EP0264634B1 - Car brightness drying agent - Google Patents

Car brightness drying agent Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0264634B1
EP0264634B1 EP87113667A EP87113667A EP0264634B1 EP 0264634 B1 EP0264634 B1 EP 0264634B1 EP 87113667 A EP87113667 A EP 87113667A EP 87113667 A EP87113667 A EP 87113667A EP 0264634 B1 EP0264634 B1 EP 0264634B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
denotes
water
alkyl
drying agent
car
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP87113667A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0264634A1 (en
Inventor
Manfred Dr. Hofinger
Hans-Walter Dr. Bücking
Alois Kirner
Günter Sauerwald
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Hoechst AG
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Hoechst AG
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Priority to AT87113667T priority Critical patent/ATE52274T1/en
Publication of EP0264634A1 publication Critical patent/EP0264634A1/en
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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
    • C11D1/38—Cationic compounds
    • C11D1/645—Mixtures of compounds all of which are cationic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
    • C11D1/38—Cationic compounds
    • C11D1/62—Quaternary ammonium compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
    • C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds
    • C11D1/835—Mixtures of non-ionic with cationic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
    • C11D1/38—Cationic compounds
    • C11D1/52—Carboxylic amides, alkylolamides or imides or their condensation products with alkylene oxides
    • C11D1/523—Carboxylic alkylolamides, or dialkylolamides, or hydroxycarboxylic amides (R1-CO-NR2R3), where R1, R2 or R3 contain one hydroxy group per alkyl group
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
    • C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds
    • C11D1/72—Ethers of polyoxyalkylene glycols

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a highly hydrophobic, water-dilutable car gloss drying agent which is used in very dilute form in washing and rinsing liquids in car washes.
  • surface-active agents in the wash water forms a closed, firmly adhering water film on the vehicle surface. This film must be removed to avoid stains or streaks from the salts and other contaminants in the water.
  • water-surface-active quaternary ammonium compounds are added in the rinse cycle. Due to the absorption of the cationic surfactant on the surface of the paint, the water film tears open and the water settles on the surface of the paint in the form of drops. The water drops can then be easily removed by a blower.
  • the new hydrophobic gloss drying agent raw materials according to the invention consist of a quaternary ammonium compound which contains an anion which is a non-corrosive anion.
  • Organic anions such as benzoate and propionate are particularly suitable here.
  • the invention relates to a car gloss drying agent which consists essentially of 5 to 90, preferably 8 to 80% by weight of a compound of the formula wherein R 1 and R 2 are C 8 -C 22 alkyl or C 8 -C 22 alkenyl, R 3 C 1 -C 4 alkyl, 'R hydrogen or C I -C 4 alkyl, n is a number from 1 to 20 and A is a benzoate or propionate anion, 5 to 70, preferably 8 to 50% by weight of a nonionic emulsifier of the formulas in which a 1 or 2, X is a number from 1 to 20, preferably 3 to 5, y and z are each numbers from 2 to 20, preferably 2 and R and R 1 have the meanings indicated above, and the weight of 100 % missing rest is water or an organic solvent.
  • the groups R 1 and R 2 preferably contain 16 to 18 carbon atoms.
  • the alkyl radical derived from natural tallow fat is particularly preferred.
  • methyl is preferred.
  • the water contained in the vehicle gloss drying agent according to the invention can be replaced in whole or in part by organic solvents, such as, for example, petroleum or lower alcohols, for example isopropanol.
  • these car gloss drying agents are produced by simply mixing the individual components. With the quantitative ratios given above, a concentrate is then obtained, which is further diluted 150 to 500 times, preferably 300 times with water and sprayed in this form as the last rinse water in car washes on the surface of the car.
  • a visual observation of the washed vehicles shows that after applying the gloss drying agent according to the invention, the water film tears open within 15 seconds and the remaining water quickly runs off in the form of drops or is blown away by the use of fans. After that, the car surface is dry, shiny and free of stains.
  • a particular advantage of the car gloss drying agents described is that these agents have a significantly reduced corrosive effect. This is of particular interest for the car washes themselves, where corrosion is avoided even if these car gloss driers are used for a long time.
  • the formulations according to the invention contain inexpensive components, have good storage properties and serve as a protective gloss coating when applied to automobile bodies.
  • the diluted form (2-6 g / l water) in which they can be used makes them extremely economical. 25 kg of the gloss agent according to the invention are sufficient to give a uniform gloss to approximately 1000-3000 automobiles.
  • the 10-20% water-soluble formulations produced from the gloss drying agent are easy to dilute because of their low viscosity and good miscibility with water, the formulation being able to be added directly to the rinsing water by means of a metering pump.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Detergent Compositions (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
  • Paints Or Removers (AREA)
  • Cosmetics (AREA)
  • Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
  • Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)

Abstract

1. A car brightness drying agent consisting essentially of 5 to 90% by weight of a compound of the formula I see diagramm : EP0264634,P4,F4 in which R1 and R2 denote C8 -C22 -alkyl or C8 -C22 -alkenyl, R3 denotes C1 -C4 -alkyl, R denotes hydrogen or C1 -C4 -alkyl, n denotes a number from 1 to 20 and A denotes a benzoate anion or propionate anion, 5 to 70% by weight of a nonionic emulsifier of the formula II see diagramm : EP0264634,P5,F1 or III see diagramm : EP0264634,P5,F2 in which a denotes 1 or 2, x denotes a number from 1 to 20, preferably 3 to 5, y and z each denote a number from 2 to 20, preferably 2 and R and R1 have the meaning given above, and water or an organic solvent in the amount required to make up to 100%.

Description

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein stark hydrophobierend wirkendes, mit Wasser verdünnbares Autoglanztrocknungsmittel, das in sehr verdünnter Form in Wasch- und Spülflüssigkeiten bei Autowaschanlagen verwendet wird. Bei der Autowäsche bildet sich durch die Anwendung von oberflächenaktiven Mitteln im Waschwasser auf der Fahrzeugobertläche ein geschlossener, festhaftender Wasserfilm aus. Dieser Film muß entfernt werden, um die Bildung von Flecken oder Streifen durch die Salze und sonstigen Verunreinigungen des Wassers zu vermeiden. Zu diesem Zweck werden im Nachspülgang wasseroberflächenaktive quaternäre Ammoniumverbindungen zugesetzt. Durch die Absorption des kationischen Tensids an der Lackoberfläche reißt der Wasserfilm auf und das Wasser setzt sich in Form von Tropfen an der Lackoberfläche ab. Die Wassertropfen lassen sich dann leicht durch ein Gebläse entfernen.The present invention relates to a highly hydrophobic, water-dilutable car gloss drying agent which is used in very dilute form in washing and rinsing liquids in car washes. When washing cars, the use of surface-active agents in the wash water forms a closed, firmly adhering water film on the vehicle surface. This film must be removed to avoid stains or streaks from the salts and other contaminants in the water. For this purpose, water-surface-active quaternary ammonium compounds are added in the rinse cycle. Due to the absorption of the cationic surfactant on the surface of the paint, the water film tears open and the water settles on the surface of the paint in the form of drops. The water drops can then be easily removed by a blower.

Es ist bekannt, daß zum Aufreißen des geschlossenen Wasserfilms im Nachspülgang dem Wasser oberflächenaktive quartemäre Ammoniumverbindungen zugestzt werden. Durch die Adsorption des kationischen Tensids an der Lackoberfläche reißt der Wasserfilm auf und das Wasser setzt sich tropfenförmig auf der Lackoberfläche ab. Weiterhin ist bekannt, daß durch Einsatz von Petroleum der Aufreißeffekt des Wasserfilms begünstigt wird. Die üblich verwendeten quartären Ammoniumverbindungen werden in Form von Chloriden in Formulierungen eingesetzt. Sie zeigen den Nachteil, daß solche Verbindungstypen gegen Eisen und Stähle korrosiv wirken, denn über kurze Zeit neigen Waschanlagen sowie auch ältere Automobile dazu, durch Korrosion Roststellen aufzuweisen. Autoglanztrocknungsmittel mit einem Gehalt an quartären Ammoniumverbindungen sind auch in der DE-OS 28 06 980 beschrieben.It is known that surface-active quaternary ammonium compounds are added to the water to rip open the closed water film in the rinse cycle. As a result of the adsorption of the cationic surfactant on the surface of the paint, the water film tears open and the water deposits on the surface of the paint in drops. It is also known that the tearing effect of the water film is promoted by the use of petroleum. The commonly used quaternary ammonium compounds are used in the form of chlorides in formulations. They show the disadvantage that such connection types have a corrosive effect against iron and steel, because for a short time washing systems and also older automobiles tend to show rust spots due to corrosion. Car gloss drying agents containing quaternary ammonium compounds are also described in DE-OS 28 06 980.

Überraschender Weise wurde gefunden, daß das in folgenden beschriebene Glanztrocknungsmittel diese erwähnten Nachteile nicht besitzt. Die erfindungsgemäßen neuen hydrophob wirkenden Glanztrocknungsmitteirohstoffe bestehen aus einer quartären Ammoniumverbindung, die als Anion ein nicht korrosiv wirkendes Anion enthält. Im besonderen Maße geeignet sind hier organische Anionen wie zum Beispiel Benzoat, Propionat.It has surprisingly been found that the gloss drying agent described below does not have these disadvantages mentioned. The new hydrophobic gloss drying agent raw materials according to the invention consist of a quaternary ammonium compound which contains an anion which is a non-corrosive anion. Organic anions such as benzoate and propionate are particularly suitable here.

Gegenstand der Erfindung ist ein Autoglanztrocknungsmittel, das im wesentlichen besteht aus 5 bis 90, vorzugsweise 8 bis 80 Gew.-% einer Verbindung der Formel

Figure imgb0001
worin R1 und R2 C8-C22-Alkyl oder C8-C22-Alkenyl, R3 C1-C4-Alkyl,' R Wasserstoff oder CI-C4-Alkyl, n eine Zahl von 1 bis 20, und A ein Benzoat- oder Propionat-Anion bedeuten, 5 bis 70, vorzugsweise 8 bis 50 Gew.-% eines nichtionischen Emulgators der Formeln
Figure imgb0002
worin a 1 oder 2, X eine Zahl von 1 bis 20, vorzugsweise 3 bis 5, y und z jeweils Zahlen von 2 bis 20, vorzugsweise 2 bedeuten und R und R1 die oben angegebenen Bedeutungen haben, und der an 100 Gew.-% fehlende Rest ist Wasser oder ein organisches Lösemittel.The invention relates to a car gloss drying agent which consists essentially of 5 to 90, preferably 8 to 80% by weight of a compound of the formula
Figure imgb0001
 wherein R 1 and R 2 are C 8 -C 22 alkyl or C 8 -C 22 alkenyl, R 3 C 1 -C 4 alkyl, 'R hydrogen or C I -C 4 alkyl, n is a number from 1 to 20 and A is a benzoate or propionate anion, 5 to 70, preferably 8 to 50% by weight of a nonionic emulsifier of the formulas
Figure imgb0002
 in which a 1 or 2, X is a number from 1 to 20, preferably 3 to 5, y and z are each numbers from 2 to 20, preferably 2 and R and R 1 have the meanings indicated above, and the weight of 100 % missing rest is water or an organic solvent.

Bei den oben angegebenen Formeln enthalten die Gruppen R1 und R2 vorzugsweise 16 bis 18 C-Atome. Besonders bevorzugt ist hierbei der Alkylrest, der sich vom natürlichen Talgfett ableitet. Bei den Ct-C4-Alkylgruppen unter den Bedeutungen von R und R3 ist Methyl bevorzugt. Das in dem erfindungsgemä-Ben Autoglanztrocknungsmittel enthaltene Wasser kann ganz oder teilweise durch organische Lösemittel ersetzt werden, wie beispielsweise Petroleum oder niedere Alkohole, etwa Isopropanol.In the formulas given above, the groups R 1 and R 2 preferably contain 16 to 18 carbon atoms. The alkyl radical derived from natural tallow fat is particularly preferred. In the case of the Ct-C4-alkyl groups under the meanings of R and R 3 , methyl is preferred. The water contained in the vehicle gloss drying agent according to the invention can be replaced in whole or in part by organic solvents, such as, for example, petroleum or lower alcohols, for example isopropanol.

Für die Praxis werden diese Autoglanztrocknungsmittel durch einfaches Mischen der einzelnen Komponenten hergestellt. Mit den oben angegebenen Mengenverhältnissen erhält man dann ein Konzentrat, das weiter mit Wasser 150 bis 500 fach, vorzugsweise 300 fach verdünnt und in dieser Form als letztes Spülwasser in Autowaschanlagen auf die Wagenobertläche aufgesprüht wird.In practice, these car gloss drying agents are produced by simply mixing the individual components. With the quantitative ratios given above, a concentrate is then obtained, which is further diluted 150 to 500 times, preferably 300 times with water and sprayed in this form as the last rinse water in car washes on the surface of the car.

Eine visuelle Beobachtung der gewaschenen Fahrzeuge zeigt, daß nach dem Auftragen des erfindungsgemäßen Glanztrocknungsmittels der Wasserfilm innerhalb von 15 Sekunden aufreißt und das restliche Wasser schnell in Form von Tropfen abläuft bzw. durch Einsatz von Gebläsen weggeschleudert wird. Danach ist die Wagenoberfläche trocken, glänzend und fleckenfrei. Als besonderer Vorteil der beschriebenen Autoglanztrocknungsmittel ist zu erwähnen, daß diese Mittel eine deutlich verminderte korrodierende Wirkung zeigen. Dies ist insbesondere für die Waschanlagen selbst von Interesse, wo auch bei längerfristigem Einstaz dieser Autoglanztrocknungsmittel eine Korrosion vermieden wird.

Figure imgb0003
A visual observation of the washed vehicles shows that after applying the gloss drying agent according to the invention, the water film tears open within 15 seconds and the remaining water quickly runs off in the form of drops or is blown away by the use of fans. After that, the car surface is dry, shiny and free of stains. A particular advantage of the car gloss drying agents described is that these agents have a significantly reduced corrosive effect. This is of particular interest for the car washes themselves, where corrosion is avoided even if these car gloss driers are used for a long time.
Figure imgb0003

Vor dieser Formulierung werden kontinuierlich 2-6 g/1 dem Spülwasser einer Autoschnellwaschanlage zugesetzt. Das Waschverfahren unfaßt das Waschen der Autokarosserie und die Spülung, der die vorstehend angegebene Formulierung zugesetzt wurde. Dann wurde zu Prüfungszwecken eine dritte Spülung aus frischem Wasser ohne Zusätze auf die Autokarosserie aufgespritzt, trockengeblasen und das Ergebnis visuell beobachtet. Dabei wurde festgestellt, daß beim Einsatz der Formulierung nach Beispiel 1 das Spülwasser schneller abläuft und auf der Oberfläche der Autokarosserie ein Glanz auftritt.Before this formulation, 2-6 g / 1 are continuously added to the rinse water of a rapid car wash. The washing process includes washing the car body and rinsing to which the above formulation has been added. Then, for testing purposes, a third rinse of fresh water without additives was sprayed onto the car body, blown dry and the result was observed visually. It was found that when using the formulation according to Example 1, the rinsing water runs off more quickly and a gloss appears on the surface of the car body.

Ersetzt man in der oben angegebenen Formulierung das Di-Talgfettalkylmethyloxethylammonium-Benzoat durch das Di-Talgfettalkyldimethylammoniumchlorid so zeigen sich in dem erwähnten Filterpapiertest nach einer Einwirkzeit von 2 Stunden deutliche Rostspuren an den Graugußspänen.

Figure imgb0004
If the di-tallow fatty alkylmethyloxethylammonium benzoate in the formulation given above is replaced by the di-tallow fatty alkyldimethylammonium chloride, the filter paper test mentioned clearly shows rust marks on the gray cast iron chips after an exposure time of 2 hours.
Figure imgb0004

Bei der Verwendung zur Spülung eines gewaschenen Automobiles wurden hier die gleichen Beobachtungen wie in Beispiel 1 gemacht.When used to rinse a washed automobile, the same observations as in Example 1 were made here.

Die erfindungsgemäßen Formulierungen enthalten billige Bestandteile, besitzen ein gutes Lagerungsvermögen, und dienen bei der Auftragung auf Automobilkarosserien als schützender Glanzüberzug. Die verdünnte Form (2-6 g/l Wasser) in der sie verwendet werden können, macht sie äußerst wirtschaftlich. 25 kg des erfindungsgemäßen Glanzmittels reichen aus, um ungefähr 1000 - 3000 Automobilen einen gleichmäßigen Glanz zu erteilen.The formulations according to the invention contain inexpensive components, have good storage properties and serve as a protective gloss coating when applied to automobile bodies. The diluted form (2-6 g / l water) in which they can be used makes them extremely economical. 25 kg of the gloss agent according to the invention are sufficient to give a uniform gloss to approximately 1000-3000 automobiles.

Die aus dem Glanztrocknungsmittel hergestellten 10-20 %igen wasserlöslichen Formulierungen sind wegen ihrer niedrigen Viskosität und guten Mischbarkeit mit Wasser leicht zu verdünnen, wobei die Formulierung mittels einer Dosierpumpe dem Spülwasser direkt zugesetzt werden kann.The 10-20% water-soluble formulations produced from the gloss drying agent are easy to dilute because of their low viscosity and good miscibility with water, the formulation being able to be added directly to the rinsing water by means of a metering pump.

Claims (2)

1. A car brightness drying agent consisting essentially of 5 to 90% by weight of a compound of the formula I
Figure imgb0007
in which R1 and R2 denote C8-C22-alkyl or C8-C22-alkenyl, R3 denotes C1-C4-alkyl, R denotes hydrogen or C1-C4-alkyl, n denotes a number from 1 to 20 and A denotes a benzoate anion or propionate anion, 5 to 70% by weight of a nonionic emulsifier of the formula
Figure imgb0008
in which a denotes 1 or 2, x denotes a number from 1 to 20, preferably 3 to 5, y and z each denote a number from 2 to 20, preferably 2 and R and R1 have the meaning given above, and water or an organic solvent in the amount required to make up to 100%.
2. The car brightness drying agent as claimed in claim 1 containing 8 to 80% by weight of a compound of the formula I and 8 to 50% by weight of a compound of the formula II or III.
EP87113667A 1986-09-25 1987-09-18 Car brightness drying agent Expired - Lifetime EP0264634B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT87113667T ATE52274T1 (en) 1986-09-25 1987-09-18 CAR SHINE DRYING AGENT.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19863632621 DE3632621A1 (en) 1986-09-25 1986-09-25 AUTOMOTIVE DRYING AGENTS
DE3632621 1986-09-25

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0264634A1 EP0264634A1 (en) 1988-04-27
EP0264634B1 true EP0264634B1 (en) 1990-04-25

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EP87113667A Expired - Lifetime EP0264634B1 (en) 1986-09-25 1987-09-18 Car brightness drying agent

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EP (1) EP0264634B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE52274T1 (en)
DE (2) DE3632621A1 (en)
ES (1) ES2015026B3 (en)

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4804492A (en) * 1986-11-07 1989-02-14 Sterling Drug Inc. Liquid sanitizing and cleaning compositions with diminished skin irritancy
WO1992021743A1 (en) * 1991-05-31 1992-12-10 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Rinsing composition
DE4430721A1 (en) 1994-08-30 1996-03-07 Hoechst Ag Car gloss desiccant
FR2784389B1 (en) * 1998-10-09 2005-10-28 Dehon Sa MIXTURE FOR A DRYING PREPARATION BATH FOR A MECHANICAL PIECE AND METHOD FOR DRYING A MECHANICAL PART USING THE MIXTURE
FR2784390B1 (en) * 1998-10-09 2005-03-11 Dehon Sa MIXTURE FOR A DRYING PREPARATION BATH FOR A MECHANICAL PIECE AND METHOD FOR DRYING A MECHANICAL PART USING THE MIXTURE
US6551974B1 (en) * 1999-04-20 2003-04-22 Ecolab Inc. Polish compositions for gloss enhancement, and method
US20030199410A1 (en) * 2002-04-11 2003-10-23 Ecolab Inc. Water removal from a surface without use of a hydrocarbon

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2806980A1 (en) * 1978-02-18 1979-08-30 Hoechst Ag CAR SHINE DRYING AGENT
DE3427726A1 (en) * 1984-07-27 1986-02-06 Rütgerswerke AG, 6000 Frankfurt AUTOHYDROPHOBIC AGENTS

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0264634A1 (en) 1988-04-27
DE3762425D1 (en) 1990-05-31
ES2015026B3 (en) 1990-08-01
ATE52274T1 (en) 1990-05-15
DE3632621A1 (en) 1988-03-31

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