EP0253043A2 - Anlage zur kontinuierlichen Herstellung von Gruben-Paneelen aus zumindest teilweise vorverdichtetem verstärktem Beton mit entlang der Ober- und Unterseite, sowie vorhandenen Rippen verlaufenden vorgespannten Bewehrungen und auf der Anlage hergestellte Paneele - Google Patents

Anlage zur kontinuierlichen Herstellung von Gruben-Paneelen aus zumindest teilweise vorverdichtetem verstärktem Beton mit entlang der Ober- und Unterseite, sowie vorhandenen Rippen verlaufenden vorgespannten Bewehrungen und auf der Anlage hergestellte Paneele Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0253043A2
EP0253043A2 EP86830224A EP86830224A EP0253043A2 EP 0253043 A2 EP0253043 A2 EP 0253043A2 EP 86830224 A EP86830224 A EP 86830224A EP 86830224 A EP86830224 A EP 86830224A EP 0253043 A2 EP0253043 A2 EP 0253043A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
strip
pit
concrete
panels
production
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP86830224A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0253043A3 (de
Inventor
Antonio Russo
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ing A Russo & C Sas
Original Assignee
Ing A Russo & C Sas
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ing A Russo & C Sas filed Critical Ing A Russo & C Sas
Publication of EP0253043A2 publication Critical patent/EP0253043A2/de
Publication of EP0253043A3 publication Critical patent/EP0253043A3/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B23/00—Arrangements specially adapted for the production of shaped articles with elements wholly or partly embedded in the moulding material; Production of reinforced objects
    • B28B23/02—Arrangements specially adapted for the production of shaped articles with elements wholly or partly embedded in the moulding material; Production of reinforced objects wherein the elements are reinforcing members
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B1/00—Producing shaped prefabricated articles from the material
    • B28B1/08—Producing shaped prefabricated articles from the material by vibrating or jolting
    • B28B1/084—Producing shaped prefabricated articles from the material by vibrating or jolting the vibrating moulds or cores being moved horizontally for making strands of moulded articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B1/00—Producing shaped prefabricated articles from the material
    • B28B1/29—Producing shaped prefabricated articles from the material by profiling or strickling the material in open moulds or on moulding surfaces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B7/00—Moulds; Cores; Mandrels
    • B28B7/0029—Moulds or moulding surfaces not covered by B28B7/0058 - B28B7/36 and B28B7/40 - B28B7/465, e.g. moulds assembled from several parts
    • B28B7/0032—Moulding tables or similar mainly horizontal moulding surfaces

Definitions

  • the present invention concerns a system for the production of a new kind of pit-panel according to an original process which, even if maintaining all the positive features of the known pre-compressed pit-panels, strip-produced by vibratory finishing machines by forming or extruding (said features being e.g. self-lift, the low unitary weight, cheapness, quick production and the great resistance to stresses that allows the use of thicknesses uo to 75% less than other materials), eliminates all objections to this material.
  • a further objection concerns the fact, that it is impossible to make project, from the head of the panel, irons for the eventual connection with other casted parts of the structure in which the pit-panel enters like a component.
  • the process of realizing, on the upper face of the panel, millings for the housing of an additional reinforcement provided for absorbing negative moments, is not always accepted.
  • the aim set forth is reached by means of the system according to the present invention for the realization of a new process, mainly consisting in throwing concrete having the appropriate slump features onto a long strip, on which the pre-stretched or slow reinforcements have been laid, or even both in case of partial pre-compression.
  • Said strip is provided iwth lateral edges, while in the sense of the length thereof separators are placed at the desired distances, having such shapes as to serve for the cutting of the panel according to the length thereof as well as for the resting of the vibrating metal cores provided in the number and at the distance desired within the width of the strip.
  • the concrete throw completely covers said cores which are kept in vibration until the whole of the material has not been uniformly distributed.
  • a cope, also vibrating, is applied to the upper face of the throw, said cope ahving the function of completing the superficial vibration of the panel and to keep on cohesion the mass of fresh concrete during the immediately following extraction of the cores, that takes place making the same slide away from the housings provided in the separator sections and transfering them therefore along the strip in the space prepared for the next casting.
  • the cope is lifted, i.e. it will slide on the throw, or it may slide together with the cores at the moment of the extraction thereof.
  • the use of the cope depends on the kind of concrete being produced, which means that in the case of concrete with particularly positive slump it is not necessary to use the cope, at least in the realization of panels of little thickness.
  • the strip for the production of the pit-panels according to the present invention shows a metal bottom 1 or a concrete bottom 1', eventually provided with any heating system 3' (warm water, steam, diathermic oil), however prodived for the accelerated maturation of the materials.
  • any heating system 3' warm water, steam, diathermic oil
  • the strip shall be at least one hundred meters long: this reduces the displacement frequency of the production device from a strip to tt other.
  • the width of the strip will be determined according to the form chosen for the panel. As the form usually chosen (also for transport reasons) actual- ly is of 1.20 meters, a preferred embodiment of the strip may be realized in a width of 1.20 meters or 2.40 meters, wherein, in this last case, the strip may be devided in two half-strips by placing an appropriate separator. This does not means that strips with different forms may not be used, especially if they are already existing for other constructing purposes. It is also possible to realize strips up to 3.60 meters width: in this case, special transport carriages will be used.
  • the strip shall be provided with appropriate rails R on which the casting devices and the devices for the forming of the materials shall run.
  • the devices for the production of panels P by means of the plant and the process according to the present invention are the following:
  • the moving of the distribution carriage may take place by means of an electric or hydraulic motor, or also by a motor operated by compressed air. Finally, it is possible to connect the movement of this carriage to the one of carriage 5 for the moving of the cores, the edges etc.
  • Said carriage 3 may be carrying a rotating roller 4 or a vibrating shaft, adjustable in the sense of the height, for the levelling of the concrete at a determined height, thus performing a further finishing of the distribution as well as the eventual elimination fo the excess material.
  • Said carriage may also be equipped for other functions, like the temporary resting of the additional metal reinforcements, the eventual installation of hardening devices with compressed air, mono or three-phase electric energy with different voltages, plugs for movable vibrators, etc, and thus become a real polivalent service carriage.
  • the moving of carriage 5 may be determined by the connection thereof, by means of metal ropes of chains, to a winch placed at one of the ends of the strip.
  • Said winch will be provided with an appropriate speed reeducer and eventually also with a speed variator.
  • the towing winch may also be located on the same carriage, wherein the towing cable shall be hooked to one end of the strip.
  • a different moving may also be provided, by means a motor of the known kind placed on the same carriage; but in this case the rail shall be provided with an appropriate rack-rail for preventing an eventual slipping of the wheels of carriage 5, if the whole is not otherwise provided with appropriate weights for obtaining the requested adherence.
  • Carriage 5 on which alloperation switches are provided, shows at the head thereof a device that allows the hooking of form-tubes 6, representing the extractable cores that will form the pits A of panels P.
  • Said cores may have sections of any shape and dimension, said sections being determined by the project of panel P to be obtained, being in turn mainly conditioned by the less weight of the material itself, by the resistance that is to be given to the same and finally by conditions concerning thickness and capacity imposed by actual or future laws.
  • the most frequently used section is the circular one, being also the one that allows, due to the symmetry, the greatest core extraction facility.
  • section - in case of limited thickness of the panel - may be the one that does not mean the less weight of the material, and therefore it may be more convenient to use another kind of section for the form-tube (oval, polygonal with round off corners, quadrilateral with round off corners, etc.), keeping in mind that it is not appropriate to go over 12 cm of width of the pit so as to prevent the formation of eventual undulations in the upper surface of the panel.
  • the iength-of the cores is related to the maximul length obatinable for each thickness of panel, which in turns is determined by the regulation ordinances.
  • the maximum lengths may be provided for the extractable cores according to the thicknesses of the panel to be obtained. Therefore, as said cores may reach the length of 14 meters, they may be realized in such a way that various elements may be added until reaching the length requesting, in the production phase of a determined panel length.
  • the cores are inwardly provided with a series of vibrators 8, which start working successively, once the concrete casting performed by the distribution device reachs the position of each vibrator inside the form-tube 6. It is obvious that the vibration system shall be arranged in such a way that the vi - bration wave emitted by a vibrator does not interfere with th p nne of the adjacent vibrator, up to a possible reciprocal anulment of the vibration effect.
  • Each vibrator is covered with an external plate 8 1 easily removable, so as to make possible a quick replacement in case of damage. A possible damage to one of the vibrators should appear on the switch board of the carriage.
  • a rod carrying cams at due distances whereby said rod also may be jointed in correspondence with the form-tube elements and be placed into rotation at the due speed by an electric motor mounted at one end of the form-tube so that the vibration is obtained by the rotation of said cams.
  • That end of the form-tube 6 not being connected to the carriage rests, during rotation, in the apposite sliding housing provided in separator 9 mounted between one panel and the next one, while the other end is connected to the carriage by means of a device that allows, at the moment of extraction, not to make move all tubes together.
  • the device for connection to the carriage is of the quick kind for the easiest removing of the tube in case of damage of any of the vibrators thereof.
  • Edges 2 are also connected to the carriage, said edges having the function of containing the concrete at the lateral edges of the strip.
  • the edges must have the same length than the cores used for the panel to be produced, be easily removable from the carriage in case of modification of the thickness of the panel to be obtained, and finally they may be provided or not with vibrators.
  • edges 2 may consist in a plurality of jointable elements and are shaped according to the production requests.
  • edge shows appropriate housings for inserting shaped projecting irons 13, necessary for the horizontal connection of the panels and also for the lifting thereof from the strip and the further moving thereof.
  • edges 2 are moved by means of the same device moving the cores.
  • each panel P takes place, according to the present invention, by means of the series of casting separators 9, each of them showing the most different shapes and dimensions, and usually consisting in two overlapping boxes 14, wherein the two faces thereof being in contact with the casting repeat the shape of half of the section of the form-tube 6 representing the extractable core.
  • the lower half of separator 9 will be fixed to the strip at a desired distance according to the length of the panel P to be obtained.
  • the upper half will be fixed to the lower one before starting the casting of a strip and after the core sliding device has been arranged along said strip.
  • the shapes in which the sliding of the extractable cores takes place may be provided or not with gaskets of rubber, neoprene or plastic so as to facilitate the moving of the form-tubes as well as their free movement during the vibration.
  • boxes should be provided having heads shaped according to the sections of the form-tubes, to be inserted for the eventual forming of empty spaces in the panels for the passing of cables and tubings.
  • Submultiples of the form chosen may be obtained temporarily replacing one or more form-tubes special shapes for the separation of the castings in the longitudinal sense.
  • the moving of the described elements from one strip to the o ther may take place by means of bridge cranes.
  • the bridge cranes used should be at least two, with appropriate speed and carrying, to be employed one for the casting and the other one for the delivery operations.
  • Elevator carriages i.e. the same bridge cranes, may provide for the stockage of the panels.
  • the plant must be provided with a thermic plant (should an accelerated maturing system be adopted), with an electric energy distribution net in B.T. by means of plugs, with a section for the working and stockage of metal reinforcements, while it may be suggested to be provided also with a compressed air distribution net.
  • the strip may show a metal bottom 1 or a concrete bottom 1'; at both sides thereof, metal edges 2', appropriately shaped, are placed, said edges serving for containing the concrete as well as for the sliding of the movable edges 2.
  • the strip may be provided or containing or not housings for accelerated warm maturing devices 3' of the concrete.
  • Said egdes 2 may be part of said strip and therefore the moving thereof may take place manually or by means of hydraulic pistons.
  • the width of the strip is determined according to the form chosen in the project for the panel P to be obtained. Once the form has been chosen, the strip may be of equal, twice or multiple width.
  • the length of strip depends on the space available when it is mounted but it should be possibly not below 80 meters nor above 160 meters. ⁇ At the sides of the strip or on the same rails R for the running of the movable devices are fixed.
  • the strip may be autoreacting to the pre-stretching of the harmonic steel cables or strands, or independent from the hookings provided for the same.
  • the strip is of metal and supported by devices for an accelerated maturing 3' by heating, the same may not be autoreacting, and the sliding thereof due to dilatation will be assured preferably fixing the same at the centre and arranging apparatuses for the free sliding of the two resulting half-strips.
  • the means for the casting and the distribution of the concrete on the strip consist in a movable carriage 3, selfmoving or towed, carrying a bucket containing the concrete taken from the beton plant.
  • the carriage moves along the strip onto which the bucket discharges and distributes the concrete.
  • the carriages moves back operating a rotating roller 4 that completes the finishing of the upper face and at the same time eliminates the excess concrete.
  • said rotating roller 4 may act at the same time of the distribution and if the same is really well dosed, it may also be eliminated. However, the roller is necessary for a quick and sure calibration of the thickness of the panel.
  • Said roller may be replaced by a vibrating rod.
  • the carriage may be equipped also for other services requested along the strip, like the support of additional reinforcements, electric current plugs of different amperage, voltage and phase number, equipment for welding, connections for additional vibrators, connections for compressed air and similar.
  • the means for the formation of panels P consist in a movable carriage 5, selfmoving or towed, to which the lateral edges 2 are connected, as well as the form-tubes 6 representing the extractable cores, and a metal plate acting as cope 7 to be placed onto the upper face of the casting once the same has been finished and levelled by said rotating roller 4 or by the sole vibration.
  • the lateral edges 2 may or may not be provided with a half-roller 11, rotating, of variable section, for the realization of alternated profiles and empty spaces 12 on the lateral faces of the panels, as well as of housings for the insertion of projecting irons 13.
  • Said form-tubes 6 have sections according to the panel project.
  • the maximum length of the same depends on the maximum . light granted to the panel of the same thickness to be obtained.
  • the form-tubes 6 may also consist in various jointable elements, which however must al be strictly coaxial.
  • one or more vibrators 8 (or, as a variant, a rotating rod carrying cams that may produce vibrations) that start their action as soon as they are covered by the concrete and continue their action until said concrete has not been sufficiently vibrated.
  • the metal plate 7 After the passing of the rotating roller 4, i.e. after having obtained the levelling of the concrete of the upper face by means of one single vibration, the metal plate 7 will be laid on the upper face of the casting, said plate being provided with further vibrators that complete the vibration of the contact surface.
  • the casting is placed in a closed box, from which the cores are immediately extracted, while the lateral edges (if movable) slide together with the same.
  • the metal plate 7 having the function of a cope for the casting is lifted, or made slide, or even may itself slide together wil the cores.
  • the panels of lower thickness may also do without the cope, if the quality of the concrete casting has been particularly careful.
  • the panels are limited, in the transversal sense of the strip, by separator elements 9 that may be fixed to said strip, whereby the face thereof being in contact with the casting is appropriately provided with holes so as to facilitate the sliding thereof.
  • Said faces are also provided with holes for the passing of cables or strands for the pre-compression, or of projecting reinforcement irons.
  • the faces may be shaped or inclined in all senses according to the production requests, be toothed or step-shaped or in any other way.
  • the mounting of one or more of the series form-tubes may be omitted, replacing the same with special form-tubes that may act like separators in the longitudinal sense of the panel.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Rod-Shaped Construction Members (AREA)
  • On-Site Construction Work That Accompanies The Preparation And Application Of Concrete (AREA)
EP86830224A 1986-07-11 1986-07-29 Anlage zur kontinuierlichen Herstellung von Gruben-Paneelen aus zumindest teilweise vorverdichtetem verstärktem Beton mit entlang der Ober- und Unterseite, sowie vorhandenen Rippen verlaufenden vorgespannten Bewehrungen und auf der Anlage hergestellte Paneele Withdrawn EP0253043A3 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT48259/86A IT1195098B (it) 1986-07-11 1986-07-11 Impianto per la produzione su pista di pannelli alveolari in cemento armato precompresso o parzialmente precompresso o con armatura lenta estesa alle superfici inferiore e superiore ed alle costole e prodotto derivato
IT4825986 1986-07-11

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0253043A2 true EP0253043A2 (de) 1988-01-20
EP0253043A3 EP0253043A3 (de) 1989-03-29

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ID=11265543

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EP86830224A Withdrawn EP0253043A3 (de) 1986-07-11 1986-07-29 Anlage zur kontinuierlichen Herstellung von Gruben-Paneelen aus zumindest teilweise vorverdichtetem verstärktem Beton mit entlang der Ober- und Unterseite, sowie vorhandenen Rippen verlaufenden vorgespannten Bewehrungen und auf der Anlage hergestellte Paneele

Country Status (2)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0253043A3 (de)
IT (1) IT1195098B (de)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2001010616A1 (en) * 1999-08-09 2001-02-15 Addtek Research & Development Oy Ab Method and apparatus for producing concrete products
WO2013014156A1 (en) * 2011-07-27 2013-01-31 Poundfield Products Limited Manufacturing concrete
EP2671699A1 (de) * 2012-06-07 2013-12-11 Kp1 Montage eines Bohlenbelags zur Ausstattung einer Werkbank zur Herstellung von Balken durch Fließpressen
EP2944736A1 (de) * 2010-03-16 2015-11-18 John Anthony Douglas Bruce Durham Verbesserungen an oder im zusammenhang mit hohlkernplatten

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN114908677B (zh) * 2022-06-06 2023-04-14 江西省交通工程集团建设有限公司 一种大倾角拱肋支架的预压方法

Citations (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2225015A (en) * 1937-02-19 1940-12-17 Procedes Tech Const Method and means for producing concrete structures
GB707430A (en) * 1951-12-27 1954-04-14 Gottlieb Wolfer Apparatus for moulding concrete articles
GB907450A (en) * 1959-05-05 1962-10-03 Juan Vinas Tarres Improvements in or relating to the manufacture of hollow concrete blocks
US3181222A (en) * 1962-09-27 1965-05-04 Percy W Palmer Machine for manufacture of prestressed concrete conduit
US3200177A (en) * 1963-04-04 1965-08-10 Clarence Riegel Method of forming concrete articles and slip forming machine therefor
GB1177447A (en) * 1968-04-04 1970-01-14 Dansk Spaend As Improvements in and relating to Reinforced Concrete Elements
DE1683943A1 (de) * 1951-01-28 1971-03-04 Rheinquell Ets Mittels Gleitfertiger hergestelltes Betonfertigteil,vorzugsweise Spannbetonplatte
FR2118494A5 (de) * 1970-12-15 1972-07-28 Nilcon Ab Ing Firman
FR2145206A5 (de) * 1971-07-02 1973-02-16 Spiroll Corp Ltd
DE2225413A1 (de) * 1972-05-25 1973-12-06 Stetter Gmbh Maschine fuer die herstellung langgestreckter betonformteile
US3892826A (en) * 1968-10-28 1975-07-01 Dues Joseph J Method for forming a cored concrete slab
US3907951A (en) * 1971-10-06 1975-09-23 Modular Wall Systems Inc Method of forming concrete panels using electrically heated mold
EP0064377A2 (de) * 1981-05-01 1982-11-10 Fuji P.S. Concrete Co. Ltd. Vorrichtung zum Gleitformen von Spannbeton

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1550154A (en) * 1976-07-09 1979-08-08 Spiroll Corp Ltd Devices for forming shear keyways in extruded slabs of concrete material

Patent Citations (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2225015A (en) * 1937-02-19 1940-12-17 Procedes Tech Const Method and means for producing concrete structures
DE1683943A1 (de) * 1951-01-28 1971-03-04 Rheinquell Ets Mittels Gleitfertiger hergestelltes Betonfertigteil,vorzugsweise Spannbetonplatte
GB707430A (en) * 1951-12-27 1954-04-14 Gottlieb Wolfer Apparatus for moulding concrete articles
GB907450A (en) * 1959-05-05 1962-10-03 Juan Vinas Tarres Improvements in or relating to the manufacture of hollow concrete blocks
US3181222A (en) * 1962-09-27 1965-05-04 Percy W Palmer Machine for manufacture of prestressed concrete conduit
US3200177A (en) * 1963-04-04 1965-08-10 Clarence Riegel Method of forming concrete articles and slip forming machine therefor
GB1177447A (en) * 1968-04-04 1970-01-14 Dansk Spaend As Improvements in and relating to Reinforced Concrete Elements
US3892826A (en) * 1968-10-28 1975-07-01 Dues Joseph J Method for forming a cored concrete slab
FR2118494A5 (de) * 1970-12-15 1972-07-28 Nilcon Ab Ing Firman
FR2145206A5 (de) * 1971-07-02 1973-02-16 Spiroll Corp Ltd
US3907951A (en) * 1971-10-06 1975-09-23 Modular Wall Systems Inc Method of forming concrete panels using electrically heated mold
DE2225413A1 (de) * 1972-05-25 1973-12-06 Stetter Gmbh Maschine fuer die herstellung langgestreckter betonformteile
EP0064377A2 (de) * 1981-05-01 1982-11-10 Fuji P.S. Concrete Co. Ltd. Vorrichtung zum Gleitformen von Spannbeton

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2001010616A1 (en) * 1999-08-09 2001-02-15 Addtek Research & Development Oy Ab Method and apparatus for producing concrete products
EP2944736A1 (de) * 2010-03-16 2015-11-18 John Anthony Douglas Bruce Durham Verbesserungen an oder im zusammenhang mit hohlkernplatten
WO2013014156A1 (en) * 2011-07-27 2013-01-31 Poundfield Products Limited Manufacturing concrete
EP2671699A1 (de) * 2012-06-07 2013-12-11 Kp1 Montage eines Bohlenbelags zur Ausstattung einer Werkbank zur Herstellung von Balken durch Fließpressen
FR2991619A1 (fr) * 2012-06-07 2013-12-13 Kp1 Montage de platelage equipant un banc de fabrication de poutrelles par filage

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
IT8648259A0 (it) 1986-07-11
EP0253043A3 (de) 1989-03-29
IT1195098B (it) 1988-10-12

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