EP0225219A1 - Konisch abtastende Antennengruppe und Radar mit einer solchen Antenne - Google Patents

Konisch abtastende Antennengruppe und Radar mit einer solchen Antenne Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0225219A1
EP0225219A1 EP86402346A EP86402346A EP0225219A1 EP 0225219 A1 EP0225219 A1 EP 0225219A1 EP 86402346 A EP86402346 A EP 86402346A EP 86402346 A EP86402346 A EP 86402346A EP 0225219 A1 EP0225219 A1 EP 0225219A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
antenna
phase shift
sources
phase
elementary
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP86402346A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Jean Bouko
Serge Drabowitch
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Thales SA
Original Assignee
Thomson CSF SA
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Thomson CSF SA filed Critical Thomson CSF SA
Publication of EP0225219A1 publication Critical patent/EP0225219A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H01Q3/30—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array
    • H01Q3/34—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array by electrical means
    • H01Q3/36—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array by electrical means with variable phase-shifters
    • H01Q3/38—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array by electrical means with variable phase-shifters the phase-shifters being digital
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H01Q3/30—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array

Definitions

  • the main object of the invention is a conical scanning array antenna and a radar comprising such an antenna.
  • the entire antenna is equiphase and the maximum radiation appears along the axis normal to the plane of the antenna, passing through its center.
  • Conical scanning is carried out by supplying each of the quadrants with a phase shifter. The successive phase shift of the various quadrants makes it possible to obtain an inclination of the energy beam.
  • the level of the distant secondary lobes is always very high and the gain factor is low.
  • the diagram obtained is the product of the diagram of a quadrant by the alignment factor of the four barycenters which are always distant by more than one wavelength. It therefore inevitably appears second order lobes (lobe of networks).
  • the gain is weakened by the presence of these lobes and affected by the losses in the phase shifters, which are often of the order of half a decibel, and which subtracts from the gain of the antenna alone.
  • the present invention relates to a planar antenna with conical scanning comprising in addition to the four quadrants whose radiation is likely to be phase shifted from the radiation sources placed for example in the center of the antenna whose phase shift relative to the supply energy is constant.
  • Conical scanning provides high accuracy in determining the direction of a target.
  • Conical scanning antennas are used in particular for tracking radars as well as for tracking radars.
  • Directional Cassegrain type antennas with a beam opening at half power of around 1 ° are used in particular in a tracking radar.
  • the great directivity of these antennas allows tracking with great precision.
  • acquiring a target at the start is quite difficult.
  • the problem of initial acquisition may arise after a loss after said target has been masked by an obstacle such as a building or trees.
  • the present invention relates to a wide beam conical scanning antenna, for example with a beam opening at half power of the order of 10 °.
  • This antenna has a low accuracy, but a high probability of initial detection.
  • the antenna according to the invention with a large beam opening is therefore particularly effective in constituting a secondary antenna associated with a primary antenna with conical scanning with a small beam opening, the main antenna being for example of the Cassegrain type.
  • the main object of the invention is a planar antenna comprising elementary sources, the circular permutation in the plane of the antenna of the phase shift of some of said sources relative to the others making it possible to obtain a conical scan, characterized in that it comprises at least one elementary source whose phase shift is constant.
  • FIGS. 1 to 13 the same references have been used to designate the same elements.
  • FIG. 1 an improved conical scanning array antenna can be seen.
  • the antenna 4, illustrated in FIG. 1, comprises four quadrants 3.
  • each quadrant 3 comprises three elementary sources 2.
  • the points A, B, C, D represent the phase centers of the quadrants 3 are finding amplitudes emitted by the sources at the barycentres 2.
  • the antenna 4 comprises, in addition to the sources belonging to the quadrants 3, a source 1 placed for example in the center of the antenna.
  • the sources 2 of the four quadrants 3 and the source 1 are for example supplied with energy from a single oscillator.
  • the sources 2 of the quadrants 3 are supplied through a variable phase shifter, for example with two states.
  • the phase shift of the central source 1 with respect to the energy supplied by the oscillator is fixed.
  • a phase shift is applied to one of the quadrants 3 with respect to the other three.
  • This phase shift is swapped in a circular fashion. For example, in a first phase, the phase shift is applied to the quadrant whose phase center is point A. In a second phase, the phase shift is applied to quadrant 3 whose phase center is point B. In a third phase, the phase shift is applied to quadrant 3 whose phase center is point C. In a fourth step the phase shift is applied to quadrant 3 whose phase center is point D. In a fifth step the phase shift is applied to quadrant 3 whose phase center is point A, and so on.
  • the same phase shift is applied to two successive quadrants 3.
  • the circular permutation of these phase shifts is carried out. So for example, in the first step, we apply a phase shift to quadrants 3 whose phase centers are point A and point B. In a second step, we apply phase shift to quadrants 3 whose phase centers are point B and point C. In a third step, we apply a phase shift to quadrants 3 whose phase centers are point C and point D. In a fourth step, we apply a phase shift to quadrants 3 whose phase centers are point D and point A. In a fifth step, a phase shift is applied to quadrants 3 whose phase centers are point A and point B, and so on.
  • phase of the elementary sources 2 varies with the abscissa and the ordinate of these sources on the surface of the antenna 4.
  • the phase shift is for example greatest for extreme sources 2 of quadrant 3 whose phase center is point A, the phase shift decreasing as we get closer to elementary sources 2 extreme of quadrant 3 whose phase center is point C. Then we make the circular permutation of these phase shifts in an analogous manner as in one of the two previous examples of phase shift distribution on the antenna.
  • the fixed phase shift of the central source 1 is between the source phase shift belonging to a phase shifted quadrant 3 and that of the sources belonging to a non-phase shifted quadrant 3.
  • the phase shift of the central source 1 is equal to half the value of the relative phase shift of the sources 2 belonging to a phase shifted quadrant 3 with respect to a source 2 of a non-phase shifted quadrant 3.
  • the antenna comprises five elementary sources 1 placed crosswise in the center of the antenna 4. The sources are regularly distributed over the surface of the antenna 4.
  • the four quadrants 3 each comprise four elementary sources 2.
  • An alternative embodiment of the antenna 4 according to the invention comprises four additional sources 10, for example with phase shift relative to the oscillator of constant supply, placed at the ends of the cross formed by all of the elementary sources 1.
  • the phase shift is obtained in the same way as the antenna device 4 in FIG. 1.
  • the variation in phase shift with the abscissa and l ordinate of the sources 2 on the surface of the antenna 4 is obtained in the case of the antenna 4 of FIG. 2 for example by the use of two-bit digital phase shifters allowing four positions of phase shift.
  • FIGS. 3 to 8 illustrate various exemplary embodiments of the elementary sources of radiation 1, 2 or 10.
  • the patch sources 5 are supplied by a distribution shaft 6.
  • the sources are produced in so-called microstrip technology (microstrip in English terminology), consisting of depositing metallizations on a dielectric 70 whose opposite face comprises a metallized ground plane 7.
  • the 5 patch sources are feed metallization widenings whose width is for example equal to ⁇ / 2, ⁇ being the wavelength of the radiations in free space.
  • FIG. 5 we can see an elementary source consisting of a horn.
  • the horn illustrated in the nonlimiting example of FIG. 5 is a rectangular horn.
  • FIG. 6 one can see an example of an elementary source 5 of the dielectric candle type 12.
  • the source 5 supplied by a ribbon 6 coupled through a wall 8 to a circular waveguide 9.
  • a dielectric piece 12 of elongated shape giving the name of candle to the whole of the elementary source 5.
  • FIG. 7 an elementary source 5 of the propeller type can be seen.
  • FIG. 8 we can see a double logarithmic spiral wound on a cone 60.
  • the arrow 61 indicates the direction of radiation of the source 5.
  • phase shifter 40 said switching phase shifter.
  • the phase shifter 40 has two paths 41 and 46 of different lengths. Depending on whether the signal imprinted between an input 30 and an output 31 the longest path 46 or the shortest path 41 the phase shift of the signal present at the output 31 of the phase shifter 40 will be more or less significant compared to the signal present at the input 30 of the phase shifter 40.
  • the switches between the two paths 41 and 46 are obtained by switching from the saturated state to the blocked state of the PIN diodes 32, 33 and 34.
  • the path 41 has a length equal to ⁇ / 2
  • the diode 34 is placed halfway, at a distance equal ⁇ / 4 from the input 30 and the output 31.
  • the path 46 has two PIN diodes 33 and 32 placed respectively at a distance equal to ⁇ / 4 from the input 30 and the output 31 of the phase shifter 40.
  • the device not shown in FIG. 9 allows the switching of the PIN diodes, for example the diode 34 in its saturated state and the diodes 32 and 33 in their blocked state allows the signal to pass through the branch 41.
  • the blocking of the diode 34 and the conduction of the diodes 32 and 33 allows the signal to pass through the branch 46.
  • phase shifter 40 has two branches 41 and 46 allowing two different phase shifts. It is said that the phase shifter 40 in FIG. 9 is a one bit phase shifter. It is understood that the phase shifter 40 can have a higher number of branches allowing a greater number of phase shifts. Similarly, the invention is not limited to the implementation of switching phase shifters. Other types of phase shifters can be used for the implementation of the planar conical scanning antenna according to the invention.
  • FIG 10 we can see a three-plate feed line.
  • the three-plate line can be particularly advantageous for the supply and / or phase shift of the energy supplied to the elementary sources.
  • a strip line is described in French patent No. 2496996 filed by the Applicant.
  • FIG. 10 a detail of a three-plate line ensuring the balanced division of energy between an inlet 63 and two outlets 53.
  • the energy distribution is ensured by a metallic strip, for example made of copper.
  • the copper tape is placed between two metal plates 51 and 52.
  • the dielectric supports 50 ensure the constant spacing between the metal tape and the plates 51 and 52.
  • the air present between the plates 51 and 52 plays the role of dielectric, without generating power losses.
  • the antenna according to the invention has a wide beam of energy.
  • the antenna illustrated in FIG. 1 the elementary sources of which are dielectric candles illustrated in FIG. 6, has an opening at half power of the beam of the order of 10 °. It is therefore advantageous to associate it with a Cassegrain type tracking radar antenna.
  • the Cassegrain antenna includes a radiation source 13 placed opposite an auxiliary mirror 15 and passing through a main mirror 14.
  • the flat antenna 4 is placed on the face opposite to the source 13 of the auxiliary mirror 15.
  • the arrow 61 indicates the mean directions of the radiation of the antenna 4 and of the Cassegrain antenna 112.
  • the antenna 4 can be placed for example next to the Cassegrain antenna 112. It is however important that the antenna 4 does not disturb the radiation emitted and received by the Cassegrain antenna 112.
  • the invention is not limited to planar antennas with wide beams.
  • the invention also makes it possible to produce flat antennas with conical scanning of low cost of desired beam opening.
  • FIG. 12 one can see curves representing the performances of the antenna of known type. To facilitate comparison with the curves in FIG. 13, the same sources of radiation were used for the production of FIGS. 12 and 13. These sources of radiation are the dielectric plugs as illustrated in FIG. 6.
  • the abscissa 16 represents the azimuth in degrees. On the ordinate 15, the power is represented in decibels.
  • Curve 17 represents the radiation diagram of an antenna whose four quadrants 3 radiate in phase.
  • the curve 18 represents the radiation diagram of the same antenna, the conical scanning of which is carried out by phase shifting two quadrants 3 with respect to the other two quadrants 3.
  • the curve 17 shows a radiation diagram for all the sources 2 and 1 emitting in phase.
  • the curve 17 represents the radiation diagram of which two quadrants 3 have a phase shift with respect to the other two, the central source 1 having a half-phase shift.
  • the antenna according to the invention has better performance than the antenna of known type, in particular in that the secondary lobes are lower.
  • the invention applies mainly to the production of wide beam conical scanning antennas allowing the acquisition of targets in a tracking radar, the tracking being carried out by a narrow beam conical scanning Cassegrain antenna.
  • the invention also applies to the production of low cost conical scanning antennas.

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  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
EP86402346A 1985-10-22 1986-10-20 Konisch abtastende Antennengruppe und Radar mit einer solchen Antenne Withdrawn EP0225219A1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8515663 1985-10-22
FR8515663A FR2589011B1 (fr) 1985-10-22 1985-10-22 Antenne reseau a balayage conique et radar comportant une telle antenne

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0225219A1 true EP0225219A1 (de) 1987-06-10

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EP86402346A Withdrawn EP0225219A1 (de) 1985-10-22 1986-10-20 Konisch abtastende Antennengruppe und Radar mit einer solchen Antenne

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US (1) US4857936A (de)
EP (1) EP0225219A1 (de)
FR (1) FR2589011B1 (de)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1991001620A2 (en) * 1989-06-02 1991-02-21 Scientific Atlanta, Inc. Multi-element antenna system and array signal processing method
SG103355A1 (en) * 2001-08-10 2004-04-29 Thales Sa Method to close an electronically-scanned antenna, setting method and dephaser for this type of antenna

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA2071715A1 (en) * 1991-07-15 1993-01-16 Gary George Sanford Directional scanning circular phased array antenna
JPH06326510A (ja) 1992-11-18 1994-11-25 Toshiba Corp ビーム走査アンテナ及びアレーアンテナ
FR2812457B1 (fr) 2000-07-28 2004-05-28 Thomson Csf Reflecteur hyperfrequence actif a bi-polarisation, notamment pour antenne a balalyage electronique
KR100552086B1 (ko) * 2000-09-19 2006-02-20 진경수 삼각형 격자를 갖는 위성방송수신용 마이크로스트립부배열 안테나
US20110074646A1 (en) * 2009-09-30 2011-03-31 Snow Jeffrey M Antenna array
WO2014144920A2 (en) * 2013-03-15 2014-09-18 Maxtena, Inc. Method and apparatus for establishing communications with a satellite
US20220074710A1 (en) * 2020-09-10 2022-03-10 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Missile Seeker Limited Scan Array Radar Antenna

Citations (6)

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US2751586A (en) * 1950-11-22 1956-06-19 Raytheon Mfg Co Signal-wave transmission systems
US3045238A (en) * 1960-06-02 1962-07-17 Theodore C Cheston Five aperture direction finding antenna
US3147479A (en) * 1962-03-01 1964-09-01 Radiation Inc Plural juxtaposed parabolic reflectors with frequency independent feeds
US3983562A (en) * 1975-03-28 1976-09-28 The Bendix Corporation Mono-lobed scanner
US4378559A (en) * 1980-12-05 1983-03-29 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Radar antenna system
US4460898A (en) * 1981-12-21 1984-07-17 Hughes Aircraft Company Four element antenna turnstile tracking system

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US2677055A (en) * 1949-10-06 1954-04-27 Philip J Allen Multiple-lobe antenna assembly
US3008142A (en) * 1958-11-21 1961-11-07 Gen Precision Inc Antenna scanning system
US3495262A (en) * 1969-02-10 1970-02-10 T O Paine Horn feed having overlapping apertures
US3821740A (en) * 1972-07-03 1974-06-28 Raytheon Co Super directive system
US3893124A (en) * 1974-04-26 1975-07-01 Gen Electric R-F antenna apparatus for generating conical scan pattern
US4065771A (en) * 1976-09-14 1977-12-27 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Random scanning receiver
US4387378A (en) * 1978-06-28 1983-06-07 Harris Corporation Antenna having electrically positionable phase center
US4414550A (en) * 1981-08-04 1983-11-08 The Bendix Corporation Low profile circular array antenna and microstrip elements therefor
US4633256A (en) * 1984-12-10 1986-12-30 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Commerce Method and apparatus for four-beam radar

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2751586A (en) * 1950-11-22 1956-06-19 Raytheon Mfg Co Signal-wave transmission systems
US3045238A (en) * 1960-06-02 1962-07-17 Theodore C Cheston Five aperture direction finding antenna
US3147479A (en) * 1962-03-01 1964-09-01 Radiation Inc Plural juxtaposed parabolic reflectors with frequency independent feeds
US3983562A (en) * 1975-03-28 1976-09-28 The Bendix Corporation Mono-lobed scanner
US4378559A (en) * 1980-12-05 1983-03-29 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Radar antenna system
US4460898A (en) * 1981-12-21 1984-07-17 Hughes Aircraft Company Four element antenna turnstile tracking system

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1991001620A2 (en) * 1989-06-02 1991-02-21 Scientific Atlanta, Inc. Multi-element antenna system and array signal processing method
WO1991001620A3 (en) * 1989-06-02 1991-05-16 Scientific Atlanta Multi-element antenna system and array signal processing method
SG103355A1 (en) * 2001-08-10 2004-04-29 Thales Sa Method to close an electronically-scanned antenna, setting method and dephaser for this type of antenna

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2589011A1 (fr) 1987-04-24
US4857936A (en) 1989-08-15
FR2589011B1 (fr) 1988-10-14

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