EP0268910A2 - Continuous-casting mould for steel strip - Google Patents

Continuous-casting mould for steel strip Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0268910A2
EP0268910A2 EP87116456A EP87116456A EP0268910A2 EP 0268910 A2 EP0268910 A2 EP 0268910A2 EP 87116456 A EP87116456 A EP 87116456A EP 87116456 A EP87116456 A EP 87116456A EP 0268910 A2 EP0268910 A2 EP 0268910A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
mold
side walls
casting
walls
strip
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP87116456A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0268910A3 (en
EP0268910B1 (en
Inventor
Hans Streubel
Rainer Golla
Manfred Kolakowski
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
SMS Siemag AG
Original Assignee
SMS Schloemann Siemag AG
Schloemann Siemag AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Application filed by SMS Schloemann Siemag AG, Schloemann Siemag AG filed Critical SMS Schloemann Siemag AG
Priority to AT87116456T priority Critical patent/ATE66839T1/en
Publication of EP0268910A2 publication Critical patent/EP0268910A2/en
Publication of EP0268910A3 publication Critical patent/EP0268910A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0268910B1 publication Critical patent/EP0268910B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22DCASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/10Supplying or treating molten metal
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22DCASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/04Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into open-ended moulds
    • B22D11/0408Moulds for casting thin slabs

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a mold for the continuous casting of steel strip with cooled broad side walls and narrow side walls, the wide side walls forming a funnel-shaped pouring area, which is reduced to the narrow sides and in the casting direction to the format of the cast strip.
  • Such a continuous casting mold which has become known from DE-PS 887 990, consists of a lower part with parallel side walls and an upper part, the wide side walls of which extend from the lower part in a funnel-shaped manner to create a space for a pouring tube immersed in the melt to the upper edge of the mold.
  • the pouring level and the start of strand formation are in the inclined wall area.
  • the shape of the pouring area is determined by the diameter and the immersion depth of the pouring tube as well as by the required safety distance between the lower edge of the pouring tube and the broad side walls.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a continuous casting mold of the above type with a low strand shell load directly below the casting level.
  • the object is achieved in that the broad side walls in the pouring area each consist of a first section which are essentially parallel to one another and each have a subsequent section reducing the thickness of the casting format and the first sections below the level of the casting level to be set during the casting operation pass.
  • the inventor first recognized that the shape of the entire pouring area does not necessarily have to depend on the diameter and immersion depth of the pouring tube, but rather can be freely designed to a certain extent above the pouring level.
  • the parallel course of the broad side walls according to the invention in the area of the casting mirror results in a deformation-free guidance of the still thin strand shell immediately below the casting mirror.
  • the broad side walls in the first section can deviate slightly from the parallelism and have a slight inclination to one another in order to generate compressive stresses in the strand shell in the casting direction.
  • the first sections of the broad side walls advantageously have a length of 150-350 mm measured in the casting direction.
  • first sections of the broad side walls are followed by flat and / or curved second sections without a step.
  • two opposite broad side walls 1, 2 and two narrow side walls 3, 4 arranged between parallel side regions of the wide side walls 1, 2 form the molding space.
  • these are provided with channels 5, to which coolant supply and discharge lines 6, 7 are assigned.
  • the narrow side walls 3, 4, which are also cooled, can be adjusted by means of spindles 8 between the wide side walls 1, 2.
  • the broad side walls 1, 2 form a funnel-shaped pouring region 9 into the center thereof, into which a pouring tube 10 which introduces the liquid steel projects.
  • Each broad side wall 1, 2 has three sections of different contours on its inside. The first sections a, a ⁇ run essentially parallel to one another. In these sections, solidification takes place from the casting level 11, wherein bending stress on the still thin strand shell is avoided.
  • section b is represented by an inclined straight line and section b réelle by an arc, which illustrates the possible shapes in the form of flat or curved surfaces or combinations thereof.
  • the sections c, c ⁇ are arranged at a distance from each other of the strip thickness.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Continuous Casting (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Sheet Steel (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Confectionery (AREA)
  • Package Frames And Binding Bands (AREA)
  • Vessels, Lead-In Wires, Accessory Apparatuses For Cathode-Ray Tubes (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
  • Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

The invention provides a mold for the continuous casting of steel strip. The mold is arranged with a mold cavity having a longitudinal axis parallel to the casting direction. The width of the cavity in its upstream area is sufficient to provide at least the required minimum spacing between the pouring tube and the walls of the mold. The mold comprises side- and end-walls arranged respectively to define a cavity having three portions, the first being of substantially the same parallelepipedal cross-section as the strip being cast; the second being a flared area in the upper central area of the mold to accommoate a pouring tube, wherein the side-walls are tapered inwardly from the upper part of the mold to a lower point at which the cross-section of the mold approximates the size and shape of the strip being cast; and the third being a strand shell formation initialization zone in the flared area having walls extending in substantial alignment with the longitudinal axis of the mold from the surface level of the molten bath at which the strand shell starts to form, to a point where the strand shell is sufficiently thick to withstand tapering inwardly without wrinkling or rupturing.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Kokille zum Stranggießen von Stahlband mit gekühlten Breitseitenwänden und Schmal­seitenwänden, wobei die Breitseitenwände einen trichter­förmigen Eingießbereich bilden, der zu den Schmalseiten und in Gießrichtung auf das Format des gegossenen Bandes re­duziert ist.The invention relates to a mold for the continuous casting of steel strip with cooled broad side walls and narrow side walls, the wide side walls forming a funnel-shaped pouring area, which is reduced to the narrow sides and in the casting direction to the format of the cast strip.

Eine derartige, durch die DE-PS 887 990 bekannt gewordene Stranggießkokille besteht aus einem unteren Teil mit paralle­len Seitenwänden und einem oberen Teil, dessen Breitseiten­wände sich vom unteren Teil zur Schaffung eines Raumes für ein in die Schmelze eintauchendes Gießrohr bis zur Kokillen­oberkante trichterförmig erweitern. Dabei liegen Gießspiegel und Beginn der Strangschalenbildung im geneigten Wandbereich. Die Form des Eingießbereichs wird durch den Durchmesser und die Eintauchtiefe des Gießrohres sowie durch den erforder­lichen Sicherheitsabstand der Unterkante des Gießrohres von den Breitseitenwänden bestimmt.Such a continuous casting mold, which has become known from DE-PS 887 990, consists of a lower part with parallel side walls and an upper part, the wide side walls of which extend from the lower part in a funnel-shaped manner to create a space for a pouring tube immersed in the melt to the upper edge of the mold. The pouring level and the start of strand formation are in the inclined wall area. The shape of the pouring area is determined by the diameter and the immersion depth of the pouring tube as well as by the required safety distance between the lower edge of the pouring tube and the broad side walls.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist die Schaffung einer Stranggieß­kokille der obigen Gattung mit geringer Strangschalenbe­lastung unmittelbar unterhalb des Gießspiegels.The object of the invention is to provide a continuous casting mold of the above type with a low strand shell load directly below the casting level.

Nach der Erfindung wird die gestellte Aufgabe dadurch gelöst, daß die Breitseitenwände im Eingießbereich aus je einem ersten Abschnitt die zueinander im wesentlichen parallel verlaufen und je einem daran anschließenden auf die Dicke des Gießformats reduzierenden Abschnitt bestehen und die ersten Abschnitte bis unterhalb der beim Gießbetrieb einzu­stellenden Gießspiegelebene reichen.According to the invention, the object is achieved in that the broad side walls in the pouring area each consist of a first section which are essentially parallel to one another and each have a subsequent section reducing the thickness of the casting format and the first sections below the level of the casting level to be set during the casting operation pass.

Der Erfinder hat zunächst erkannt, daß die Form des gesam­ten Eingießbereichs nicht zwangsläufig von Durchmesser und Eintauchtiefe des Gießrohres abhängen muß, sondern oberhalb des Gießspiegels in gewissem Umfang frei ge­staltet werden kann. Durch den erfindungsgemäßen paralle­len Verlauf der Breitseitenwände im Bereich des Gieß­spiegels wird eine verformungsfreie Führung der noch dünnen Strangschale unmittelbar unterhalb des Gießspie­gels erreicht.The inventor first recognized that the shape of the entire pouring area does not necessarily have to depend on the diameter and immersion depth of the pouring tube, but rather can be freely designed to a certain extent above the pouring level. The parallel course of the broad side walls according to the invention in the area of the casting mirror results in a deformation-free guidance of the still thin strand shell immediately below the casting mirror.

Um der Gefahr einer Längs-rißbildung zu begegnen, können die Breitseitenwandungen im ersten Abschnitt geringfügig von der Parallelität abweichen und zur Erzeugung von Druck­spannungen in der Strangschale in Gießrichtung eine geringe Neigung zueinander aufweisen.In order to counter the risk of longitudinal cracking, the broad side walls in the first section can deviate slightly from the parallelism and have a slight inclination to one another in order to generate compressive stresses in the strand shell in the casting direction.

Die ersten Abschnitte der Breitseitenwände haben vorteil­haft eine in Gießrichtung gemessene Länge von 150 - 350 mm.The first sections of the broad side walls advantageously have a length of 150-350 mm measured in the casting direction.

In weiterer Ausbildung der Erfindung schließen sich an die ersten Abschnitte der Breitseitenwände ebene und/oder ge­wölbte zweite Abschnitte absatzfrei an.In a further embodiment of the invention, the first sections of the broad side walls are followed by flat and / or curved second sections without a step.

In der Zeichnung ist ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung dargestellt. Es zeigen

  • Fig. 1 die Draufsicht einer Bandgießkokille mit erweitertem Eingießbereich,
  • Fig. 2 die Innenansicht einer Breitseitenwand der Bandgieß­kokille mit zugeordneten Schmalseitenwänden und
  • Fig. 3 einen Querschnitt der Stranggießkokille gemäß der Linie II-II in Fig. 1.
In the drawing, an embodiment of the invention is shown. Show it
  • 1 is a top view of a strip casting mold with an enlarged pouring area,
  • Fig. 2 shows the inside view of a broad side wall of the strip casting mold with associated narrow side walls and
  • 3 shows a cross section of the continuous casting mold along the line II-II in FIG. 1.

Bei der dargestellten Stranggießkokille bilden zwei gegen­überliegende Breitseitenwände 1, 2 und zwei zwischen parallelen Seitenbereichen der Breitseitenwände 1, 2 ange­ordnete Schmalseitenwände 3, 4 den Formraum. Zur Kühlung der Breitseitenwände 1, 2 sind diese mit Kanälen 5 ver­sehen, denen Kühlmittelzu- und -ableitungen 6, 7 zugeordnet sind. Die ebenfalls gekühlten Schmalseitenwände 3, 4 sind durch Spindeln 8 zwischen den Breitseitenwänden 1, 2 ver­stellbar.In the continuous casting mold shown, two opposite broad side walls 1, 2 and two narrow side walls 3, 4 arranged between parallel side regions of the wide side walls 1, 2 form the molding space. To cool the broad side walls 1, 2, these are provided with channels 5, to which coolant supply and discharge lines 6, 7 are assigned. The narrow side walls 3, 4, which are also cooled, can be adjusted by means of spindles 8 between the wide side walls 1, 2.

Die Breitseitenwände 1, 2 formen zu ihrer Mitte einen trich­terförmig erweiterten Eingießbereich 9 in den ein den flüs­sigen Stahl einleitendes Gießrohr 10 hineinragt. Jede Breit­seitenwand 1, 2 weist an ihrer Innenseite drei Abschnitte unterschiedlicher Kontur auf. Die ersten Abschnitte a, aʹ verlaufen im wesentlichen parallel zueinander. In diesen Abschnitten erfolgt vom Gießspiegel 11 an die Erstarrung, wobei eine Biegebeanspruchung der noch dünnen Strangschale ver­mieden wird.The broad side walls 1, 2 form a funnel-shaped pouring region 9 into the center thereof, into which a pouring tube 10 which introduces the liquid steel projects. Each broad side wall 1, 2 has three sections of different contours on its inside. The first sections a, aʹ run essentially parallel to one another. In these sections, solidification takes place from the casting level 11, wherein bending stress on the still thin strand shell is avoided.

An den Abschnitten b, bʹ erfolgt die Zurückführung der Strang­schale auf die Formatdicke des zu gießenden Bandes. In Fig. 2 ist der Abschnitt b durch eine geneigte Gerade und der Ab­schnitt bʹ durch einen Bogen dargestellt, wodurch die mög­lichen Formgebungen in Gestalt ebener oder gewölbter Flächen oder Kombinationen derselben verdeutlicht werden.At sections b, bʹ the strand shell is returned to the format thickness of the strip to be cast. In Fig. 2, section b is represented by an inclined straight line and section b Abschnitt by an arc, which illustrates the possible shapes in the form of flat or curved surfaces or combinations thereof.

Die Abschnitt c, cʹ sind im Abstand der Banddicke zueinander angeordnet.The sections c, cʹ are arranged at a distance from each other of the strip thickness.

Zur Vermeidung von die Strangschale beanspruchenden Absätzen sind die Übergänge zwischen den Absätzen a, aʹ, b, bʹ und c, cʹ bogenförmig gestaltet.In order to avoid paragraphs that stress the strand shell, the transitions between paragraphs a, a sind, b, bʹ and c, cʹ are designed in an arc shape.

Claims (3)

1. Kokille zum Stranggießen von Stahlband mit gekühlten Breitseitenwänden und Schmalseitenwänden, wobei die Breitseitenwände einen trichterförmigen Eingießbereich bilden, der zu den Schmalseiten und in Gießrichtung auf das Format des gegossenen Bandes reduziert ist,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Breitseitenwände (1,2) im Eingießbereich (9) aus je einem ersten Abschnitt (a, aʹ), die zueinander im wesentlichen parallel verlaufen und je einem daran anschließenden auf die Dicke des Gießformats reduzieren­den Abschnitt (b, bʹ) bestehen und die ersten Abschnitte (a,aʹ) bis unterhalb der beim Gießbetrieb einzustellen­den Gießspiegelebene (11) reichen.
1. mold for the continuous casting of steel strip with cooled broad side walls and narrow side walls, the wide side walls forming a funnel-shaped pouring area that is reduced to the narrow sides and in the casting direction to the format of the cast strip,
characterized,
that the broad side walls (1, 2) in the pouring area (9) each have a first section (a, aʹ), which run essentially parallel to one another and each have a subsequent section (b, bʹ) that reduces the thickness of the casting format, and the first sections (a, aʹ) extend below the level of the casting level (11) to be set during casting.
2. Kokille nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die ersten Abschnitte (a,aʹ) der Breitseitenwände (1,2) eine in Gießrichtung gemessene Länge von 150 bis 350 mm haben.
2. mold according to claim 1,
characterized,
that the first sections (a, aʹ) of the broad side walls (1,2) have a length of 150 to 350 mm measured in the casting direction.
3. Kokille nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß sich an die ersten Abschnitte (a,aʹ) der Breitseiten­wände (1,2) ebene und/oder gewölbte Abschnitte (b bzw. bʹ) absatzfrei anschließen.
3. mold according to claim 1,
characterized,
that connect to the first sections (a, aʹ) of the broad side walls (1,2) flat and / or curved sections (b and b bzw.) without a step.
EP87116456A 1986-11-27 1987-11-07 Continuous-casting mould for steel strip Expired - Lifetime EP0268910B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT87116456T ATE66839T1 (en) 1986-11-27 1987-11-07 MOLD FOR CONTINUOUS CASTING OF STEEL STRIP.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3640525 1986-11-27
DE3640525A DE3640525C2 (en) 1986-11-27 1986-11-27 Mold for the continuous casting of steel strip

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0268910A2 true EP0268910A2 (en) 1988-06-01
EP0268910A3 EP0268910A3 (en) 1989-06-28
EP0268910B1 EP0268910B1 (en) 1991-09-04

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ID=6314896

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP87116456A Expired - Lifetime EP0268910B1 (en) 1986-11-27 1987-11-07 Continuous-casting mould for steel strip

Country Status (16)

Country Link
US (1) US4811779A (en)
EP (1) EP0268910B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH0787969B2 (en)
KR (1) KR960004417B1 (en)
CN (1) CN1010194B (en)
AT (1) ATE66839T1 (en)
BR (1) BR8706402A (en)
DD (1) DD262822A5 (en)
DE (2) DE3640525C2 (en)
ES (1) ES2023876B3 (en)
GR (1) GR3002667T3 (en)
IN (1) IN170153B (en)
MX (1) MX169480B (en)
SU (1) SU1597092A3 (en)
UA (1) UA6336A1 (en)
ZA (1) ZA877349B (en)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4131829A1 (en) * 1990-10-02 1992-04-16 Mannesmann Ag LIQUID-COOLED CHOCOLATE FOR THE CONTINUOUS CASTING OF STEELS IN STEEL SIZE
EP0552501A3 (en) * 1992-01-20 1995-02-22 Schloemann Siemag Ag
WO1999001244A1 (en) * 1997-06-30 1999-01-14 Sms Demag Ag Method and device for producing thin slabs
DE19801822C1 (en) * 1998-01-15 1999-03-18 Mannesmann Ag Continuous casting of metals
EP0904873A1 (en) * 1997-09-27 1999-03-31 Sms Schloemann-Siemag Aktiengesellschaft Gate geometry of a continuous casting mould for metal
EP1002599A1 (en) * 1998-11-21 2000-05-24 SMS Demag AG Mould for the continuous casting of metals
WO2002000371A1 (en) * 2000-06-20 2002-01-03 Sms Demag Aktiengesellschaft Continuous-casting mould, in particular for the continuous casting of thin slabs

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DE3709188A1 (en) * 1987-03-20 1988-09-29 Mannesmann Ag POURING PIPE FOR METALLURGICAL VESSELS
DE3801932A1 (en) * 1988-01-23 1989-08-03 Schloemann Siemag Ag METHOD FOR CASTING A STEEL STRIP IN A STEEL STRIP CASTING SYSTEM
AT392029B (en) * 1988-02-01 1991-01-10 Hulek Anton CONTINUOUS CASTING SYSTEM FOR CONTINUOUS STEEL
IT1228473B (en) * 1989-01-17 1991-06-19 Innocenti Santeustacchio Spa METHOD OF FEEDING A LINGOTTEIN IN A CONTINUOUS CASTING PLANT AND A LINGOTTEA COMPLEX FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE METHOD.
DE58902716D1 (en) * 1989-06-28 1992-12-17 Wieland Werke Ag CONTINUOUS CHOCOLATE FOR VERTICAL BAND CASTING OF METALS.
US5279354A (en) * 1990-11-30 1994-01-18 Acutus Industries, Inc. Method of continuous casting with changing of slab width
US5409053A (en) * 1991-02-06 1995-04-25 Concast Standard Ag Continuous casting mold
DE4233522A1 (en) * 1992-04-04 1993-10-07 Schloemann Siemag Ag Process for producing a wide mold side wall for a thin slab caster
JPH07254342A (en) * 1994-03-15 1995-10-03 Fuji Electric Co Ltd Thermal overload relay
US5620045A (en) * 1995-04-24 1997-04-15 Gerding; Charles C. Continuous casting mold formed of plate elements
DE19753537A1 (en) * 1997-12-03 1999-06-10 Schloemann Siemag Ag Funnel geometry of a mold for the continuous casting of metal
DE19802809A1 (en) * 1998-01-27 1999-07-29 Km Europa Metal Ag Liquid-cooled mold
DE19831998A1 (en) * 1998-07-16 2000-01-20 Schloemann Siemag Ag Continuous casting mold
DE10009073A1 (en) * 1999-11-10 2001-05-17 Sms Demag Ag Mold has a funnel-shaped casting region having cooled wide side walls and narrow side walls with the region tapering in the casting direction to format the casting strand
US6419005B1 (en) * 2000-06-29 2002-07-16 Vöest-Alpine Services and Technologies Corporation Mold cassette and method for continuously casting thin slabs
AU2002244616A1 (en) * 2001-02-09 2002-08-28 Egon Evertz K.G. (Gmbh And Co) Continuous casting ingot mould
AT410766B (en) * 2001-09-28 2003-07-25 Voest Alpine Ind Anlagen ended mold
CN1292858C (en) * 2004-01-17 2007-01-03 宝山钢铁股份有限公司 Water-cooled metal continuous-casting crystallizer
CN1972764B (en) * 2005-04-07 2011-12-07 乔瓦尼·阿尔韦迪 Process and system for manufacturing metal strips and sheets without solution of continuity between continuous casting and rolling
JP5076330B2 (en) * 2006-02-20 2012-11-21 Jfeスチール株式会社 Steel continuous casting method
CN104646642A (en) * 2015-02-02 2015-05-27 吉林建龙钢铁有限责任公司 Method for controlling width size of non-oriented silicon steel continuous casting slab blank
WO2019206694A1 (en) 2018-04-26 2019-10-31 Basf Se Process to increase the fraction of trans-isomers of a mixture of 2,4-diamino-1-methylcyclohexane and 2,6-diamino-1-methylcyclohexane

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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4131829A1 (en) * 1990-10-02 1992-04-16 Mannesmann Ag LIQUID-COOLED CHOCOLATE FOR THE CONTINUOUS CASTING OF STEELS IN STEEL SIZE
EP0552501A3 (en) * 1992-01-20 1995-02-22 Schloemann Siemag Ag
WO1999001244A1 (en) * 1997-06-30 1999-01-14 Sms Demag Ag Method and device for producing thin slabs
EP0904873A1 (en) * 1997-09-27 1999-03-31 Sms Schloemann-Siemag Aktiengesellschaft Gate geometry of a continuous casting mould for metal
CN1106238C (en) * 1997-09-27 2003-04-23 Sms舒路曼-斯玛公司 Running gate shape of metal continuous casting mould
DE19801822C1 (en) * 1998-01-15 1999-03-18 Mannesmann Ag Continuous casting of metals
EP1002599A1 (en) * 1998-11-21 2000-05-24 SMS Demag AG Mould for the continuous casting of metals
WO2002000371A1 (en) * 2000-06-20 2002-01-03 Sms Demag Aktiengesellschaft Continuous-casting mould, in particular for the continuous casting of thin slabs

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GR3002667T3 (en) 1993-01-25
BR8706402A (en) 1988-07-19
DE3640525A1 (en) 1988-06-01
UA6336A1 (en) 1994-12-29
ES2023876B3 (en) 1992-02-16
IN170153B (en) 1992-02-15
EP0268910A3 (en) 1989-06-28
KR960004417B1 (en) 1996-04-03
MX169480B (en) 1993-07-07
JPS63140743A (en) 1988-06-13
KR880005978A (en) 1988-07-21
DE3772717D1 (en) 1991-10-10
DE3640525C2 (en) 1996-02-15
JPH0787969B2 (en) 1995-09-27
CN87108058A (en) 1988-07-06
CN1010194B (en) 1990-10-31
ATE66839T1 (en) 1991-09-15
US4811779A (en) 1989-03-14
SU1597092A3 (en) 1990-09-30
DD262822A5 (en) 1988-12-14
EP0268910B1 (en) 1991-09-04
ZA877349B (en) 1989-05-30

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