EP0219837A2 - Apparatus and circuit for the creation of vortex rings - Google Patents

Apparatus and circuit for the creation of vortex rings Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0219837A2
EP0219837A2 EP86114464A EP86114464A EP0219837A2 EP 0219837 A2 EP0219837 A2 EP 0219837A2 EP 86114464 A EP86114464 A EP 86114464A EP 86114464 A EP86114464 A EP 86114464A EP 0219837 A2 EP0219837 A2 EP 0219837A2
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Prior art keywords
container
signals
signal generator
rings
pressure waves
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EP86114464A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0219837A3 (en
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Andreas Lippold
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63J—DEVICES FOR THEATRES, CIRCUSES, OR THE LIKE; CONJURING APPLIANCES OR THE LIKE
    • A63J5/00—Auxiliaries for producing special effects on stages, or in circuses or arenas
    • A63J5/02—Arrangements for making stage effects; Auxiliary stage appliances
    • A63J5/025—Devices for making mist or smoke effects, e.g. with liquid air
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63J—DEVICES FOR THEATRES, CIRCUSES, OR THE LIKE; CONJURING APPLIANCES OR THE LIKE
    • A63J5/00—Auxiliaries for producing special effects on stages, or in circuses or arenas
    • A63J5/02—Arrangements for making stage effects; Auxiliary stage appliances
    • A63J5/025—Devices for making mist or smoke effects, e.g. with liquid air
    • A63J2005/026—Devices for making mist or smoke effects, e.g. with liquid air for making smoke rings

Definitions

  • the invention is concerned with the electromagnetically controlled generation of swirl rings. These can be by means of smoke, condensed steam, visible gases, small macroscopic particles, e.g. Styrofoam beads, and if necessary be made visible by appropriate lighting.
  • Swirl rings are self-contained vertebrae that move at different speeds depending on their own rotation and size and have a high dynamic stability.
  • the invention has for its object to design vortex rings precisely and reproducibly in size, speed and time of origin; the control should also be possible from distant points. This object is achieved by the features characterized in claims 1, 2, 3 and 4.
  • a device for generating vortex rings which consists of a container provided with one or more screens, in the wall of which an electromechanical transducer (e.g. loudspeakers or solenoid valves) for generating pressure waves is integrated.
  • the electromechanical transducer is controlled by a signal generator and generates pressure waves within the container, which form vortex rings on the diaphragms.
  • Low frequency amplifiers are suitable as signal transmitters. If the signal of rhythmically emphasized music is applied to the electromechanical transducer (here speakers), whirling rings are created in rhythm with the music (bass drum) and thus offer an unusually attractive visual impression.
  • Electronic signals are also suitable as signal transmitters, with which, for example, the shape, intensity and timing of the control signals can be set. This type of signal generator can also be triggered with music or speech, so that swirl rings can be generated in their rhythm, but with optimized control signals.
  • FIG. 1 shows a possible embodiment of the device for producing swirl rings using a loudspeaker 1 with a membrane 2.
  • a conical attachment 3 is arranged in an airtight manner, which is provided at the upper end with an aperture 4 for the exit of the swirl rings.
  • 5 denotes the opening through which the smoke or a corresponding medium is introduced.
  • an inflamed incense stick 6 is inserted into the attachment 3.
  • the connections for the signal transmitter are identified by 7.
  • FIG. 2 another embodiment is shown, which differs from that of FIG. 1 only in that instead of the conical attachment 3 only a truncated cone is used, which is closed with a ball with a plurality of diaphragms.
  • any electrical signal (speech, music etc.) is amplified in 16 and selected for frequencies (active low-pass filter 17) and thus reaches trigger level 10.
  • the output of the trigger level switches to a logical "ONE" at corresponding input intensities and thus opens the transistor T 1, which in the open state transmits the frequency variable square wave generated by the oscillator 13 to the LC rounding element 14 and thus to the output.
  • the logical "ONE" generated by the trigger stage 10 is varied by R 10 in the dwell time and decays exponentially due to the RC element 11.
  • the transmission curve of T 1 the envelope for the signals of 13, shows a steep increase and exponential decay.
  • This signal shape causes the vortex rings that initially arise to fly faster than the ones that come after, so that collisions with one another are avoided.
  • Fig. 4 shows a possible embodiment of the device for producing vortex rings using an electrically controllable valve, through which a compressed gas is expanded in a predetermined manner, so that pressure waves arise from the expansion.
  • a limited amount of gas flows out of the pressure chamber 9 through an opening of the valve 8 which can be controlled by a signal transmitter and which, with suitable dimensioning of the tube diameter, the pressure gradient and the opening time at the tube end 4, causes the formation of swirl rings.
  • the addition of fog, smoke or similar substances can take place here both on the overpressure side (pressure chamber 9) and on the normal pressure side.
  • the overpressure can be generated by compressors or by evaporating liquids.
  • the passage of a pressurized liquid is controlled by the electrovalve, which expands by subsequent evaporation and thus causes pressure waves.
  • Fig. 5 denotes a pressure chamber which contains a liquid under pressure.
  • This liquid controlled by the solenoid valve 8, flows through the nozzle 6a onto the heating element 18 and evaporates there.
  • the expansion caused by the evaporation generates a pressure wave in the container 3, which forms at the diaphragm 4 into vortex rings.
  • This device is particularly advantageous when the vaporized liquid forms mist under normal conditions.
  • the subject matter of the invention is a device for producing vortex rings, which consists of a container with one or more apertures and an electromechanical transducer integrated into the container wall, which is controlled by predeterminable electrical signals, with the rhythm the signals swirl rings emerge at the panels, which, for example can be made visible by smoke, condensed steam etc. if necessary with the help of adapted lighting sources.

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Abstract

Es handelt sich bei dem Erfindungsgegenstand um eine Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung von Wirbelringen, die aus einem Behälter (3), der mit Blenden (4) und elektromechanischen Wandlern (Lautsprecher (1), Elektroventile) versehen ist, besteht. Die elektromechanischen Wandler werden von Signalgebern angesteuert und verursachen Druckwellen innerhalb des Behälters (3), die sich an den Blenden (4) zu Wirbelringen ausbilden. Als Signalgeber eignen sich Niederfrequenz-Verstärker, die Musik- bzw. Sprachsignale abgeben oder elektronische Schaltungen, die hierfür optimierte Signalformen bilden.The subject of the invention is a device for producing vortex rings, which consists of a container (3) which is provided with panels (4) and electromechanical transducers (loudspeakers (1), electrovalves). The electromechanical transducers are controlled by signal transmitters and cause pressure waves within the container (3), which form vortex rings on the orifices (4). Low-frequency amplifiers which emit music or speech signals or electronic circuits which form optimized signal forms for this purpose are suitable as signal transmitters.

Description

Die Erfindung befaßt sich mit der elektromagnetisch gesteu­erten Erzeugung von Wirbelringen. Diese können mittels Rauch, kondensiertem Dampf, sichtbaren Gasen, kleinen ma­kroskopischen Partikeln, z.B. Styroporkügelchen, und gege­benenfalls durch entsprechende Beleuchtung sichtbar gemacht werden.The invention is concerned with the electromagnetically controlled generation of swirl rings. These can be by means of smoke, condensed steam, visible gases, small macroscopic particles, e.g. Styrofoam beads, and if necessary be made visible by appropriate lighting.

Wirbelringe sind in sich geschlossene Wirbelfäden, die sich je nach Eigenrotation und Größe verschieden schnell bewegen und eine hohe dynamisch bedingte geometrische Stabilität aufweisen.Swirl rings are self-contained vertebrae that move at different speeds depending on their own rotation and size and have a high dynamic stability.

Vorrichtungen zur Erzeugung von Wirbelringen sind bereits bekannt (Westphal: "Physik", 1970, 25./26. Aufl., S. 161). Diese werden manuell betrieben, so daß Größe, Geschwindig­keit und Entstehungszeitpunkt der Wirbel nicht exakt fest­gelegt werden können.Devices for producing vertebral rings are already known (Westphal: "Physik", 1970, 25th / 26th edition, p. 161). These are operated manually so that the size, speed and time of origin of the vertebrae cannot be precisely determined.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, Wirbelringe exakt und reproduzierbar in Größe, Geschwindigkeit und Entste­hungszeitpunkt zu gestalten; ferner soll die Ansteuerung auch von entfernten Punkten erfolgen können. Diese Aufgabe wird durch die in Anspruch 1, 2, 3 und 4 gekennzeichneten Merkmale gelöst.The invention has for its object to design vortex rings precisely and reproducibly in size, speed and time of origin; the control should also be possible from distant points. This object is achieved by the features characterized in claims 1, 2, 3 and 4.

Gemäß der Erfindung wird eine Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung von Wirbelringen vorgeschlagen, die aus einem mit einer oder mehreren Blenden versehenen Behälter besteht, in dessen Wand ein elektromechanischer Wandler (z.B. Lautsprecher oder Elektroventile) zur Druckwellen-Erzeugung integriert ist. Der elektromechanische Wandler wird von einem Signal­geber angesteuert und erzeugt Druckwellen innerhalb des Be­hälters, die sich an den Blenden zu Wirbelringen ausbilden.According to the invention, a device for generating vortex rings is proposed, which consists of a container provided with one or more screens, in the wall of which an electromechanical transducer (e.g. loudspeakers or solenoid valves) for generating pressure waves is integrated. The electromechanical transducer is controlled by a signal generator and generates pressure waves within the container, which form vortex rings on the diaphragms.

Als Signalgeber eignen sich Niederfrequenz-Verstärker. Wird das Signal von rhythmisch betonter Musik an den elektro­mechanischen Wandler (hier Lautsprecher) angelegt, so ent­stehen Wirbelringe im Rhythmus zur Musik (Baßtrommel) und bieten so einen ungewohnt attraktiven optischen Eindruck. Als Signalgeber kommen ferner elektronische Schaltungen in­frage, mit denen z.B. Form, Intensität und Zeitpunkte der Steuersignale eingestellt werden können. Diese Art von Sig­nalgebern läßt sich ferner mit Musik oder Sprache triggern, so daß in deren Rhythmus, jedoch mit optimierten Steuersig­nalen, Wirbelringe erzeugt werden können.Low frequency amplifiers are suitable as signal transmitters. If the signal of rhythmically emphasized music is applied to the electromechanical transducer (here speakers), whirling rings are created in rhythm with the music (bass drum) and thus offer an unusually attractive visual impression. Electronic signals are also suitable as signal transmitters, with which, for example, the shape, intensity and timing of the control signals can be set. This type of signal generator can also be triggered with music or speech, so that swirl rings can be generated in their rhythm, but with optimized control signals.

Werden große Baß-Lautsprecher oder Elektroventile als elek­tromechanische Wandler eingesetzt, ist es möglich, große Wirbelringe zu erzeugen, die sowohl unerwartet schnell und stabil als auch deutlich fühlbar sind.If large bass loudspeakers or electrovalves are used as electromechanical transducers, it is possible to produce large swirl rings that are both unexpectedly fast and stable and that can be clearly felt.

Weitere Einzelheiten der Erfindung werden anhand der Abbil­dungen erläutert. Dabei zeigen

  • Fig. 1 eine Vorrichtung mit kegelförmigem Aufbau zur Erzeugung von Wirbelringen,
  • Fig. 2 eine solche mit kugelförmigem Aufbau,
  • Fig. 3 eine elektronische Schaltung zur Bildung eines geeigneten Signals,
  • Fig. 4 und 5 Vorrichtungen mit Elektroventilen.
Further details of the invention are explained with the aid of the figures. Show
  • 1 shows a device with a conical structure for producing vortex rings,
  • 2 one with a spherical structure,
  • 3 shows an electronic circuit for forming a suitable signal,
  • 4 and 5 devices with solenoid valves.

Fig. 1 zeigt eine mögliche Ausführungsform der Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung von Wirbelringen unter Verwendung eines Laut­sprechers 1 mit einer Membran 2. Über der Membran 2 ist luftdicht ein kegelförmiger Aufsatz 3 angeordnet, der am oberen Ende mit einer Blende 4 zum Austritt der Wirbelringe versehen ist. Mit 5 ist die Öffnung bezeichnet, durch die der Rauch oder ein entsprechendes Medium eingeführt wird. Im vorliegenden Fall ist ein entzündetes Räucherstäbchen 6 in den Aufsatz 3 eingeführt. Mit 7 sind die Anschlüsse für den Signalgeber gekennzeichnet.1 shows a possible embodiment of the device for producing swirl rings using a loudspeaker 1 with a membrane 2. Above the membrane 2, a conical attachment 3 is arranged in an airtight manner, which is provided at the upper end with an aperture 4 for the exit of the swirl rings. 5 denotes the opening through which the smoke or a corresponding medium is introduced. In the present case, an inflamed incense stick 6 is inserted into the attachment 3. The connections for the signal transmitter are identified by 7.

In Fig. 2 ist eine weitere Ausführungsform dargestellt, die sich von der gemäß Fig. 1 nur dadurch unterscheidet, daß anstelle des kegeligen Aufsatzes 3 lediglich ein Kegel­stumpf verwendet wird, der mit einer Kugel mit mehreren Blenden abgeschlossen ist.In Fig. 2 another embodiment is shown, which differs from that of FIG. 1 only in that instead of the conical attachment 3 only a truncated cone is used, which is closed with a ball with a plurality of diaphragms.

Fig. 3 zeigt eine mögliche triggerbare elektronische Schal­tung zur Erzeugung von zur Wirbelbildung geeigneter Signa­ le. Ein beliebiges elektrisches Signal (Sprache, Musik etc.) wird in 16 verstärkt und nach Frequenzen selektiert (aktiver Tiefpaß 17) und erreicht so die Triggerstufe 10. Der Ausgang der Triggerstufe schaltet bei entsprechenden Eingangsintensitäten auf eine logische "EINS" und öffnet damit den Transistor T 1, welcher im geöffneten Zustand die von dem Oszillator 13 erzeugte frequenzvariable Rechteck­schwingung an das L-C-Rundungsglied 14 und somit zum Aus­gang weitergibt. Die von der Triggerstufe 10 erzeugte lo­gische "EINS" wird durch R 10 in der Verweilzeit variiert und klingt - bedingt durch das R-C-Glied 11 - exponentiell ab. Somit zeigt die Transmissionskurve von T 1, die Enve­lope für die Signale von 13, ein steiles Ansteigen und ex­ponentielles Abklingen.3 shows a possible triggerable electronic circuit for generating signals suitable for vortex formation le. Any electrical signal (speech, music etc.) is amplified in 16 and selected for frequencies (active low-pass filter 17) and thus reaches trigger level 10. The output of the trigger level switches to a logical "ONE" at corresponding input intensities and thus opens the transistor T 1, which in the open state transmits the frequency variable square wave generated by the oscillator 13 to the LC rounding element 14 and thus to the output. The logical "ONE" generated by the trigger stage 10 is varied by R 10 in the dwell time and decays exponentially due to the RC element 11. Thus, the transmission curve of T 1, the envelope for the signals of 13, shows a steep increase and exponential decay.

Diese Signalform bewirkt, daß die anfangs entstehenden Wir­belringe schneller als die nachkommenden fliegen, so daß Kollisionen untereinander vermieden werden.This signal shape causes the vortex rings that initially arise to fly faster than the ones that come after, so that collisions with one another are avoided.

Fig. 4 zeigt eine mögliche Ausführungsform der Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung von Wirbelringen unter Verwendung eines elek­trisch steuerbaren Ventils, durch welches ein komprimiertes Gas in vorgebbarer Weise expandiert wird, so daß durch die Expansion Druckwellen entstehen. Durch eine von einem Sig­nalgeber steuerbare Öffnung des Ventils 8 strömt aus der Druckkammer 9 eine begrenzte Gasmenge, die bei geeigneter Dimensionierung des Rohrdurchmessers, des Druckgefälles und der Öffnungszeit am Rohrende 4 die Bildung von Wirbelringen bewirkt. Die Zugabe von Nebel, Rauch oder ähnlichen Sub­stanzen kann hier sowohl auf der Überdruckseite (Druck­kammer 9) als auch auf der Normaldruckseite erfolgen. Der Überdruck kann durch Kompressoren oder durch Verdampfen von Flüssigkeiten erzeugt werden.Fig. 4 shows a possible embodiment of the device for producing vortex rings using an electrically controllable valve, through which a compressed gas is expanded in a predetermined manner, so that pressure waves arise from the expansion. A limited amount of gas flows out of the pressure chamber 9 through an opening of the valve 8 which can be controlled by a signal transmitter and which, with suitable dimensioning of the tube diameter, the pressure gradient and the opening time at the tube end 4, causes the formation of swirl rings. The addition of fog, smoke or similar substances can take place here both on the overpressure side (pressure chamber 9) and on the normal pressure side. The overpressure can be generated by compressors or by evaporating liquids.

Nach einer weiteren Modifikation der Erfindung wird durch das Elektroventil der Durchlaß einer unter Druck stehenden Flüssigkeit gesteuert, die durch anschließendes Verdampfen expandiert und somit Druckwellen hervorruft.According to a further modification of the invention, the passage of a pressurized liquid is controlled by the electrovalve, which expands by subsequent evaporation and thus causes pressure waves.

In Fig. 5 ist mit 9a eine Druckkammer bezeichnet, die eine unter Druck stehende Flüssigkeit enthält. Diese Flüssigkeit strömt, durch das Elektroventil 8 gesteuert, durch die Düse 6a auf den Heizkörper 18 und verdampft dort. Die durch die Verdampfung bedingte Expansion erzeugt im Behälter 3 eine Druckwelle, die sich an der Blende 4 zu Wirbelringen aus­bildet. Diese Vorrichtung ist besonders dann von Vorteil, wenn die verdampfte Flüssigkeit unter Normalbedingungen Nebel bildet.In Fig. 5, 9a denotes a pressure chamber which contains a liquid under pressure. This liquid, controlled by the solenoid valve 8, flows through the nozzle 6a onto the heating element 18 and evaporates there. The expansion caused by the evaporation generates a pressure wave in the container 3, which forms at the diaphragm 4 into vortex rings. This device is particularly advantageous when the vaporized liquid forms mist under normal conditions.

Zusammenfassend ist zu sagen, daß es sich bei dem Erfin­dungsgegenstand um eine Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung von Wir­belringen handelt, die aus einem Behälter mit einer oder mehreren Blenden und einem in die Behälterwand integrierten elektromechanischen Wandler besteht, der von vorgebbaren elektrischen Signalen gesteuert wird, wobei im Rhythmus der Signale Wirbelringe an den Blenden austreten, die z.B. durch Rauch, kondensierten Dampf etc. gegebenenfalls unter Zuhilfenahme angepaßter Beleuchtungsquellen sichtbar ge­macht werden können.In summary, it can be said that the subject matter of the invention is a device for producing vortex rings, which consists of a container with one or more apertures and an electromechanical transducer integrated into the container wall, which is controlled by predeterminable electrical signals, with the rhythm the signals swirl rings emerge at the panels, which, for example can be made visible by smoke, condensed steam etc. if necessary with the help of adapted lighting sources.

Claims (10)

1.) Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung von Wirbelringen unter Ver­wendung eines mit einer Blende versehenen Behälters, der mit einem mit sichtbaren Stoffen angereicherten Gas gefüllt ist, wobei die Wirbelringe durch Druck­wellen, die sich innerhalb des Behälters ausbreiten, erzeugt werden,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Druckwellen mittels eines elektromechanischen Wandlers hervorgerufen werden, der durch Signale eines Signalgebers gesteuert ist.1.) Device for producing swirl rings using a container provided with an aperture, which is filled with a gas enriched with visible substances, the swirl rings being generated by pressure waves which propagate within the container,
characterized,
that the pressure waves are caused by an electromechanical transducer which is controlled by signals from a signal generator. 2.) Einrichtung nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß es sich bei dem elektromechanischen Wandler um einen Lautsprecher (1) handelt, der derart innerhalb des Behälters (3) installiert ist, daß Bewegungen seiner Membran (2) Druckwellen innerhalb des Behälters (3) verursachen.2.) Device according to claim 1,
characterized,
that the electromechanical transducer is a loudspeaker (1) which is installed inside the container (3) in such a way that movements of its membrane (2) cause pressure waves inside the container (3). 3.) Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung von Wirbelringen unter Ver­wendung eines mit einer runden Öffnung versehenen Be­hältnisses,
gekennzeichnet durch
ein elektrisch steuerbares Ventil (8), durch welches ein komprimiertes Gas zur Öffnung hin vorgebbar ex­pandiert wird.3.) device for generating swirl rings using a container provided with a round opening,
marked by
an electrically controllable valve (8), by means of which a compressed gas can be expanded in a predetermined manner towards the opening. 4.) Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung von Wirbelringen unter Ver­wendung eines mit einer runden Öffnung versehenen Be­hältnisses,
gekennzeichnet durch
ein elektrisch steuerbares Ventil (8), das den Durch­lass einer unter Druck stehenden Flüssigkeit steuert, die mittels einer im Behältnis befindlichen Heizung verdampft wird.4.) Device for producing swirl rings using a container provided with a round opening,
marked by
an electrically controllable valve (8) which controls the passage of a pressurized liquid which is evaporated by means of a heater in the container. 5.) Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1 und 2,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß der Signalgeber ein Niederfrequenz-Verstärker ist und die Signale Musiksignale sind.5.) Device according to claim 1 and 2,
characterized,
that the signal generator is a low-frequency amplifier and the signals are music signals. 6.) Einrichtung nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß der Signalgeber eine elektronische Schaltung ist, die zu vorgebbaren Zeitpunkten vorgebbare, zur Wirbel­ring-Bildung geeignete Signale erzeugt.6.) Device according to claim 1,
characterized,
that the signal generator is an electronic circuit that generates predefinable signals suitable for vortex ring formation at predefinable times. 7.) Einrichtung nach Anspruch 1 und 6,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß der Signalgeber von äußeren Signalen, z.B. Musik, getriggert wird.7.) Device according to claim 1 and 6,
characterized,
that the signal generator is triggered by external signals, such as music. 8.) Schaltung gemäß Anspruch 1, 2, 6 und 7,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß vom Signalgeber im Rhythmus zum äußeren Signal eine niederfrequente, exponentiell abklingende Schwingung erzeugt wird, wobei Triggerschwelle, Frequenz der Schwingung, Zeitkonstante der exponen­tiellen Modulation und minimale Totzeit zwischen zwei Trigger-Vorgängen variierbar ist.8.) Circuit according to claim 1, 2, 6 and 7,
characterized,
that a low-frequency, exponentially decaying oscillation is generated by the signal generator in rhythm with the external signal, the trigger threshold, frequency of the oscillation, time constant of the exponential modulation and minimal dead time between two trigger processes being variable. 9.) Vorrichtungen nach Anspruch 1 und 2,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß über der Membran (2) eines Lautsprechers (1) ein kegelartiger oder kugelartiger Aufsatz (3, 8) luft­dicht angebracht ist, der mit einer oder mehreren Blenden (4) versehen ist und an seiner Wandung eine Öffnung (5) aufweist.9.) Devices according to claim 1 and 2,
characterized,
that over the membrane (2) of a loudspeaker (1) a cone-like or spherical attachment (3, 8) is attached airtight, which is provided with one or more panels (4) and has an opening (5) on its wall. 10.) Einrichtung nach Anspruch 1 und 2,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß mehrere Lautsprecher innerhalb eines Behälters angebracht sind.10.) Device according to claim 1 and 2,
characterized,
that several speakers are installed within a container.
EP86114464A 1985-10-24 1986-10-18 Apparatus and circuit for the creation of vortex rings Withdrawn EP0219837A3 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3537856 1985-10-24
DE19853537856 DE3537856A1 (en) 1985-10-24 1985-10-24 DEVICE AND CIRCUIT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SPIRAL RINGS

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Publication Number Publication Date
EP0219837A2 true EP0219837A2 (en) 1987-04-29
EP0219837A3 EP0219837A3 (en) 1988-03-02

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EP (1) EP0219837A3 (en)
DE (1) DE3537856A1 (en)

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DE3537856A1 (en) 1987-05-07
US4735282A (en) 1988-04-05
EP0219837A3 (en) 1988-03-02
DE3537856C2 (en) 1988-04-28

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