EP0225270B1 - Weldable cast nickel base superalloy - Google Patents
Weldable cast nickel base superalloy Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0225270B1 EP0225270B1 EP86630172A EP86630172A EP0225270B1 EP 0225270 B1 EP0225270 B1 EP 0225270B1 EP 86630172 A EP86630172 A EP 86630172A EP 86630172 A EP86630172 A EP 86630172A EP 0225270 B1 EP0225270 B1 EP 0225270B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- alloy
- limiting
- level
- heat affected
- inconel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 7
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 9
- 229910000601 superalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 229910000816 inconels 718 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 6
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 5
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910001068 laves phase Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YYPYFBVEXBVLBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N [B].[S] Chemical compound [B].[S] YYPYFBVEXBVLBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002939 deleterious effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000994 depressogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001026 inconel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005493 welding type Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
- C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
- C22C19/05—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium
- C22C19/051—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W
- C22C19/055—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel with chromium and Mo or W with the maximum Cr content being at least 20% but less than 30%
Definitions
- the present invention concerns a process for improving the weldability of an alloy according to the precharacterizing portion of claim 1 and an alloy according to the precharacterizing portion of claim 2.
- This invention relates to compositional modifications of, a nickel base superalloy, Inconel R 718 (a product of the International Nickel Co., Inc.) to render it consistently weldable.
- Inconel 718 is a nickel base superalloy developed in the 1960s which has particular application in gas turbine engines. The nominal content of the required elements is 5.12% niobium plus tantalum, 19% chromium, 52.5% nickel, 3.05% molybdenum , 0.9% titanium, 0.6% aluminum, balance iron. Additionally, limits are placed on certain impurity elements such as silicon with a maximum of 0.3%, carbon with a maximum of 0.8% sulfur with a maximum of 0.015%, and manganese with a maximum of 0.35%. Inconel 718 is a moderate strength material particularly useful in the temperature range of about 538°C-816°C (1000 - 1500°F) and is apparently the subject of U.S. Patent No. 3 046 108.
- the alloy has been used in wrought form in which case it can be bent or otherwise formed into useful shapes, and in cast form in which case the geometry of the shape is essentially established by the casting process. Intricate shapes and close tolerance dimensions in both wrought and cast forms can also be achieved through machining.
- Modern gas turbine engines contain parts of substantially increased complexity compared to those of past generation engines.
- there is a great impetus to reduce the weight of engines so that whereas in past engines excessive material in castings was tolerated, in present engines there is a desire to remove all excess material.
- Concurrently there have been advances in the casting art so that parts of increased complexity can now be cast in almost final or net shape requiring minimum finish machining.
- there has also been an increase in both use temperature and applied stresses so that there has been a driving force to go to stronger materials.
- the cracking encountered in welding Inconel 718 has been analyzed and it was observed that the cracking, more properly described as microcracking, occurs in grain boundaries in the heat affected zone.
- the heat affected zone is that zone immediately adjacent the weld zone which has not itself melted during welding.
- FIG. l is a photomicrograph at a magnification of 1000X showing the appearance of a grain boundary in the heat affected zone (in Inconel 718) which has melted and resolidified after welding. A clear indication of extraneous phases can be seen in the center of the melted boundary, and there is evidence of cracking and/or void formation in the boundary, associated with the extraneous phase.
- Figure 2 is a 1000X scanning electromicrograph photograph of a crack or a void found at the center of a grain boundary in a heat affected zone, the lumpy or rounded crack surface morphology strongly suggests that the crack surface was formed from molten metal, i. e. the cracking occurred before solidification was complete.
- Table l shows the composition of the base alloy material, the composition of the grain boundary away from the weld zone and the composition of the grain boundary near the weld zone where cracking was observed.
- the reference letters in Table I corresponds to the letters in Fig. 1.
- the grain boundary near the weld zone also contain the previously referred to Laves phase. From the table it is seen that the composition at the grain boundary near where the weld zone has solidified is substantially increased in silicon (by about 10X) and in niobium (by about 6X) from the base metal composition.
- Figure 3 shows a S.E.M. photomicrograph in which techniques have been employed to enhance the contrast of MC carbides and it can be seen that there is a pronounced concentration of MC carbides in the heat affected zone grain boundary.
- the sulfur, zirconium, boron and phosphorus levels are preferably reduced to the lowest values commercially practical. It is theorized that the success in eliminating weld cracking which is observed in the compositions modified according to the present invention may be the result of a two-step sequence of events. First by reducing the boron, sulfur, zirconium and phosphorus (all of which are prone to concentrate at grain boundaries and are melting point depressants) melting of the grain boundaries in the heat affected zone may be substantially reduced. Second, for the reduced amount of grain boundary melting which does occur in the modified composition, the reduction of the niobium and silicon substantially eliminates the formation of the deleterious Laves phase. In addition by limiting the carbon content the amount of the MC carbide phase which forms is also reduced.
- Figure 1 is a photomicrograph of a grain boundary in the heat affected zone.
- Figure 2 is a S.E.M. photomicrograph showing voids associated with grain boundaries.
- Figure 3 is a S.E.M. photomicrograph showing M.C. carbides in grain boundaries.
- the best mode for carrying out the invention is first to limit the total content of niobium plus tantalum in the Inconel 718 composition to be between 4.75 and 5.125%, to limit the silicon level to a maximum of 0.05% and to change the carbon range to 0.03-0.06%. Also it is highly preferred to limit the sulfur, zirconium, boron and phosphorus contents to be as low as possible in consistent with commercial practice. The reduction of the sulfur, zirconium, boron and phosphorus is best achieved through the use of good modern practice in conjunction with the use of virgin starting materials, that is to say the use of pure individual starting elements rather than the use of revert or scrap material as starting material.
- Table II shows composition and weld test results of ten samples of Inconel 718 material. Seven of the ten samples were special test samples with controlled chemistries (according to the present invention) produced from virgin material, the remaining three samples were commerical engine parts produced in one case from virgin material and in two cases from revert or scrap material.
- the Table generally supports the thesis of the invention, that excessive amounts of silicon, niobium and/or carbon result in increased microcracking.
- the Table also supports the desirability of using virgin material inasmuch as the two samples produced in part from revert or scrap material had by far the highest microcracking.
- Samples number three and five which had niobium level at the high at or above upper end of the invention limit displayed the highest cracking levels of any of the virgin samples tested. Samples three and five also had carbon contents at the high end of those permitted by the invention limits. Accordingly it is believed that this data substantiates the affects of carbon, silicon and niobium, and the weldability of alloy Inconel 718 and that by limiting these elements as previously set forth the weldability of Inconel 718 can be substantially enhanced.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Arc Welding In General (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
- Chemically Coating (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
Description
- The present invention concerns a process for improving the weldability of an alloy according to the precharacterizing portion of claim 1 and an alloy according to the precharacterizing portion of claim 2.
- This invention relates to compositional modifications of, a nickel base superalloy, InconelR 718 (a product of the International Nickel Co., Inc.) to render it consistently weldable.
- Inconel 718 is a nickel base superalloy developed in the 1960s which has particular application in gas turbine engines. The nominal content of the required elements is 5.12% niobium plus tantalum, 19% chromium, 52.5% nickel, 3.05% molybdenum , 0.9% titanium, 0.6% aluminum, balance iron. Additionally, limits are placed on certain impurity elements such as silicon with a maximum of 0.3%, carbon with a maximum of 0.8% sulfur with a maximum of 0.015%, and manganese with a maximum of 0.35%. Inconel 718 is a moderate strength material particularly useful in the temperature range of about 538°C-816°C (1000 - 1500°F) and is apparently the subject of U.S. Patent No. 3 046 108.
- In the past the alloy has been used in wrought form in which case it can be bent or otherwise formed into useful shapes, and in cast form in which case the geometry of the shape is essentially established by the casting process. Intricate shapes and close tolerance dimensions in both wrought and cast forms can also be achieved through machining.
- Modern gas turbine engines contain parts of substantially increased complexity compared to those of past generation engines. In addition, there is a great impetus to reduce the weight of engines so that whereas in past engines excessive material in castings was tolerated, in present engines there is a desire to remove all excess material. Concurrently there have been advances in the casting art so that parts of increased complexity can now be cast in almost final or net shape requiring minimum finish machining. At the same time there has also been an increase in both use temperature and applied stresses so that there has been a driving force to go to stronger materials.
- All of these factors drive the gas turbine engine designer to seek to use complex cast parts of compositions such as Inconel 718. The major problem in making such complex parts is that Inconel 718 is somewhat prone to defect formation (including inclusions, shrinkage and cracks) during casting so that the casting of Inconel 718 to date has provided a relatively low yield of complex flaw-free parts. Accordingly, the practical application of complex cast parts of Inconel 718 is dependent upon the ability to weld repair castings which exhibit minor cracks and similar defects in noncritical areas. It would also be useful to have the capability to repair minor machining flaws. The Inconel 718 composition however desirable in other respects has historically suffered from a lack of consistent weldability.
- The cracking encountered in welding Inconel 718 has been analyzed and it was observed that the cracking, more properly described as microcracking, occurs in grain boundaries in the heat affected zone. The heat affected zone is that zone immediately adjacent the weld zone which has not itself melted during welding.
- Manual GTA (gas-tungsten-arc) welding has been used to evaluate the invention but it is believed microcracking associated with other types of welding will also be reduced. Material in the heat affected zone is heated to high temperatures during welding. Microcracking appears to occur as the result of localized melting of grain boundaries in the heat affected zone and separation of the grain boundaries upon cooling as a result of mechanical restraints.
- The cracking is associated with the presence of Laves type phases in the heat affected zone grain boundaries which have melted and resolidified and MC carbides in these same boundaries. Grain boundary melting has previously also been associated with high concentrations of melting point depressant impurities such as sulfur boron and phosphorus. Figure l is a photomicrograph at a magnification of 1000X showing the appearance of a grain boundary in the heat affected zone (in Inconel 718) which has melted and resolidified after welding. A clear indication of extraneous phases can be seen in the center of the melted boundary, and there is evidence of cracking and/or void formation in the boundary, associated with the extraneous phase. Figure 2 is a 1000X scanning electromicrograph photograph of a crack or a void found at the center of a grain boundary in a heat affected zone, the lumpy or rounded crack surface morphology strongly suggests that the crack surface was formed from molten metal, i. e. the cracking occurred before solidification was complete.
- Table l shows the composition of the base alloy material, the composition of the grain boundary away from the weld zone and the composition of the grain boundary near the weld zone where cracking was observed. The reference letters in Table I corresponds to the letters in Fig. 1. The grain boundary near the weld zone also contain the previously referred to Laves phase. From the table it is seen that the composition at the grain boundary near where the weld zone has solidified is substantially increased in silicon (by about 10X) and in niobium (by about 6X) from the base metal composition. Figure 3 shows a S.E.M. photomicrograph in which techniques have been employed to enhance the contrast of MC carbides and it can be seen that there is a pronounced concentration of MC carbides in the heat affected zone grain boundary.
- All these factors led to a decision to reduce the overall concentration of the niobium, the silicon and the carbon content. By reducing the niobium content from the standard specification range of 4.75-5.5% total for niobium plus tantalum (where tantalum is commonly occurring impurity in niobium which generally has the same alloying effects as
TABLE I Element (A) Base Metal (B) Grain Boundary (Wide Zone) (C) Grain Boundary (Centerline Phase) Ni 51.4 51.4 37.2 Co -- -- 0.3 Cr 19.1 18.2 12.4 Ti 1.1 1.0 1.1 Al 0.75 0.75 0.3 Fe 19.1 18.1 11.6 Mo 3.2 2.8 7.4 Nb 5.3 5.3 29.7 Si 0.1 0.1 1.0 - The foregoing, and other features and advantages of the present invention, will become more apparent from the following description and accompanying drawings.
- Figure 1 is a photomicrograph of a grain boundary in the heat affected zone.
- Figure 2 is a S.E.M. photomicrograph showing voids associated with grain boundaries.
- Figure 3 is a S.E.M. photomicrograph showing M.C. carbides in grain boundaries.
- The process and alloy of the present invention are defined respectively according to the characterizing portions of claims 1 and 2.
- The best mode for carrying out the invention is first to limit the total content of niobium plus tantalum in the Inconel 718 composition to be between 4.75 and 5.125%, to limit the silicon level to a maximum of 0.05% and to change the carbon range to 0.03-0.06%. Also it is highly preferred to limit the sulfur, zirconium, boron and phosphorus contents to be as low as possible in consistent with commercial practice. The reduction of the sulfur, zirconium, boron and phosphorus is best achieved through the use of good modern practice in conjunction with the use of virgin starting materials, that is to say the use of pure individual starting elements rather than the use of revert or scrap material as starting material.
- Table II shows composition and weld test results of ten samples of Inconel 718 material. Seven of the ten samples were special test samples with controlled chemistries (according to the present invention) produced from virgin material, the remaining three samples were commerical engine parts produced in one case from virgin material and in two cases from revert
or scrap material. The Table generally supports the thesis of the invention, that excessive amounts of silicon, niobium and/or carbon result in increased microcracking. The Table also supports the desirability of using virgin material inasmuch as the two samples produced in part from revert or scrap material had by far the highest microcracking. Samples number three and five which had niobium level at the high at or above upper end of the invention limit displayed the highest cracking levels of any of the virgin samples tested. Samples three and five also had carbon contents at the high end of those permitted by the invention limits. Accordingly it is believed that this data substantiates the affects of carbon, silicon and niobium, and the weldability of alloy Inconel 718 and that by limiting these elements as previously set forth the weldability of Inconel 718 can be substantially enhanced.
Claims (2)
- Process for improving the weldability of an alloy whose normal composites of:
17-21% Cr
50-55% Ni
2.8-3.0% Mo
0.65 - 1.15% Ti
0.2 - 0.8% Al
4.75-5.5% (Nb+Ta)
up to 0.10% C
up to 0.35% Si,
balance iron along with normally occurring minor impurities, characterized in modifying the alloy composition by
limiting the (Nb+Ta) level to the range of 4.75 - 5.1,
limiting the Si level to 0.05% maximum,
and changing the carbon content requirement to 0.03-0.06%
whereby said modified alloy is rendered substantially weldable and is substantially free from cracks in the heat affected zone after welding. - An alloy whose normal composites of:
17-21% Cr
50-55% Ni
2.8-3.0% Mo
0.65-1.15% Ti
0.2-0.8% Al
4.75-5.5% (Nb+Ta)
up to 0.10% C
up to 0.35% Si,
balance iron along with normally occurring minor impurities,
characterized by
the improvement which comprises modifying the alloy composition by
limiting the (Nb+Ta) level to the range of 4.75-5.1,
limiting the Si level to 0.05% maximum,
and changing the carbon content requirement to 0.03-0.06%
whereby said modified alloy is rendered substantially weldable and is substantially free from cracks in the heat affected zone after welding.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US80198285A | 1985-11-26 | 1985-11-26 | |
US801982 | 1985-11-26 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0225270A2 EP0225270A2 (en) | 1987-06-10 |
EP0225270A3 EP0225270A3 (en) | 1989-01-18 |
EP0225270B1 true EP0225270B1 (en) | 1991-10-30 |
Family
ID=25182523
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP86630172A Expired - Lifetime EP0225270B1 (en) | 1985-11-26 | 1986-11-20 | Weldable cast nickel base superalloy |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0225270B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPS62130252A (en) |
KR (1) | KR920000035B1 (en) |
BR (1) | BR8605725A (en) |
DE (1) | DE3682258D1 (en) |
IL (1) | IL80535A (en) |
NO (1) | NO864420D0 (en) |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1250642B (en) * | 1958-11-13 | 1967-09-21 | ||
US4231795A (en) * | 1978-06-22 | 1980-11-04 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | High weldability nickel-base superalloy |
-
1986
- 1986-11-06 NO NO864420A patent/NO864420D0/en unknown
- 1986-11-07 IL IL80535A patent/IL80535A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1986-11-19 KR KR1019860009775A patent/KR920000035B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1986-11-20 BR BR8605725A patent/BR8605725A/en unknown
- 1986-11-20 EP EP86630172A patent/EP0225270B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1986-11-20 DE DE8686630172T patent/DE3682258D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1986-11-26 JP JP61281618A patent/JPS62130252A/en active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
NO864420D0 (en) | 1986-11-06 |
EP0225270A2 (en) | 1987-06-10 |
IL80535A (en) | 1989-08-15 |
KR870005111A (en) | 1987-06-04 |
BR8605725A (en) | 1987-08-18 |
KR920000035B1 (en) | 1992-01-06 |
EP0225270A3 (en) | 1989-01-18 |
IL80535A0 (en) | 1987-02-27 |
DE3682258D1 (en) | 1991-12-05 |
JPS62130252A (en) | 1987-06-12 |
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