament prepared in accordance with these parameters demonstrates improved compactness and structural rigidity which, together with the unique supplementary supports therefor, provides a suitable light-source for lamps operating under European electrical systems (220-250 volts and 50 Hertz).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Figure 1 illustrates one embodiment of an incandescent lamp, particularly of the tungsten halogen variety, made in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.
Figure 2 illustrates a filament wire which was wound to form a coiled filament.
Figure 3 illustrates a filament wire which was wound to form a coiled coil filament.
Figure 4 illustrates a filament wire wound around a primary mandrel to form a primary coil.
Figure 5 illustrates a primary coil which is wound around a secondary mandrel to form the coiled coil filament.
Figure 6 illustrates the various parameters related to determining the outer diameter of a coiled coil filament of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

This invention relates to a multiple coiled filament and system of supports. The filament consists of a single strand wire, coreless, coiled coil filament for an incandescent lamp. The supports allow a simple, inexpensive and efficient coil to be constructed.
Figure 1 represents an example of an incandescent lamp 10, in this embodiment being of the tungsten halogen variety, prepared in accordance with the teachings of this invention.
As illustrated, lamp 10 comprises a tubular envelope 12, prepared from a suitable light transmissive material, such as aluminosilicate glass. A pair of lead in wires 14 and 16, portions of which serve as mounting means, are press sealed in envelope 12 at press seal 18.
Lead in wires 14 and 16 can be formed from any suitable material, for example, molybdenum, which will form a relatively strain free hermetic seal with glass envelope 12. A refractory metal, such as tungsten, is used to form the coiled coil filament 20 in accordance with the teachings of this invention. Coiled coil filament 20 is provided with legs 21 at each end thereof during its formation.
In this embodiment, envelope 12 is filled with a fill gas, comprising an inert gas and a suitable halogen or halide. Preferred examples of fill gases useful herein include the inert gases; argon, krypton, xenon, and/or nitrogen; plus the halogen or halide.
Figures 2 and 3 illustrate enlarged views of the preferred tungsten filament of the present invention and its coiled and coiled coiled stages, respectively. Each stage has a pitch or percent pitch, which is equal to S, the center to center spacing of the turns, divided by d, the diameter of the wire or coil, multiplied by 100.
Specifically, Figure 2 illustrates the primary pitch of a filament 20A having a center to center spacing of S₁, wire diameter d₁, and outer diameter D₁. In the present invention, the primary pitch P₁ is equal to S₁/d₁ and the secondary pitch P₂ is equal to S₂/d₂. Note: d₂ = D₁.P₁ has a value that does not exceed 1.70 (or 170%).
In Figure 3, S₂ is the center to center spacing of the coiled coil filament, d₂ (d₂ = D₁) is the primary coil diameter, and BL is the body length of the coiled coil (or secondary) filament. The secondary pitch of the filament is in the range of from 1.40 to 1.60.
The method of forming the coiled coil filament of the present invention is represented by Figures 4-6.
With reference to Figure 4, the present method comprises the steps of (1) providing a strand of fibrous filament wire 19 having a particular length L and a diameter d (for a particular wattage, voltage and efficiency) and (2) winding filament wire 19 around a primary mandrel 30 having a diameter of M₁ to produce a primary coil 20A.
With reference to Figure 5, the method of the present invention further includes the step (3) of winding the primary coil 20A around a secondary mandrel 40 having a secondary mandrel diameter of M₂ to produce a coiled coil filament configuration, where B ≥ A.
As illustrated in Figures 4 and 5, respectively, the primary winding diameter D₁ and the secondary winding diameter D₂ of the filament are: $D_{1} {= d(A+2) and D}_{2} {= D}_{1} (B+2)$
where d equals the filament wire diameter and 1.40 ≤ A ≤ 3.00 and 3.0 ≤ B ≤ 10.0
such that the filament exhibits an increase in compactness and retains or exhibits an increase in structural rigidity.
Surprisingly it has been discovered that B can range from about 3.0 to about 10.0 (when A satisfies the equation 1.40 ≤ A ≤ 3.0) and when the primary pitch is decreased so that the inner pitch (IP) satisfies the condition 1.08 ≤ IP ≤ 1.35, and where: $IP = \frac{(4B + 1) ∗PP}{(4B + A + 2)}$
and where the winding is further improved by decreasing the primary pitch PP from about 155% to as low as about 125%, and by selecting the value of B such that IP is kept as close as possible to the center of the range given by the equation 1.08 ≤ IP ≤ 1.35.
The method of the present invention further includes the step (4) of removing substantially all of the core of the coiled coil filament 20 except for the core in legs 21. The core in legs 21 is preferably left intact in order to preserve the structural integrity of filament 20 when it is mounted within the envelope and crimped or attached by the legs to a mounting means.
Figure 6 illustrates the outer diameter D₂ of the filament winding illustrated in Figure 5, wherein the primary mandrel diameter M₁ is greater than the diameter of filament wire 19 and the secondary mandrel diameter M₂ is greater than the diameter of the primary filament coil 20A.
The most preferred coil configuration is centered in the bulb (CC8 configuration) to equalize bulb wall temperature. At the higher wattages, this allows bulb wall loading to be minimized. At the lower wattages, this allows the minimum bulb wall temperature (required for operation of the tungsten halogen cycle) to be achieved without cold spots.
Centering the coil in the bulb is also important for filaments focussed in reflectors since this equalizes the light distribution about the central axis of the reflector.
An example of a filament improved by the present invention follows:
In the sample winding, where the mandrel ratios are low, the resulting body length is about 14 mm. Improved windings # 1, 2, and 3 represent length reductions of about 39%, 57% and 67% respectively, compared to the sample filament.
With respect to lamps designing reflector type lamps for operating at high voltages, especially for overseas operation at 225 and 245 volts, such lamps typically require starting off with extremely long filament wires.
In addition, filaments designed to operate at line voltage such as 120 or 130 volts also require starting with a long filament wire. The improved method for reducing focus loss and improving collection efficiency will provide for winding a filament wire into a compact coil which is especially useful for these applications and can lead to enhanced operation at high voltages since typical winding techniques has led to extremely long filaments requiring larger envelopes, more complex mounting arrangements and a greater dispersion of light.
Furthermore, the aforementioned filament design can also lead to operation without voltage reducing or rectifying means (e.g., a diode) which eliminates the modulation of the light and power fluctuations that result from the use of such rectifying means. Elimination of the rectifying means is particularly important in the 225 to 245 volt range since the small filament mass leads to greater thermal fluctuations and useful where small reflector lamp designs are sought due to the heat generated by the lamp capsule that the rectifier is exposed to.
The more compact coil that results herein also leads to a smaller capsule size which provides the following heretofore unavailable advantages:

1. Allows for the operation of lower wattage tungsten halogen capsules at higher voltages since the bulb wall loading is increased;
2. Allows for the use of high pressure tungsten halogen capsules, which in turn leads to lower capsule energy and thus improved containment during lamp arc-out during lamp failure; and
3. Allows for lower overall material costs for lamp parts such as glass, fill gas, and outer jacket.

Claims

An incandescent filament comprising a coiled coil (20) of refractory metal wire (19) having a diameter d, wherein the primary winding diameter D₁ and the secondary winding diameter D₂ of said filament (20) are defined by the equations: $D_{1} = d(A+2) ;$
$D_{2} {= D}_{1} (B+2) ;$
$1.40 ≤ A ≤ 3.00;$
and $3.0 ≤ B ≤ 10.0,$
where d equals the filament wire diameter,
characterised in that the inner pitch, IP, of said coiled coil filament (20) satisfies the condition: $1.08 ≤ IP ≤ 1.35$
wherein the inner pitch, IP, of said coiled coil filament (20) is defined as follows: $IP = \frac{(4B + 1) ∗PP}{(4B + A + 2)}$
where PP equals the pitch of the primary coil (20A); and in that the secondary pitch is in the range of from 1.40 to 1.60.
A filament as claimed in claim 1, wherein the primary pitch, PP, ranges from 1.55 to 1.25.
A filament as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the refractory metal wire (19) comprises tungsten.
An incandescent lamp having a filament as claimed in any preceding claim.
A lamp as claimed in claim 4, wherein said lamp is a tungsten halogen lamp having a halogen or a halide as a part of a fill gas.
A lamp as claimed in claim 4 or 5, wherein the filament coil configuration (20) is centered in the bulb.
A lamp as claimed in any of claims 4 to 6, wherein said lamp includes a pair of lead-in wires (14,16), press sealed in said envelope (12) and extending therefrom.
A lamp as claimed in any of claims 4 to 7, which further comprises a reflector.
A lamp as claimed in any of claims 7 or 8, wherein said lamp further includes rectifying or other voltage reducing means electrically coupled to one of said lead-in wires (14,16), in series with said filament (20), and coupled to a voltage source thereby reducing the voltage across said filament (20).
A lamp as claimed in any of claims 4 to 9, wherein said envelope (12) includes an infrared reflective coating such that infrared light is reflected back to said filament (20).
A method of making a coiled coil incandescent filament, said method comprising the steps of:
winding a filament wire (19) having a diameter d, around a primary mandrel (30) having a diameter M₁ to produce a primary coil (20A) having a primary winding diameter D₁ and winding said primary coil (20A) around a secondary mandrel having a diameter M₂, to produce a coiled coil filament (20) having a secondary winding diameter D₂ which satisfy the equations: $D_{1} = d(A+2) ;$
$D_{2} {= D}_{1} (B+2) ;$
$1.40 ≤ A ≤ 3.00;$
and $3.0 ≤ B ≤ 10.0,$
where d equals the filament wire diameter, characterised in that the inner pitch, IP, of said coiled coil filament (20) satisfies the condition: $1.08 ≤ IP ≤ 1.35$
where IP is defined as follows: $IP = \frac{(4B + 1) ∗PP}{(4B + A + 2)}$
where PP equals the pitch of the primary coil (20A); and in that the secondary pitch is in the range of from 1.40 to 1.60.
A method as claimed in claim 11, further comprising the step of removing substantially all of the core of said coiled coil filament (20), except at the legs (21) thereof.