EP0231225A1

EP0231225A1 - Solar heating for buildings

Info

Publication number: EP0231225A1
Application number: EP86904107A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Hartmut Lohmeyer
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1985-07-26
Filing date: 1986-07-21
Publication date: 1987-08-12
Also published as: WO1987000607A1

Abstract

Chauffage solaire pour bâtiments avec des matériaux de construction qui emmagasinent la chaleur, et disposés à l'intérieur des bâtiments, ainsi qu'un bardage extérieur (34, 35) permettant le passage du rayonnement solaire, muni d'une couche externe de couverture (6, 19) en matière perméable à la lumière et de concentrateurs de rayonnement horizontaux en forme d'entonnoir possédant des côtés supérieurs et inférieurs réfléchissants. Construction en forme de composants monolithiques et de plaques massives possédant dee nervures coniques (1, 18, 24) séparées par des espaces intermédiaires (2, 17, 25) et s'étendant essentiellement horizontalement. Les nervures (1, 18, 24), grâce à des connexions verticales massives (6, 23), sont reliées ensemble pour former une seule pièce, de sorte qu'ils forment, par l'interaction entre les nervures (1, 18, 24) et les espaces intermédiaires (2, 17, 25), des concentrateurs de rayonnement dont les sorties de lumière (4, 21) sont étroites par rapport aux entrées de lumière (3).Solar heating for buildings with building materials which store heat, and arranged inside buildings, as well as an external cladding (34, 35) allowing the passage of solar radiation, provided with an external covering layer ( 6, 19) of light-permeable material and funnel-shaped horizontal radiation concentrators with reflective top and bottom sides. Construction in the form of monolithic components and massive plates having conical ribs (1, 18, 24) separated by intermediate spaces (2, 17, 25) and extending essentially horizontally. The ribs (1, 18, 24), by means of massive vertical connections (6, 23), are connected together to form a single piece, so that they form, by the interaction between the ribs (1, 18, 24) and the intermediate spaces (2, 17, 25), radiation concentrators whose light outputs (4, 21) are narrow compared to the light inputs (3).

Description

Solar heating for buildings

The invention relates to a solar heating system for buildings with heat-storing building materials arranged inside the building and an outer skin which is permeable to radiation and which is provided with an outer cover layer made of translucent material and horizontally extending funnel-shaped radiation concentrators with reflective top and bottom sides.

Such solar heaters are known. They consist, for example, of glazed light inlets with heat-storing construction materials arranged behind them in such a way that an air flow can wash them around, which then take over the heat transport into rooms to be heated. In addition, the heat-storing building materials naturally also cause heating by radiation of the heat they absorb. This principle of solar heating results in a significantly different heating of the rooms depending on the season, because in summer, in contrast to the reduced heat demand in this season, significant amounts of heat are absorbed, while in winter there is only a small amount of radiation available when there is an increased demand for heat, whereby it is also noticeable that, especially at night, there is a considerable loss of heat due to radiation from the heat-storing building materials, which runs out through the glazing. The well-known solar Heaters of the type described at the outset are problematic in two respects, they cannot compensate for the very different seasonal heat radiation, and they are also subject to severe losses due to the amount of heat radiated again.

It is also known in connection with solar collectors to provide them with selective layers which essentially let the solar radiation pass through, but on the other hand suppress the heat radiation emitted to the outside by heat absorbers provided in the solar collectors. However, it is inevitable that such selective layers also dampen the solar radiation, so that the effectiveness of the solar collectors is reduced accordingly. In addition, these selective layers are not able, in the case of strong sunlight, e.g. in midsummer to reduce this radiation to the necessary extent.

A solar heating system equipped with the selective layers mentioned, which ensures sufficient heating of the interior of the building with relatively low solar radiation, e.g. is switched off in winter, is therefore not able to adapt itself to the reduced heat demand during this time in the case of much stronger solar radiation in summer.

A solar heating system for concentrating as much incident sunlight as possible is described in European patent 0 029 442. For this purpose, rectilinear radiation concentrators with reflecting top and bottom sides are used, the top of which is parabolic. The radiation concentrators have an opening angle which is undesirable per se

Sunshine with a relatively high position of the sun, at for example in midsummer, still records, but at least partially excludes solar radiation when the sun is low. With regard to the structure of this solar heating, the disclosure of the patent specification amounts to assembling it from a multiplicity of more or less curved thin-walled surfaces and to produce the necessary connections by snap connections or welded connections. This creates a structurally complex structure, which leads to correspondingly expensive components when extended over larger areas of a building. In addition, because of the construction on which this is based, this solar heater cannot be designed as a relatively thin layer, ie it requires a considerable amount of space. It is also ineffective because of the multiple reflection desired.

The invention has for its object to provide a solar heater for buildings of the type mentioned, which automatically adapts to the respective solar radiation by taking into account the given heat demand, whereby in addition heat radiation from the heat-storing building masses to the outside should be largely avoided. Furthermore, the solar heating is to be designed in such a way that it can be produced inexpensively over a large area with a simple structural design. This object is achieved by a one-piece and solidly designed plate-shaped part with spaced, essentially horizontally extending, tapering ribs, which are integrally connected to one another by vertical solid connections extending over all ribs of a plate-shaped part such that the interaction between form the radiation concentrators with the ribs and the spaces with narrow light outlets compared to their light inlets.

The plate-like design of the outer skin with the essentially horizontal ribs and intermediate clearing according to the design described leads to the fact that the radiation concentrators formed by the ribs and gaps only absorb solar radiation, which differs depending on the latitude of the location in question and can vary, for example, between zero and about 30 ° angle of incidence. This area could be representative of a location near Hamburg, for example. Sunshine, especially in summer, which occurs at relatively large angles of incidence, is shielded due to the selective effect of the radiation concentrators, i.e. the sunlight is used in such a way that the solar radiation that occurs in winter at a relatively small angle of incidence is fully exploited, while that for space heating strong sunshine that is not required in summer is shielded. This automatically results in the effect of adapting the heat absorption to the heat requirement of the respective season. The selective and reflecting radiation concentrators also cause a reflection of the solar radiation incident at too large an angle to the outside, so that this effect additionally improves the automatic adaptation of the amount of heat made available to the respective heat requirement.

The special design of the radiation concentrators, which due to their tapering have an opening that is more outward than their narrow light outlets, means that the radiation from the heat-storing building mass remains almost fully usable, since it is mirrored between the light outlets due to the mirroring towards the interior of the building is caught and reflected back inside. This retroreflection remains essentially full with regard to its heat effect hold without the solar radiation, apart from the desired selection with regard to the angles of incidence, being damped due to the relatively wide, outwardly directed openings of the radiation concentrators.

It is possible to design either the gaps or the ribs as radiation concentrators. In the former case, the ribs are designed so that they taper towards the outside and are mirrored on all sides. In the latter case, the ribs are made of transparent material, while the empty spaces taper towards the outside, so that the ribs receiving the light radiation guide this light radiation through total reflection to the light outlets, the spaces between the light outlets being mirrored at a distance from the cover layer Last are used.

If the intermediate spaces are designed as radiation concentrators, the mirroring of the ribs ensures that light incident in the intermediate spaces is reflected in the direction of the light outlets. However, it is also possible to fill the intermediate spaces forming the radiation concentrators with transparent material, which results in an expanded, usable angle of incidence range depending on the refractive index of this material.

If the cavities are left empty, they are given a gas, in particular air, filling which may be under vacuum. When the intermediate spaces are evacuated, the particularly advantageous thermos bottle effect is obtained, which prevents the release of convection heat.

The vertical, solid connections required for one-piece production can be done on the one hand by form the outer cover layer or by mirrored crosspieces that run transversely to the horizontal extension of the ribs. The solar heater expediently also contains an inner cover layer, which can be formed from translucent or opaque material with the property of absorbing the sun's radiation. In the latter case, incident radiation is already absorbed by the inner cover layer and converted into heat radiation emitted to the interior of the building. The inner cover layer can also form the vertical, solid connection.

The inner cover layer made of opaque material can be designed differently. The inner cover layer can act as a heat radiator directed into the interior of the building. In this case the inner surface layer is separated from the building mass. But it is also possible to connect the inner surface layer to the building mass. In this case, the inner cover layer penetrates into the building mass with projections, via which heat is given off to the building mass. It is also possible to provide the inner cover layer with channels which are filled with a heat-storing or transporting medium. In the latter embodiment, it is also possible to separate the inner cover layer from the building mass or to connect it to the building mass.

The inner cover layer can expediently be formed in one piece with the ribs, the inner cover layer simultaneously serving as a connection.

Advantageously, so-called latent storage with a melting point adapted to the room temperature is accommodated in the heat-storing construction materials. Latent storage for the purposes of space heating are known. With these storage systems, the effect of the particularly large heat storage or heat emission during the transition from the solidified to the one is used liquid state or vice versa, the temperature of the storage medium in question remaining approximately constant. Paraffins and salt hydrates, for example, are used as the storage medium. With the help of such latent storage, in connection with the above-described solar heating according to the invention, there is the effect that in the event of excessive heat supply, the amount of heat can be absorbed by the latent storage, but the temperature of the latent storage remains essentially the same, so the space heating remains unchanged (no overheating effect ), while if the heat supply is too low, the latent storage is able to give off heat to the room in question at a constant temperature, which means that gaps in demand can be closed. The latent storage thus also leads to cooling, since in the event of excessive heat supply it ensures through its heat absorption that the room in question is kept at its temperature level.

The solar heating system according to the invention can also advantageously be used to perform additional heating tasks, for which purpose heat exchangers through which a heat-transporting medium flows are enclosed in the heat-storing construction materials. In this case, the heat exchanger used is advantageously a tube through which water flows and which is inserted into the heat-storing structural masses, if appropriate together with the latent storage means mentioned above. In order to supply these heat exchangers with sufficient heat, the solar heating according to the invention is to be dimensioned such that part of the heat obtained in it can be branched off to the heat exchangers without the heat fraction required for heating the room becoming too small. The heat exchangers could then be used, for example, in a known manner for hot water preparation or heating of remote rooms. The installation of the latent storage in the heat-storing building mass still has the advantage that no heat losses can occur on the way to the latent storage or away from the latent storage, since the building masses are in direct contact with the space to be heated. As is known, such latent storage is housed far away from known solar collectors, for example in the basement, but this has the disadvantageous effect that a lot of heat is lost on the heat transport path from the solar collector to the latent storage and vice versa from the latent storage to the point of use. Furthermore, a heated latent storage unit itself acts as a radiation source, so that if it is accommodated, for example, in the boar, it itself experiences losses as a result of this thermal radiation. If the latent storage is accommodated in the heat-storing building materials, this disadvantageous effect is eliminated, since, as stated, the heat-storing building materials are in direct contact with the rooms to be heated.

The solar heater according to the invention also has the advantage that it can be dispensed with any moving parts; it also does not require any control or maintenance and is independent of the power grid, since it regulates itself automatically with regard to its angle of incidence and the effect of the latent storage due to the effect of the selection of the incident light. Finally, the amount of heat captured remains fully usable because, on the one hand, unwanted retroreflection by the mirroring between the light outlets is avoided and, on the other hand, the amount of heat captured remains inside the building and cannot flow through any heat-transporting media into distant, unheated rooms. The heat losses which are unavoidable in known solar heaters due to heat-transporting media lead to the efficiency of this solar heater tongues is reduced accordingly. As a result, the known solar heaters only become effective when there is considerable radiation intensity. In contrast, the solar heater according to the invention manages with lower radiation densities, which is particularly important in winter, since in this period the irradiation can consist of up to 80% diffuse radiation, of which a considerable proportion can still be used by the solar heater according to the invention.

The design of the outer skin according to the invention, which on the one hand is practically completely transparent to the selected irradiation but largely reflects retroreflection, results in a strong thermal insulation effect. It is therefore possible and advantageous to provide the outer surface of a building with this outer skin as far as possible and thus to use practically the whole of the building as a solar heater. Compared to known solar heating systems, this makes many times the area usable for utilizing the solar radiation.

Exemplary embodiments of the invention are shown in the figures.

Show it:

1 is an outer skin in section, in which the radiation concentrators consist of transparent material,

Fig. 2a an outer hat in section, in which the

Radiation concentrators are formed by empty spaces between the ribs, 2b the outer skin of FIG. 2 in an isometric view,

3a an outer skin in which the radiation concentrators are made of translucent material and form the ribs,

3b the outer skin according to FIG. 3a in an isometric view,

Fig. 4 shows an outer skin for a slightly sloping roof slope, the structure of which corresponds to that of Figs. 3a and 3b.

Fig. 5 shows a section of a part of a building, which is provided with the outer skin.

6 an outer skin in section with the inner cover layer offset from the building mass,

7 shows an outer skin in section with an inner cover layer and protrusions penetrating into the building mass, and

8 an outer skin in section with channels contained in the inner cover layer

Fig. 9 shows an outer skin in section with an opaque inner cover layer and protrusions penetrating into the building mass.

The outer skin shown in Fig. 1 consists of the ribs 1, which may be made of plastic in particular, they are mirrored on all sides, so that light impinging on them is reflected. Any light transmission properties of the ribs 1 therefore occur not at. The spaces 2 between the ribs 1 form the radiation concentrators here. They are completely filled with transparent material, especially a transparent plastic. The gaps 2 forming the radiation concentrators taper from their light inlets 3 to light outlets 4, which are considerably narrower than the light inlets 3. The inner cover layer 5, which consists of transparent material, adjoins the light outlets 4. On the side opposite the cover layer 5, the outer skin shown is provided with the outer cover layer 6, which extends from the outer surface 7 to the area of the end faces 8 of the ribs 1.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the transparent material filling the spaces 2 merges into the outer cover layer 6, so that the outer cover layer 6 and the radiation concentrators formed by the spaces 2 are formed in one piece. Between the ribs 1 and the inner cover layer 5 there are the empty spaces 9; provided that counteract a transition of contact heat. The empty spaces 9 or spaces 17, 25 as cavities can be evacuated so that convection heat cannot spread through them. This gives the effect of a thermos bottle, so to speak.

1 shows both a light radiation 10 that is incident perpendicularly on the cover layer 6 and a radiation 11 that is incident at an angle of 30 °. Both rays 10 and 11 are guided from the gaps forming the radiation concentrators to the light outlets 4, the individual rays being reflected by the mirrored surfaces 12 and 13 of the ribs 1, respectively. As can be seen, apart from the direct beam passage, only one reflection takes place, which prevents undesired radiation losses. The two surfaces 12 and 13 of two adjacent ribs 1 each form a parabola half, the focal point of the parabolic surface 12 being the point 14 and the focal point of the parabolic surface 13 the point 15. There are therefore two different parabolas, of which the center line of the parabola half formed by the surface 12 runs parallel to the radiation 10 and the center line of the parabola half formed by the surface 13 runs parallel to the radiation 11, this penetrating the space 2. This configuration of the radiation concentrators formed by the interspaces 2 results in an angular range for incident light which is directed or reflected to the light outlets 4, as is represented by the beams 10 and 11 in FIG. 1, it being noted that the angle of incidence of the beam 10 represents a limit value at which a substantial part of the incident light does not yet lead to the light outlet 4. A slight deviation of the angle of incidence in the direction of the angle of incidence of the beam 11 then leads, however, to the light beams in question being reflected to the light outlet 4.

If the outer skin shown in FIG. 1 is attached to the vertical wall of a building, this means that the beam 11 is incident at an angle of 30 to the horizontal. This means that the outer skin according to Fig. 1, which is designed for vertical installation, is able to absorb incident light in an angle of incidence range of a little more than 0 ° up to about 30, which means that in the case of a building with a northern location Width, which corresponds approximately to the width of Hamburg, an optimal selection of the irradiation observed over the whole year is achieved. In the case of a location in Munich, there would be an angular range of a little more than 0 ° up to about 20 ° angle of incidence. As can be seen, the light inlet 3 is substantially larger than the light outlet 4, so that incident light is practically completely fed to the light outlets 4 via the radiation concentrators formed by the gaps 2. This results in the possibility of utilizing the rear sides 16 of the ribs 1 to reflect back reflection into the building from the inside of the building on the inner cover layer 5, so that because of the relatively large areas of the rear sides 16, this reflection is largely for heating the building in question remains usable. For this purpose, the rear sides 16 are mirrored. This has no influence on the introduction of the radiation into the interior of the building, since, as said, this radiation is supplied to the interior of the building in bundles via the light outlets 4.

FIG. 2a shows a modification of the construction according to FIG. 1, the gaps 17 again forming the radiation concentrators, but being left empty. As in the embodiment according to FIG. 1, the ribs 18 here consist of solid material, for example plastic, and are mirrored on all sides. In the case of Fig. 2a, because of the empty spaces 17, the outer cover layer 19 is designed as a separate, translucent material plate which e.g. out. Glass or plastic. The inner cover layer 5 corresponds to that according to FIG. 1. The ribs 18 are supported on the one hand with their end faces 8 against the outer cover layer 19 and on the other hand with the projections 20 against the inner cover layer 5. The light outlets 21 here consist of openings between the rear sides 16 of the ribs 18.

The construction according to Fig. 2a acts in the same way as that according to Fig. 1, so that in this regard on the Explanations to Fig. 1 can be referenced. In FIG. 2a, the light beam 22 is also drawn in, which is incident at an angle that is too steep to still be directed to the relevant light outlet 21. As can be seen, it is reflected back outwards, with which the outer skin shown in FIG. 2a fulfills its selection function.

The construction of an outer skin according to FIG. 2a is shown in FIG. 2b in an isometric representation, the inner cover layer being omitted for the sake of clarity of the representation. According to FIG. 2 b, the ribs 18 are held together via the transverse webs 23, which extend over all the ribs 18, which results in an injection molded part consisting of the transverse webs 23 and the ribs 18 with the projections 20. Overall, this results in a plate corresponding to the size of the mold. After shaping such a plate-shaped part, the ribs 18 are then mirrored, which also automatically includes a mirroring of the transverse webs 23, whereupon the outer cover layer 19 shown in FIG. 2b and the inner cover layer, not shown, are applied, with which the layer shown in FIG. 2a completely present in cross section outer skin.

The outer skin shown in FIG. 3a is one in which the ribs 24 form the radiation concentrators, the gaps being left empty. The embodiment according to FIG. 3a thus represents a reversal of that according to FIG. 2a. The outer cover layer 6 is here, as in the embodiment according to FIG. 1, integral with the radiation con centering ribs 24 united. In order to enable the reflection of retroreflection originating from the interior of the building, the mirrored strips 26 are inserted in the spaces between the light outlets 4, through which the effect of the rear sides 16 according to the embodiments according to FIGS. 1 and 2a is achieved.

3 (corresponding to the beams 10 and 11 according to FIG. 1) are reflected here by the parabolic surfaces of the ribs 24 by total reflection and, depending on the angle of incidence, are then also directed to the light outlets 4. In Fig. 3a, the light beam 27 is still drawn, which is initially totally reflected because of its angle of incidence on the parabolic surfaces of the rib 24 in question, but then penetrates the surface due to the limit angle being exceeded with refraction. It is a light beam whose angle of incidence exceeds the desired angular range, so that the light beam 27 does not reach the light outlet 4, which means that the in

Fig. 3a outer skin fulfills its selection function. This causes the thermos bottle effect already mentioned, insofar as the supply of heat from outside is metered in the desired manner.

FIG. 3b shows the outer skin according to FIG. 3a in an isometric illustration, the inner cover layer 5 and the strips 26 being omitted for reasons of clarity in FIG. 3b. This embodiment can e.g. Manufacture in one piece by multi-stage extrusion.

Fig. 4 shows an outer skin shown in section, the construction of which corresponds in principle to that of Fig. 3a. The outer skin shown in FIG. 4 forms a roof slope running at an angle of approximately 20 °. It is ge is suitable for picking up beams between angles of incidence from 0 ° to approx. 20 °, which would be appropriate for a location in Munich. With regard to the mode of operation of the outer skin shown in FIG. 4, reference can therefore be made to the explanations relating to FIGS. 3a and 1. The two beams 28 and 29 shown in FIG. 4 correspond to the beams 10 and 11 according to FIG. 1.

Fig. 5 shows a cross section through a part of the building, consisting of the foundation 30, the vertical outer wall 31, the false ceiling 32 and the roof 33. The outer wall 31 and the roof 33 are covered by the outer skin 34 and 35, respectively the direction of the radiation concentrators in question extends accordingly, as shown in FIGS. 1 to 4.

The radiation penetrating the outer skin 34 heats the heat-storing building mass arranged directly behind the outer skin 34, namely the outer wall 31, while the outer skin 35 heats the roof 33 arranged directly behind it. However, it is also possible to arrange the heat-storing construction materials at a distance from the outer skin. In the example shown in FIG. 5, rays penetrating the outer skin 35 would then hit the false ceiling 32 and the parapet 36 and heat them up. The training here is practically the same as that of a greenhouse. In this way, the interior of the building receives its required heating, which is regulated accordingly over the year due to the selection function of the radiation concentrators contained in the outer skin. The building material absorbing the radiation is heated in this way and in turn emits heat in the form of heat radiation, which results in a uniform heating of the interior of the building. Retroreflection through the outer skin 34 and 35 is thereby prevented by the measures described above. In order to compensate for larger heat fluctuations, latent storage 37 are installed in the outer wall 31 as well as the false ceiling 32 and the parapet 36, which act in the manner described above. They are set to a normal room temperature, ie they change their state of aggregation when heat is absorbed or emitted, without significantly changing their temperature.

In the outer wall 31, the heat exchanger 38 are additionally installed, which may consist of water pipes. The heat exchangers are also heated by heating the outer wall of the building and transport the heat supplied to them to any remote rooms or areas.

It should also be pointed out that the latent storage 37 and the heat exchanger 38 can alternatively be provided.

The structure of the outer skin shown in FIG. 6 corresponds to that of FIG. 3a

, The outer skin contains the ribs 24 which form the radiation concentrators and which consist of transparent material, in particular a transparent plastic. The spaces 25 are left empty. The outer cover layer 6 is integrated in one piece with the ribs 24. Beams of light that fall through the cover layer 6 are reflected by the parabolic surfaces of the ribs 24 by total reflection, and then, depending on the angle of incidence, are also directed to the light outlets 4 (see FIG. 2). 6 shows the light beam 27, which is initially totally reflected due to its angle of incidence on the parabolic surfaces of the rib 24 in question, but then the surface is refracted because the limit angle is exceeded 1 enforced. It is a light beam, the angle of incidence of which exceeds the desired angular range, so that the light beam 27 does not reach the light outlet 4, but is reflected back outwards, with which

5 the outer skin shown in FIG. 6 fulfills its selection function. The inner cover layer 5 here consists of a plate, e.g. made of radiation-absorbing metal, from which heat radiation is passed on to the interior of the building. To go from the inner cover layer 5 to the outside

To utilize 10-directional heat radiation, the mirrored strips 26 are used in the intervals between the light outlets 4, which reflect such heat radiation back onto the inner cover layer 5. It should also be noted that the function of the in Fig. 6

15 outer skin 34 otherwise corresponds to that according to FIG. 3a of the main patent.

The outer skin 34 shown in FIG. 7 is a structure made up of ribs 1 and interspaces 2, the interspaces 2. Here being the radiation concentrators

20 form. The gaps 2 are completely filled with transparent material, in particular a transparent plastic. The gaps 2 forming the radiation concentrators taper from their light inlets 3 to the light outlets 4 which are opposite the

25 light inlets 3 are significantly narrower. Connected to the light outlets 4 is the inner cover layer 39, which consists of an opaque plate made of radiation-absorbing material, e.g. made of metal, the plate engaging with protrusions 40 in the building mass 31,

30 which is e.g. can be the outside wall of a house. On the side opposite the cover layer 39, the outer skin 34 is provided with the outer cover layer 6, which extends from the outer surface 7 to the region of the end faces 8 of the ribs 1.

35 In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7, the transparent material filling the spaces 2 merges into the outer cover layer 6, so that the outer cover layer 6 and those formed by the spaces 2. Radiation concentrators are formed in one piece. Between the ribs 1 and the inner cover layer 39, the empty spaces 9 are provided, which counteract a transition of contact heat. The empty spaces 9 or spaces 25 (Fig.6.) As Cavities can be evacuated so that convection heat cannot spread through them.

FIG. 7 shows both a light radiation 10 incident perpendicularly on the cover layer 6 and a radiation 11 incident at an angle of 30. Both radiations 10 and 11 are guided from the spaces 2 forming the radiation concentrators to the light outlets 4, the individual beams being reflected by the mirrored surfaces 12 and 13 of the ribs 1, respectively.

The two surfaces 12 and 13 of two adjacent ribs 1 each form a parabola half, the focal point of the parabolic surface 12 being the point 14 and the focal point of the parabolic surface 13 the point 15. There are therefore two different parabolic halves, of which the center line of the parabolic half formed by the surface 12 runs parallel to the radiation 10 and the center line of the parabolic half formed by the surface 13 runs parallel to the radiation 11, this penetrating the space 2. This configuration of the radiation concentrators formed by the intermediate spaces 2 results in an angular range for incident light which is directed or reflected to the light outlets 4, as is the case through the beam 10 and 11, wherein it should be noted that the angle of incidence of the beam 10 represents a limit value at which a substantial part of the incident light just does not lead to the light outlet 4. A slight deviation of the angle of incidence in the direction of the angle of incidence of the beam 11 then leads, however, to the light beams in question being reflected to the light outlet 4.

The rear sides 16 of the ribs 1 are mirrored, as a result of which heat radiation directed outwards is reflected back by the inner cover layer 39.

The heating of the inner cover layer 39 caused by absorption of the incident radiation communicates itself to the projections 40, so that the heating of the inner cover layer 39 is intensively passed on to the building mass 31 due to the increase in surface area caused by the projections 40.

For the rest, with regard to the function of the outer skin 34 shown in FIG. 7, reference is made to the explanation for FIG. 1.

FIG. 8 shows a modification of the construction according to FIG. 7, the gaps 17 again forming the radiation concentrators, but being left empty. As in the embodiment according to FIG. 7, the ribs 18 here consist of solid material, for example of plastic, and are mirrored on all sides. In the case of the embodiment according to FIG. 8, because of the empty spaces 17, the outer cover layer 19 is designed as a separate, translucent material plate, which consists, for example, of glass or plastic. The inner one Cover layer 41 corresponds to that according to FIG. 6, but contains channels 42 which are filled with a heat-storing or transporting medium, for example water. If the channels 42 are connected to the interior of a building, then the channels 42 can also contain air, via which air circulation can then be brought about. In this case, the channels 42 should run essentially in the vertical direction. The ribs 18 are supported on the one hand with their end faces 8 against the outer cover layer 19 and on the other hand with their projections 20 against the inner cover layer 41. The light outlets 21 here consist of openings between the rear sides 16 of the ribs 18.

In FIG. 8, the light beam 22 is also drawn in, which is incident at an angle that is too steep to still be passed to the relevant interspace 21. As can be seen, it is reflected back to the outside, with which the outer skin shown in FIG. 3 fulfills its selection function.

The construction according to FIG. 8 acts in the same way as that according to FIG. 7, so that reference can be made to the explanations relating to FIG. 7 in this regard. For the rest, reference is also made to the explanation of FIG. 2a ^' .

It should also be pointed out that the inner cover layer 5, 39, 41 shown in FIGS. 6, 7 and 8 is interchangeable in the sense that the respective inner cover layer is used in another construction of the outer skin according to FIGS. 6 to 8 can. Thus, for example, the inner cover layer 5 can be used in the frame of the outer skin 3. In addition, it is of course also possible to use the inner cover layers according to FIGS. 6, 7 and 3 with an oblique arrangement, as shown in FIG. 4.

The outer skin shown in FIG. 9 consists of the outer, translucent cover layer 19, the ribs 18 and the inner cover layer 43 integrally connected to the ribs 18, the outer cover layer and the ribs 18 being formed from opaque material. The inner cover layer 43 merges into projections 40, as a result of which the heating of the inner cover layer 43 due to the increase in surface area caused by the projections 40 is passed on intensively to the building mass 31. The gaps 17 here form the radiation concentrators, which are left empty here.

The two surfaces 12 and 13 of the ribs 18 are mirrored up to the light outlets 4. However, the space 44 behind the light outlets 4 in the direction of the building mass 31 is not mirrored and therefore has an absorbing effect on light emerging through the light outlets 4. For this reason, a material must be used for the ribs 18, the inner cover layer 43 and the projections 40 which is sufficiently temperature-resistant and thermally conductive.

The absorption capacity of a surface is equal to its emission capacity. For this reason, a mirrored surface of the ribs cannot emit heat rays. In principle, the outward mirroring has the same effect as the inward mirroring.

Claims

PATENT CLAIMS

Solar heating for buildings with heat-storing building materials arranged inside the building and an outer skin (34, 35) permeable to radiation, which are provided with an outer cover layer (6, 19) made of translucent material and horizontally extending funnel-shaped radiation concentrators with reflective top and bottom sides , characterized by a one-piece and solid plate-shaped part with essentially horizontal, tapering ribs (1,18,24) separated by spaces (2,17,25), which in themselves over all ribs (1,18,24 ) of a plate-shaped part, vertical solid connections (6, 23) are integrally connected to one another in such a way that in the interaction between the ribs (1, 18, 24) and the intermediate spaces (2, 17, 25) the radiation concentrators with their light inlets ( 3) form narrow light outlets (4,21).

Solar heating according to claim 1, characterized in that the intermediate spaces (17) form the radiation concentrators and the ribs (18) taper towards the outside and are mirrored on all sides (Fig. 2a, 2b).

Solar heating according to claim 2, characterized in that the spaces (2) are filled with transparent material (Fig.1).

4. Solar heating according to claim 1, characterized in that the ribs (24) form the radiation concentrators and consist of transparent material and the spaces (25) taper towards the outside (Fig.3a, 3b).

5. Solar heater according to claim 4, characterized in that the connections are formed by the outer cover layer (6) (Fig.1, 3a, 3b).

6. Solar heater according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the connections are formed by mirrored crosspieces (23) which extend transversely to the horizontal extension of the ribs (18) (Fig. 2a, 2b).

7. Solar heating according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that an inner cover layer (5) made of translucent material is provided (Fig.1,2a, 3a, 4).

8. Solar heater according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that an inner cover layer (5) made of opaque material is provided with the property of absorbing solar radiation.

9. Solar heating according to claim 8, characterized in that the inner cover layer (5) acts as a heat radiator directed into the interior of the building.

10. Solar heating according to claim 8, characterized in that the inner cover layer (39) with projections (40) penetrates into the building mass (31, 33), via which heat is released to the building mass (31, 33).

11. Solar heater according to claim 8, characterized in that the inner cover layer (41) contains channels (42) with a heat-storing or transporting

Medium are filled.

12. Solar heater according to one of claims 7 to 11, characterized in that the inner cover layer (5) is integrally formed with the ribs and serves as a connection.

13. Solar heating according to claim 7, characterized in that the surface remaining between the light outlets (4,21) is provided with a mirroring acting in the direction of the interior of the building.

14. Solar heater according to claim 5, characterized in that in the spaces (25) in the area between the light outlets on all sides mirrored strips (26) are used.

15. Solar heater according to one of claims 8 to 14, characterized in that the inner cover layer (5) between the light outlets is provided with an outward mirroring.

16. Solar heating according to one of claims 1 to 15, characterized in that the heat-storing construction masses contain latent storage (37) with a melting point adapted to the room temperature.

17. Solar heating according to one of claims 1 to 16, characterized in that heat exchangers (38) through which a heat-transporting medium flows are enclosed in the heat-storing construction materials.

18. Solar heating according to one of claims 1 to 17, characterized in that the upper and lower sides (12, 13) of the concentrators have parabolic-like curvatures, the parabolic center lines of which correspond to the desired largest or smallest solar radiation angle, the parabola -The center line of the top of the concentrator corresponds approximately to the smallest solar radiation angle and the parabola center line of the lower surface corresponds approximately to the largest solar radiation angle.