EP0257278B1 - Shield grid electron tube, particularly a high power, high frequency emitting tetrode - Google Patents
Shield grid electron tube, particularly a high power, high frequency emitting tetrode Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0257278B1 EP0257278B1 EP87110165A EP87110165A EP0257278B1 EP 0257278 B1 EP0257278 B1 EP 0257278B1 EP 87110165 A EP87110165 A EP 87110165A EP 87110165 A EP87110165 A EP 87110165A EP 0257278 B1 EP0257278 B1 EP 0257278B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- connection element
- electron tube
- lead
- tetrode
- connection
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- KGWWEXORQXHJJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Fe].[Co].[Ni] Chemical compound [Fe].[Co].[Ni] KGWWEXORQXHJJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J19/00—Details of vacuum tubes of the types covered by group H01J21/00
- H01J19/28—Non-electron-emitting electrodes; Screens
- H01J19/38—Control electrodes, e.g. grid
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J19/00—Details of vacuum tubes of the types covered by group H01J21/00
- H01J19/74—Cooling arrangements
Definitions
- the invention is in the field of active electrical components and is concerned with the structural design of the air-cooled screen grid connection of an electron tube, the electrodes and associated bushings of which are arranged coaxially.
- the electrodes are usually insulated from one another by means of hollow cylindrical insulators.
- Transmitter tubes have also become known whose screen grille connection contains an integrated water cooling coil instead of air cooling (NTG Technical Reports 85, 1983, pages 128 to 132, published by VDE Verlag, Berlin, ISBN 3-8007-1321-7).
- NVG Technical Reports 85, 1983, pages 128 to 132, published by VDE Verlag, Berlin, ISBN 3-8007-1321-7 NVG Technical Reports 85, 1983, pages 128 to 132, published by VDE Verlag, Berlin, ISBN 3-8007-1321-7.
- this cooling device makes changing the tubes difficult and time-consuming.
- the invention has for its object to improve the heat dissipation at the connection of the screen grid electrode by suitable design measures.
- the screen grid is provided with a second connection element which is spaced apart from the first connection element in the axial direction and the implementation of which divides the insulator arranged between the first connection element and the next electrode into two insulator parts, that the second connection element and the associated bushing consists of a good heat-conducting metal with low RF losses and that the second connection element is also designed as a ring, the part of the bushing running between this ring and the insulator being provided with holes for the passage of cooling air.
- the power supply for the screen grid is divided into two separate bushings and connection elements.
- the large RF power is expediently supplied via the heat-conducting connection, while the smaller power for the screen grid control grid suction circuit is dissipated via the usual first connection.
- the additional screen grille leadthrough the shortest route directly through the insulator, it dissipates most of the heat loss in the immediate vicinity at the point of origin in a direct way into the cooling air flow passing the screen grille connection.
- the openings provided in the additional screen grille bushing ensure that the cooling air can flow along both on the inside and on the outside of the second connection element. In this way, the permissible temperature of the electron tube can be safely controlled.
- connection element and the associated bushing are only used for power supply and heat dissipation, they are expediently made of copper.
- first connection element and the associated bushing essentially serve the mechanical construction and the fastening of the screen grille and the closing of the vacuum envelope; these therefore suitably consist in the usual manner of an iron-cobalt-nickel alloy.
- Another advantage of the new design of the screen grating connection can be seen in the fact that, due to the arrangement of the second connection element, the system length caused by the electrical wavelength can be kept short regardless of mechanical requirements. Furthermore, a complete separation of the HF currents of the anode shield grid (G2) space and the control grid (Gi) shield grid (G2) space is achieved by the second shield grid connection. Couplings that can occur, for example, on the contact springs of the screen grid connection are thus excluded.
- the figure shows schematically in detail a transmitter tetrode with a coaxial structure of the electrodes.
- the connection of the screen grid 5 consists of two axially spaced annular connecting elements (contact rings) 1 and 2.
- the bushing 3 belonging to the connecting element 1 is provided in the area outside the screen grid / anode insulator with bores which prevent the passage of cooling air 7 allow the inside of the connector 1.
- the connecting element 1 consists of a metal or an alloy of high thermal capacity, preferably of copper.
- the associated bushing 3 also consists of a good heat-conducting material, namely one with low RF losses, preferably of copper.
- the first bushing 4 and the associated connection element 2 consist of a mechanically stable material, the coefficient of thermal expansion of which is adapted to that of the metal-ceramic material which is preferably used as the vacuum envelope 6.
- An iron-cobalt-nickel alloy is particularly suitable as the material for the leadthrough 4 and the associated connecting element 2 in order to obtain a vacuum-tight metal-ceramic connection of the vacuum envelope 6.
- the ceramic material serves as an insulation gap between the individual metal-ceramic connections or bushings of the tetrode.
- the screen grid 5 is fastened to the first bushing 4 by means of a screw 9.
Description
Die Erfindung liegt auf dem Gebiet der aktiven elektrischen Bauelemente und befaßt sich mit der konstruktiven Ausgestaltung des luftgekühlten Schirmgitteranschlusses einer Elektronenröhre, deren Elektroden und zugehörige Durchführungen koaxial angeordnet sind. Dabei sind die Elektroden üblicherweise mittels hohlzylindrischer Isolatoren gegeneinander isoliert.The invention is in the field of active electrical components and is concerned with the structural design of the air-cooled screen grid connection of an electron tube, the electrodes and associated bushings of which are arranged coaxially. The electrodes are usually insulated from one another by means of hollow cylindrical insulators.
Beim Betrieb von Elektronenröhren bei hohen Frequenzen treten zusätzliche Verluste auf, die durch Hochfrequenzströme hervorgerufen werden. Dies ist besonders der Fall, wenn Senderöhren mit hohen Anodenwechselspannungen betrieben werden. Die durch die Anodenwechselspannung gespeisten Hochfrequenzströme erzeugen im Gitter-Anodenraum auf den Zuführungen und den Elektroden Verluste, die durch spezielle Kühlung abgeführt werden müssen.When operating electron tubes at high frequencies, additional losses occur which are caused by high-frequency currents. This is particularly the case when transmitter tubes are operated with high anode AC voltages. The high-frequency currents fed by the anode alternating voltage generate losses in the grid anode space on the leads and the electrodes, which have to be dissipated by special cooling.
Bei Hochfrequenzröhren-Leistungsverstärkern mit Frequenzen von 100 MHz bis 1000 MHz, d.h. im VHF- bzw. UHF-Bereich, insbesondere im IVN-Bereich, stellt die Kühlung der Röhrenanschlüsse immer ein erhebliches Problem dar. Bei einem Betrieb bei hohen Frequenzen müssen die Röhren möglichst kurz und kompakt beschaffen sein, wodurch allerdings die Wärmeabfuhr immer schwieriger wird.For high frequency tube power amplifiers with frequencies from 100 MHz to 1000 MHz, i.e. In the VHF and UHF range, especially in the IVN range, the cooling of the tube connections is always a significant problem. When operating at high frequencies, the tubes must be as short and compact as possible, which, however, makes heat removal increasingly difficult.
Insbesondere sind bei Hochleistungsröhren für Sender im IVN-(UHF-)Bereich die Abmessungen (Systemlänge und Zuführungslänge) bedingt durch die elektrische Wellenlänge sehr kurz. Außerdem ist die Wärmeleitfähigkeit der in der Röhrentechnologie verbreiteten Werkstoffe so hoch, daß über die Anschlüsse eine Wärmeabfuhr stattfindet und daher entsprechend gekühlt werden muß.In particular, for high-performance tubes for transmitters in the IVN (UHF) range, the dimensions (system length and feed length) are very short due to the electrical wavelength. In addition, the thermal conductivity of the materials widely used in tube technology is so high that heat is dissipated via the connections and must therefore be cooled accordingly.
Bei Verwendung von Hochleistungstetroden in Leistungsverstärkem (Topfkreisen) stellt die Kühlung des Schirmgitteranschlusses immer besondere konstruktive und kühltechnische Anforderungen an den Anwender.When using high-performance tetrodes in power amplifiers (pot circles), the cooling of the screen grid connection always places special design and cooling requirements on the user.
Es ist bekannt, im Hinblick auf die bei hohen Frequenzen ansteigenden Hochfrequenzverluste zur forcierten Luftkühlung des Schirmgitteranschlußringes diesen Teil der Röhre mit einer besonderen Kühlluftführung zu versehen. Zwei an diesem Kühlluftkanal beiderseits der Anschlußfläche angebrachte Reihen von rechteckigen Öffnungen dienen dabei dem Luftein- und austritt (Senderöhren-Datenbuch 1980/81, S. 147, herausgegeben von Siemens AG, Bereich Bauelemente, München, Bundesrepublik Deutschland).It is known to provide this part of the tube with a special cooling air duct in view of the high-frequency losses increasing at high frequencies for forced air cooling of the screen grid connecting ring. Two rows of rectangular openings attached to this cooling air duct on both sides of the connection area serve for the air inlet and outlet (transmitter tube data book 1980/81, p. 147, published by Siemens AG, Components Department, Munich, Federal Republic of Germany).
Es sind auch Senderöhren bekannt geworden, deren Schirmgitteranschluß anstatt einer Luftkühlung eine integrierte Wasserkühlschlange enthält (NTG-Fachberichte 85, 1983, Seiten 128 bis 132, erschienen im VDE-Verlag, Berlin, ISBN 3-8007-1321-7). Diese Kühlvorrichtung macht allerdings einen Röhrenwechsel schwierig und zeitaufwendig.Transmitter tubes have also become known whose screen grille connection contains an integrated water cooling coil instead of air cooling (NTG Technical Reports 85, 1983, pages 128 to 132, published by VDE Verlag, Berlin, ISBN 3-8007-1321-7). However, this cooling device makes changing the tubes difficult and time-consuming.
Ausgehend von einer Elektronenröhre mit den Merkmalen des Oberbegriffes des Patentanspruches 1 liegt der Erfindung die Aufgabe zugrunde, durch geeignete konstruktive Maßnahmen die Wärmeabfuhr am Anschluß der Schirmgitterelektrode zu verbessern.Starting from an electron tube with the features of the preamble of claim 1, the invention has for its object to improve the heat dissipation at the connection of the screen grid electrode by suitable design measures.
Zur Lösung dieser Aufgabe ist gemäß der Erfindung vorgesehen, daß das Schirmgitter mit einem zweiten Anschlußelement versehen ist, das zum ersten Anschlußelement in axialer Richtung beabstandet ist und dessen Durchführung den zwischen dem ersten Anschlußelement und der nächstfolgenden Elektrode angeordneten Isolator in zwei Isolatorteile unterteilt, daß das zweite Anschlußelement und die zugehörige Durchführung aus einem gut wärmeleitenden Metall mit geringen HF-Verlusten besteht und daß das zweite Anschlußelement ebenfalls als Ring ausgebildet ist, wobei der zwischen diesem Ring und dem Isolator verlaufende Teil der Durchführung mit Löchern zum Hindurchströmen von Kühlluft versehen ist.To achieve this object, it is provided according to the invention that the screen grid is provided with a second connection element which is spaced apart from the first connection element in the axial direction and the implementation of which divides the insulator arranged between the first connection element and the next electrode into two insulator parts, that the second connection element and the associated bushing consists of a good heat-conducting metal with low RF losses and that the second connection element is also designed as a ring, the part of the bushing running between this ring and the insulator being provided with holes for the passage of cooling air.
Bei einer gemäß der Erfindung ausgebildeten Elektronenröhre ist die Stromzuführung für das Schirmgitter auf zwei separate Durchführungen und Anschlußelemente aufgeteilt. Dabei wird zweckmäßig über den gut wärmeleitenden Anschluß die große HF-Leistung zugeführt, während über den üblichen ersten Anschluß die kleinere Leistung für den Schirmgitter-Steuergitter-Saugkreis abgeführt wird. Da die zusätzliche Schirmgitterdurchführung auf kürzestem Wege direkt durch den Isolator hindurchgeführt ist, leitet sie den größten Teil der Verlustwärme in unmittelbarer Umgebung am Entstehungsort auf direktem Weg in den am Schirmgitteranschluß vorbeistreichenden Kühlluftstrom ab. Durch die in der zusätzlichen Schirmgitterdurchführung vorgesehenen Öffnungen ist dabei gewährleistet, daß die Kühlluft sowohl auf der Innenseite als auch auf der Außenseite des zweiten Anschlußelementes entlangströmen kann. Auf diese Weise läßt sich die zulässige Temperatur der Elektronenröhre sicher beherrschen.In an electron tube designed according to the invention, the power supply for the screen grid is divided into two separate bushings and connection elements. The large RF power is expediently supplied via the heat-conducting connection, while the smaller power for the screen grid control grid suction circuit is dissipated via the usual first connection. Since the additional screen grille leadthrough the shortest route directly through the insulator, it dissipates most of the heat loss in the immediate vicinity at the point of origin in a direct way into the cooling air flow passing the screen grille connection. The openings provided in the additional screen grille bushing ensure that the cooling air can flow along both on the inside and on the outside of the second connection element. In this way, the permissible temperature of the electron tube can be safely controlled.
Da das zweite Anschlußelement und die zugehörige Durchführung nur der Stromzuführung und der Wärmeabfuhr dienen, bestehen diese zweckmäßigerweise aus Kupfer. Dagegen dienen das erste Anschlußelement und die zugehörige Durchführung im wesentlichen dem mechanischen Aufbau und der Befestigung des Schirmgitters sowie dem Verschließen der Vakuumhülle; diese bestehen daher in üblicher Weise zweckmäßig aus einer Eisen-Kobalt-Nickel-Legierung.Since the second connection element and the associated bushing are only used for power supply and heat dissipation, they are expediently made of copper. In contrast, the first connection element and the associated bushing essentially serve the mechanical construction and the fastening of the screen grille and the closing of the vacuum envelope; these therefore suitably consist in the usual manner of an iron-cobalt-nickel alloy.
Ein weiterer Vorteil der neuen Ausgestaltung des Schirmgitteranschlusses ist darin zu sehen, daß infolge der Anordnung des zweiten Anschlußelementes die durch die elektrische Wellenlänge bedingte Systemlänge unabhängig von mechanischen Erfordernissen kurz gehalten werden kann. Weiterhin wird durch den zweiten Schirmgitteranschluß eine vollkommene Trennung der HF-Ströme des Anoden-Schirmgitter(G2)-Raumes und des Steuergitter(Gi)-Schirmgitter(G2)-Raumes erreicht. Damit sind Kopplungen, die beispielsweise an den Kontaktfedern des Schirmgitteranschlusses entstehen können, ausgeschlossen.Another advantage of the new design of the screen grating connection can be seen in the fact that, due to the arrangement of the second connection element, the system length caused by the electrical wavelength can be kept short regardless of mechanical requirements. Furthermore, a complete separation of the HF currents of the anode shield grid (G2) space and the control grid (Gi) shield grid (G2) space is achieved by the second shield grid connection. Couplings that can occur, for example, on the contact springs of the screen grid connection are thus excluded.
Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung ist in der Figur dargestellt. Dabei sind Teile, die nicht unbedingt zum Verständnis der Erfindung beitragen, unbezeichnet oder weggelassen.An embodiment of the invention is shown in the figure. Parts that do not necessarily contribute to an understanding of the invention are not identified or omitted.
Die Figur zeigt schematisch im Ausschnitt eine Sendetetrode mit koaxialem Aufbau der Elektroden - Kathode, Steuergitter, Schirmgitter und Anode - und deren Durchführungen. Der Anschluß des Schirmgitters 5 besteht aus zwei in axialer Richtung voneinander beabstandeten ringförmigen Anschlußelementen (Kontaktringen) 1 und 2. Die zum Anschlußelement 1 gehörende Durchführung 3 ist im Bereich außerhalb des Schirmgitter/Anoden-Isolators mit Bohrungen versehen, die das Hindurchtreten von Kühlluft 7 auf die Innenseite des Anschlußelementes 1 ermöglichen. Im Zusammenwirken mit den nicht näher bezeichneten rohrförmigen Zuleitungen des Topfkreises zu den beiden Anschlußelementen 1 und 2 ergeben sich auf diese Weise zwei koaxiale Kühlluftführungen, deren Verlauf durch die Pfeile 7 angedeutet ist.The figure shows schematically in detail a transmitter tetrode with a coaxial structure of the electrodes. Cathode, control grid, screen grid and anode - and their bushings. The connection of the screen grid 5 consists of two axially spaced annular connecting elements (contact rings) 1 and 2. The bushing 3 belonging to the connecting element 1 is provided in the area outside the screen grid / anode insulator with bores which prevent the passage of cooling air 7 allow the inside of the connector 1. In cooperation with the unspecified tubular leads of the pot circle to the two
Das Anschlußelement 1 besteht aus einem Metall oder einer Legierung hoher Wärmefähigkeit, vorzugsweise aus Kupfer. Die zugehörige Durchführung 3 besteht ebenfalls aus einem gut wärmeleitenden Werkstoff, und zwar aus einem mit geringen HF-Verlusten, vorzugsweise aus Kupfer. Die erste Durchführung 4 und das zugehörige Anschlußelement 2 bestehen aus einem mechanisch stabilen Werkstoff, dessen thermischer Ausdehnungskoeffizient an den des als Vakuumhülle 6 bevorzugt verwendeten Metall-Keramik-Materials angepaßt ist. Als Werkstoff für die Durchführung 4 und das zugehörige Anschlußelement 2 ist eine Eisen-Kobalt-Nickel-Lergierung besonders geeignet, um eine vakuumdichte Metall-Keramik-Verbindung der Vakuumhülle 6 zu erhalten. Das Keramikmaterial dient dabei als Isolationsstrecke zwischen den einzelnen Metall-Keramik-Verbindungen bzw. Durchführungen der Tetrode.The connecting element 1 consists of a metal or an alloy of high thermal capacity, preferably of copper. The associated bushing 3 also consists of a good heat-conducting material, namely one with low RF losses, preferably of copper. The first bushing 4 and the associated
Das Schirmgitter 5 ist an der ersten Durchführung 4 mittels einer Verschraubung 9 befestigt. Die außen an den Anschlußelementen 1 und 2 in Form eines Federkranzes angreifenden Kontaktfedern 8 erlauben eine nahezu unbeeinträchtigte Kühlluftführung in Richtung der Pfeile 7.The screen grid 5 is fastened to the first bushing 4 by means of a screw 9. The contact springs 8, which act on the outside of the
Claims (3)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19863625843 DE3625843A1 (en) | 1986-07-30 | 1986-07-30 | UMBRELLA ELECTRON TUBES, IN PARTICULAR TRANSMITTING TEDRODE, HIGH PERFORMANCE AND HIGH FREQUENCIES |
| DE3625843 | 1986-07-30 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0257278A1 EP0257278A1 (en) | 1988-03-02 |
| EP0257278B1 true EP0257278B1 (en) | 1990-05-23 |
Family
ID=6306351
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP87110165A Expired - Lifetime EP0257278B1 (en) | 1986-07-30 | 1987-07-14 | Shield grid electron tube, particularly a high power, high frequency emitting tetrode |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4779022A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0257278B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS6337538A (en) |
| DE (2) | DE3625843A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5315611A (en) * | 1986-09-25 | 1994-05-24 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | High average power magnetic modulator for metal vapor lasers |
| FR2649533B1 (en) * | 1989-07-04 | 1991-09-20 | Thomson Tubes Electroniques | OUTLET GRILLE TUBE ON COUPLED CAVITIES, WITH TUBE INTEGRATED COUPLING ELEMENT |
| DE59106482D1 (en) * | 1991-01-21 | 1995-10-19 | Thomson Elektronenroehren Ag | Controllable high-performance electron tube. |
| US5434770A (en) * | 1992-11-20 | 1995-07-18 | United States Department Of Energy | High voltage power supply with modular series resonant inverters |
| KR0151261B1 (en) * | 1995-07-14 | 1998-12-15 | 문정환 | Pulse width modulation circuit |
| US10491174B1 (en) * | 2017-04-25 | 2019-11-26 | Calabazas Creek Research, Inc. | Multi-beam power grid tube for high power and high frequency operation |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE162754C (en) * | ||||
| DE872609C (en) * | 1951-02-06 | 1953-04-02 | Siemens Ag | Air-cooled electron tubes |
| US3227905A (en) * | 1961-10-02 | 1966-01-04 | Eitel Mccullough Inc | Electron tube comprising beryllium oxide ceramic |
| US3567982A (en) * | 1968-12-23 | 1971-03-02 | Sylvania Electric Prod | Electron discharge device anode fin having heat distortion preventive means incorporated therein |
| US3641380A (en) * | 1970-02-24 | 1972-02-08 | Gen Electric | Anode electrode for electron discharge device |
| US4302701A (en) * | 1978-07-07 | 1981-11-24 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Directly heated cathode for an electron tube with coaxial electrode design |
| US4295077A (en) * | 1980-02-14 | 1981-10-13 | Rca Corporation | Circumferentially apertured cylindrical grid for electron tube |
| FR2564239B1 (en) * | 1984-05-09 | 1986-09-19 | Thomson Csf | ELECTRONIC TUBE PROVIDED WITH A CATHODE COOLING DEVICE |
| FR2564240B1 (en) * | 1984-05-09 | 1986-09-19 | Thomson Csf | ELECTRONIC TUBE PROVIDED WITH A GRID BASE COOLING DEVICE |
-
1986
- 1986-07-30 DE DE19863625843 patent/DE3625843A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1987
- 1987-06-12 US US07/060,815 patent/US4779022A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-07-14 EP EP87110165A patent/EP0257278B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-07-14 DE DE8787110165T patent/DE3762935D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-07-24 JP JP62185351A patent/JPS6337538A/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0257278A1 (en) | 1988-03-02 |
| DE3625843A1 (en) | 1988-02-11 |
| JPS6337538A (en) | 1988-02-18 |
| US4779022A (en) | 1988-10-18 |
| DE3762935D1 (en) | 1990-06-28 |
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