EP0268516B1 - Vorrichtung zur Kühlung einer Röntgenröhre - Google Patents

Vorrichtung zur Kühlung einer Röntgenröhre Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0268516B1
EP0268516B1 EP87402390A EP87402390A EP0268516B1 EP 0268516 B1 EP0268516 B1 EP 0268516B1 EP 87402390 A EP87402390 A EP 87402390A EP 87402390 A EP87402390 A EP 87402390A EP 0268516 B1 EP0268516 B1 EP 0268516B1
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European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
heat
fluid
sheath
temperature
cooling device
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP87402390A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0268516A1 (de
Inventor
Emile Gabbay
Jacques Le Guen
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General Electric CGR SA
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General Electric CGR SA
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Publication of EP0268516A1 publication Critical patent/EP0268516A1/de
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Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J35/00—X-ray tubes
    • H01J35/02—Details
    • H01J35/04—Electrodes ; Mutual position thereof; Constructional adaptations therefor
    • H01J35/08—Anodes; Anti cathodes
    • H01J35/10—Rotary anodes; Arrangements for rotating anodes; Cooling rotary anodes
    • H01J35/105—Cooling of rotating anodes, e.g. heat emitting layers or structures
    • H01J35/106—Active cooling, e.g. fluid flow, heat pipes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05G—X-RAY TECHNIQUE
    • H05G1/00—X-ray apparatus involving X-ray tubes; Circuits therefor
    • H05G1/02—Constructional details
    • H05G1/025—Means for cooling the X-ray tube or the generator
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05G—X-RAY TECHNIQUE
    • H05G1/00—X-ray apparatus involving X-ray tubes; Circuits therefor
    • H05G1/02—Constructional details
    • H05G1/04—Mounting the X-ray tube within a closed housing

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for cooling an X-ray source, of the type in which an X-ray tube is cooled using a fluid which is put into forced circulation (see document: PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN, vol. 8, no.44 (E-229) [1481], 25 February 1984; & JP-A-58 198 899 (HITACHI SEISAKUSHO KK) 18-11-1983).
  • An X-ray source consists of an X-ray tube contained in an equipped sheath.
  • the sheath provides protection against X-rays, electrical and mechanical shocks.
  • the X-ray source further comprises a system for cooling the X-ray tube and the equipped sheath; this cooling being imposed by the fact that the electrical energy used to produce X-rays is transformed into X-rays with a yield of the order of 1%, that is to say that 99% of this energy is transformed into heat inside the source.
  • the frame rates are very high and can correspond to an average dissipation power of several thousand watts.
  • the cooling systems are much more important, and their efficiency conditions the operation and the performance of these radiodiagnostic installations where the thermal load of the radiogenic source is very high.
  • the most common cooling method when the thermal load is high, consists in cooling the X-ray tube using a fluid already contained in the sheath to provide electrical insulation; this fluid being oil for example.
  • the fluid or oil is forced into circulation around the X-ray tube, and outside the sheath where it passes through a cooling circuit which includes a heat exchanger: the fluid or oil, having received the heat produced by the X-ray tube , is cooled in turn when it passes through the heat exchanger; the heat exchanger being for example of the oil exchanger type or else of the type comprising a second circuit in which a second cooling fluid circulates, water for example.
  • the X-ray tube and the sheath are cooled by the oil which circulates in the sheath, the oil itself being cooled thanks to the heat exchanger whose dimensions must allow the heat produced by the power dissipated during a operating cycle of the X-ray source.
  • an operating cycle is formed of two consecutive periods of which the first corresponds to an intensive operation of the radiogenic source called time of examination, and whose second is called time of rest and corresponds when the operation of the latter stops.
  • time of examination an intensive operation of the radiogenic source
  • time of rest a second is called time of rest and corresponds when the operation of the latter stops.
  • the examination of a patient requires a large number of linked sectional views, so that during the examination time, the thermal load regime is very high; then between two examinations of patients, that is to say during the rest time no heating is brought to the radiogenic source.
  • the heat exchangers used in the prior art are oversized with respect to the power dissipated during an operating cycle. As a result, these heat exchangers have the disadvantages, in addition to a high cost, a large size and weight which lead to the use of heavy and complex mechanical means to make the sheath mobile.
  • the solution consists in increasing the heat capacity ⁇ of the assembly formed by the sheath and the cooling circuit. , by increasing the volume of the fluid or oil which is used to cool the sheath and the X-ray tube.
  • This solution apart from increasing the volume and the weight of the assembly, has the drawback of reducing the efficiency of the heat exchanger.
  • the quantity of heat which it makes it possible to dissipate is proportional to the temperature difference between the fluid or the oil which passes through the heat exchanger and the outside air.
  • the present invention relates to a device for cooling an X-ray source, making it possible to obtain efficient cooling of the sheath and the X-ray tube with a small volume of fluid or oil used to cool the sheath and the X-ray tube, while using a heat exchanger of small dimensions compared to the prior art.
  • This is obtained by a new arrangement of means which makes it possible, in particular, to carry out a storage of heat during the examination, then a restitution of this heat to the heat exchanger between examinations, so that the heat exchanger functions, in the best conditions, at a regime close to continuous.
  • a cooling device for an X-ray source comprising a sheath containing an X-ray tube operating with a higher thermal load during an examination time than during a rest time which follows the examination time, the sheath further containing a fluid to which the X-ray tube gives up its heat, the fluid being forced into circulation in a given direction in the sheath and in a cooling circuit comprising a heat exchanger, the heat stored by the fluid being partially removed the heat exchanger according to a first amount of heat, a second amount of the heat stored by the fluid tending to raise the temperature of the sheath-cooling circuit assembly, is characterized in that the cooling circuit comprises means for, on the one hand, storing a third quantity of heat stored by the fluid when the latter reaches a predetermined temperature, and on the other hand, for restoring this third quantity of heat to the heat exchanger via the fluid during the rest time which follows the examination time.
  • FIG. 1 shows a cooling device 1 intended to cool an X-ray source 2.
  • the X-ray source 2 comprises a sheath 3 containing in a conventional manner an X-ray tube 4.
  • the X-ray tube 4 is of a conventional type, and comprises a vacuum-tight envelope 5, a first end 6 of which carries a cathode 7 disposed opposite an anode disc 8, the anode disc constituting in the nonlimiting example described, a rotating anode.
  • the anode disc 8 is secured along its axis of symmetry 9.
  • the cathode 7 and the anode 8 are electrically connected respectively on the side of the first end 6 and the second end 11 of the casing 5, to a first and to a second high-voltage end 14,15 mounted conventionally on the sheath 3 of way out of the latter without compromising its tightness.
  • the high voltage ends 14,15 are intended to be connected in a known manner to one or more electrical sources (not shown); the other electrical connections necessary for the operation of the X-ray tube 4 being also known, and not participating in the invention, they are not shown in the figure.
  • the cathode 7 When the X-ray tube 4 is in operation, the cathode 7 generates an electron beam 19 which bombards the anode 8 at a point where it forms a focal point 16 from which X-rays are emitted; these X-rays form a beam 17 which leaves the sheath 3 through an outlet window 18.
  • the heat generated in the anode 8 by the bombardment of the electron beam 19 is transferred to the envelope 5, conventionally, mainly by thermal radiation from the anode 8.
  • the sheath 3 contains a fluid 20 in which the envelope of the X-ray tube bathes.
  • the fluid 20 is conventionally constituted by oil, the primary function of which is to provide electrical insulation in the sheath 3, which in the non-limiting example described, has the second function of cooling the X-ray tube 4; the fluid 20 or oil being called oil in the following description to simplify the latter.
  • the sheath 3 has at each of these two opposite ends 21, 22 an orifice 23, 24 by which it communicates with a cooling circuit 25 in which the oil 20 is forced into circulation, so as to be cooled outside the sheath 3 after receiving heat produced by the X-ray tube 4.
  • the cooling circuit 25 comprises on the one hand a pump 26 of a conventional type, intended to force the circulation of the oil 20, and on the other hand comprises a heat exchanger 27 of a type in itself conventional also .
  • the heat exchanger 27 is of the oil-air type, that is to say that the oil 20 which passes through the heat exchanger transfers its heat to the ambient air.
  • the heat exchanger 27 can for example be constituted by a radiator comprising a coil (not shown) provided with fins, and the oil 20 passing through this coil gives off heat to the ambient air by convection; this convection can be favored by a fan (not shown).
  • the cooling circuit further comprises means 28 for storing heat stored by the oil 20 before it passes through the heat exchanger 27.
  • an expansion device 31 is disposed between the sheath 3 and the means 28 intended to store the heat.
  • the expansion device 31 makes it possible to compensate for expansions of the oil 20 by a modification of its volume; this expansion device 31 being of a type known per se.
  • a second pipe 32 connects the means 28 for storing heat to an inlet 33 of the heat exchanger 27, the outlet 34 of which is connected by a third pipe 35 to the inlet 36 of the pump 26; an outlet 37 of the pump 26 being connected by a fourth pipe 38 to the inlet of the sheath 3, that is to say to the second orifice 24 which is disposed on the side of the cathode 7.
  • the pump 26 determines at the oil 20 a direction of circulation, represented in FIG.
  • the means 28 for storing heat have the function of storing heat stored by the oil 20 in contact with the X-ray tube 4. But, according to another characteristic of the invention, this function is only ensured from time when the oil temperature 20 a reaches a predetermined value when the oil 20 passes through the means 28 for storing the heat; that is to say that the means 28 for storing heat plays the role of a thermal flywheel whose action is controlled with a temperature threshold.
  • the means 28 for storing heat comprise a second heat exchanger 41.
  • the second heat exchanger 41 delimits an enclosed volume in which the fusion of a solid body C under the effect of the heat transferred to the second heat exchanger 41 by the oil 20.
  • the second heat exchanger 41 comprises a coil 42 in which the oil 20 to be cooled circulates.
  • the coil 42 is provided with fins 43 which form partitions, the interlacing of which constitutes cells 44 which are filled with the body C, symbolized in the figure by a cloud of points.
  • the nature of the body C is chosen so that its melting point is close to the predetermined temperature which in the nonlimiting example described corresponds to the maximum temperature which is desired for the oil 20 in the sheath 3.
  • the body C is also chosen to have a sufficiently high latent heat of fusion, of at least 10 calories per gram for example, so as to allow, from its fusion, to store a lot of heat in a small volume.
  • the body C can be constituted for example by stearic acid which melts at 70 ° C and has latent heat of fusion of the order of 50 calories per gram.
  • the fusion of the body C also makes it possible on the one hand to store a large amount of heat during the examination time T1 where the X-ray tube 4 operates with a high thermal load, and on the other hand allows this heat to be restored to the first heat exchanger 27, that is to say the oil 20, during the rest time T2 when the X-ray tube 4 operates with a reduced or zero thermal load, by the fact that the body C resolidifies and restores the heat that 'it accumulated during its merger.
  • the heat produced by the X-ray tube 4 is transferred to the oil during this examination time, and this heat is divided into two quantities Q1, Q2: the first quantity Q1 is removed by the first heat exchanger 27 during the exam time T1; the second quantity of heat Q2 raises the temperature of the assembly formed by the sheath 3 and the entire cooling circuit 25, as long as the melting of the body C has not occurred.
  • the melting of the body C occurs, the latter absorbs calories as a function of its latent heat of fusion, so that the temperature of the oil 20 at the inlet 33 of the first heat exchanger is substantially stabilized at the same temperature as the body melting temperature C.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates this operation by a diagram which shows the variations in the temperature ⁇ of the oil 20 at the inlet 33 of the first heat exchanger, as a function of time T, by a first curve 50.
  • the oil temperature 20 at instant to where the examination time T1 begins at a high thermal load regime is at a starting temperature ⁇ 1 between the temperature ⁇ o of the ambient area and the maximum temperature ⁇ m of the oil 20 in the sheath 3.
  • the temperature of the oil 20 increases from instant to at a second instant t1 where it reaches the melting temperature ⁇ f.
  • this fusion absorbs a third quantity of heat Q3 which corresponds to the calories that the X-ray tube 4 gives up to the oil 20 when the latter has reached the maximum temperature ⁇ m; so that the temperature of the oil 20 at the inlet of the first heat exchanger 27 is kept substantially constant at the same value as the melting temperature ⁇ f; the melting temperature ⁇ f may be a few degrees C lower than the maximum temperature ⁇ m of the oil 20 in the sheath 3.
  • the oil 20 maintains a temperature close to the melting temperature ⁇ f after the end, at a third instant t2 of the examination time T1. Indeed, from the third instant t2 which also corresponds to the start of the rest time T2, the X-ray tube 4 no longer produces heat, and the temperature of the oil 20 at the outlet of the sheath 3 decreases. As a result, the body C tends to re-solidify and gives back to the oil 20 the heat which it has stored during the examination time T1. It follows that the temperature of the oil 20 at the inlet of the first heat exchanger 27, retains substantially the same temperature as the melting temperature ⁇ f until a fourth instant t3 when the body C is fully resolidified. From this instant t4, the temperature of the oil 20 at the inlet of the first heat exchanger 27 decreases to reach the starting temperature ⁇ 1 at a fifth instant t4.
  • a second curve 51 shown in dotted lines in FIG. 2 illustrates the operation of a cooling device according to the prior art.
  • the oil which has received heat from an X-ray tube must be cooled by a cooler, for example of the same type as the first heat exchanger 27.
  • a cooler for example of the same type as the first heat exchanger 27.
  • the temperature of this oil increases, from the starting temperature ⁇ 1, up to to reach the maximum temperature ⁇ m admissible in the sheath at the third instant t2, then decreases until finding the starting temperature ⁇ 1.
  • the heat capacity equivalent to ⁇ of the sheath-cooling circuit assembly 3-25 is much lower than in the prior art , from which it results, on the one hand, a significant reduction in weight and size, and from where it results, on the other hand, that the maximum temperature ⁇ m is reached very largely before the end of the time of T1 exam.
  • Another advantage provided by the invention resides in the fact that it is not necessary to wait until the oil 20 has returned to the starting temperature ⁇ 1 to start a new examination time T1, it is that is to say to put the X-ray tube 4 back into operation with a high thermal load.
  • it is necessary that the oil is at the temperature of departure to start a new examination since the maximum temperature ⁇ m would be reached more quickly, and that in order not to exceed this maximum temperature ⁇ m it would be necessary to shorten the duration of the examination time.
  • Yet another advantage provided by the invention is that by maintaining an almost constant oil temperature, the effects of thermal expansion are minimized.
  • This description constitutes a nonlimiting example, which shows that a cooling device for an X-ray source in accordance with the invention makes it possible to obtain, compared to the prior art, much more efficient and safer cooling, while reducing significantly both the size and the weight of the sheath 3, of the heat exchanger 27 and of the oil 20.
  • the products capable of constituting the body C are numerous, and are chosen in particular according to the power dissipated during the examination time, the duration of the examination time and the maximum desired temperature of the oil in the sheath 3 So, for example, if it is accepted that the temperature of the oil 20 in the sheath 3 can rise to around 110 ° C., the body C can be methyl fumarate, the density of which is 1.37. and the melting point is at 102 ° C, with a latent heat of fusion of 60 calories per gram: if we consider a volume of seven liters of this body, these seven liters can store once reached the temperature of 102 ° C, approximately 2,353,000 Joules.
  • One liter of oil can store around 400 calories per degree and, for a temperature rise from 50 ° C to 100 ° C, one liter of oil can store 20,000 calories, i.e. 84,000 Joules.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • X-Ray Techniques (AREA)

Claims (10)

  1. Kühlvorrichtung für eine Röntgenquelle, mit einer Hülle (3), die eine Röntgenröhre (4) enthält, die mit einer thermischen Belastung arbeitet, welche während einer Prüfzeit (T1) größer als während einer auf die Prüfzeit (T1) folgenden Ruhezeit (T2) ist, wobei die Hülle (3) ferner ein Fluid (20) enthält, an welches die Röntgenröhre (4) ihre Wärme abgibt, wobei das Fluid (20) in einer gegebenen Richtung (40) in der Hülle (3) und in einem einen Wärmeaustauscher (27) umfassenden Kühlkreis (25) in Zwangszirkulation versetzt wird, wobei die von dem Fluid (20) während der Prüfzeit (T1) gespeicherte Wärme durch den Wärmeaustauscher (27) mit einer ersten Wärmemenge (Q1) teilweise abgeführt wird, wobei eine zweite, von dem Fluid (20) gespeicherte Wärmemenge (Q2) dazu tendiert, die Temperatur der Hülle-Kühlkreis-Einheit (3, 25) zu erhöhen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Kühlkreis (25) Mittel (28) umfaßt, um einerseits eine dritte, von dem Fluid (20) gespeicherte Wärmemenge (Q3) zu speichern, wenn dieses eine vorbestimmte Temperatur (ϑm) erreicht, und um andererseits mittels des Fluids (20) während der Ruhezeit (T2) diese dritte Wärmemenge (Q3) dem Wärmeaustauscher (27) zurückzuführen.
  2. Kühlvorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Mittel (28) zum Speichern der dritten Wärmemenge (Q3) einen zweiten Wärmeaustauscher (41) umfassen, in welchem das Fluid (20) zirkuliert und ein Festkörper (C) enthalten ist, der schmilzt und dank seiner latenten Schmelzwärme die dritte Wärmemenge (Q3) absorbiert, wenn das Fluid (20) die Schmelztemperatur (ϑf) des Körpers (C) annähernd erreicht.
  3. Kühlvorrichtung nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der während der Prüfzeit (T1) geschmolzene Körper (C) sich während der Ruhezeit (T2) wieder verfestigt, indem er die dritte Wärmemenge (Q3) über das Fluid (20) an den ersten Wärmeaustauscher (27) abgibt.
  4. Kühlvorrichtung nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Mittel (28) zum Speichern der Wärme bei Berücksichtung der Richtung (40) der Zirkulation des Fluids (20) vor dem ersten Wärmeaustauscher (27) angeordnet sind.
  5. Kühlvorrichtung nach einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die durch die Hülle (2), den Kühlkreis (25) und das Fluid (20) gebildete Einheit eine solche Wärmekapazität (µ) aufweist, daß das Produkt der Wärmekapazität (µ) und des Temperaturunterschieds (Δ ϑ) zwischen einer Anfangstemperatur (ϑ1) und der Maximaltemperatur (ϑm) kleiner als die Summe ( Q2 + Q3
    Figure imgb0010
     ) der zweiten und der dritten Wärmemenge (µ.Δ ϑ < Q2 + Q3)
    Figure imgb0011
     ist.
  6. Kühlvorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Schmelztemperatur des Körpers (C) zwischen 50°C und 120°C liegt.
  7. Kühlvorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 2 oder 3 oder 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Körper (C) eine latente Schmelzwärme aufweist, die größer als oder gleich 10 Kalorien pro Gramm ist.
  8. Kühlvorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Körper (C) aus Methylfumarat besteht.
  9. Kühlvorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Körper (C) aus Stearinsäure besteht.
  10. Kühlvorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Körper (C) aus Naphtalin besteht.
EP87402390A 1986-10-28 1987-10-23 Vorrichtung zur Kühlung einer Röntgenröhre Expired - Lifetime EP0268516B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8614978A FR2605799B1 (fr) 1986-10-28 1986-10-28 Dispositif de refroidissement d'une source radiogene
FR8614978 1986-10-28

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EP0268516A1 EP0268516A1 (de) 1988-05-25
EP0268516B1 true EP0268516B1 (de) 1991-07-24

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EP (1) EP0268516B1 (de)
DE (1) DE3771666D1 (de)
FR (1) FR2605799B1 (de)

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US8761338B2 (en) 2011-06-20 2014-06-24 The Boeing Company Integrated backscatter X-ray system
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FR2605799B1 (fr) 1989-01-13
FR2605799A1 (fr) 1988-04-29
US4780901A (en) 1988-10-25
DE3771666D1 (de) 1991-08-29
EP0268516A1 (de) 1988-05-25

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