EP0215381A1 - Process for manufacturing electrodes - Google Patents
Process for manufacturing electrodes Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0215381A1 EP0215381A1 EP86112216A EP86112216A EP0215381A1 EP 0215381 A1 EP0215381 A1 EP 0215381A1 EP 86112216 A EP86112216 A EP 86112216A EP 86112216 A EP86112216 A EP 86112216A EP 0215381 A1 EP0215381 A1 EP 0215381A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- nickel
- bath
- molar ratio
- deposition
- nickel salt
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 131
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 150000002815 nickel Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000008139 complexing agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- NVIFVTYDZMXWGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium metaborate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]B=O NVIFVTYDZMXWGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- VEQPNABPJHWNSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel(2+) Chemical class [Ni+2] VEQPNABPJHWNSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract description 4
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 46
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 37
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 34
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 27
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 23
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 23
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 20
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 9
- AZUYLZMQTIKGSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[6-[4-(5-chloro-6-methyl-1H-indazol-4-yl)-5-methyl-3-(1-methylindazol-5-yl)pyrazol-1-yl]-2-azaspiro[3.3]heptan-2-yl]prop-2-en-1-one Chemical compound ClC=1C(=C2C=NNC2=CC=1C)C=1C(=NN(C=1C)C1CC2(CN(C2)C(C=C)=O)C1)C=1C=C2C=NN(C2=CC=1)C AZUYLZMQTIKGSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000012279 sodium borohydride Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910000033 sodium borohydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229910021586 Nickel(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 7
- QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Ni]Cl QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 7
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910001453 nickel ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000007750 plasma spraying Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007868 Raney catalyst Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910000564 Raney nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- NWZSZGALRFJKBT-KNIFDHDWSA-N (2s)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid;(2s)-2-hydroxybutanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](O)CC(O)=O.NCCCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O NWZSZGALRFJKBT-KNIFDHDWSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YXIWHUQXZSMYRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC(S)=NC2=C1 YXIWHUQXZSMYRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycolic acid Chemical compound OCC(O)=O AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010425 asbestos Substances 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010668 complexation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 2
- IKDUDTNKRLTJSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrazine monohydrate Substances O.NN IKDUDTNKRLTJSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052895 riebeckite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005211 surface analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007738 vacuum evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylenediamine Chemical compound NCCN PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LEVWYRKDKASIDU-IMJSIDKUSA-N L-cystine Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)[C@@H]([NH3+])CSSC[C@H]([NH3+])C([O-])=O LEVWYRKDKASIDU-IMJSIDKUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910003252 NaBO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015346 Ni2B Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NPXOKRUENSOPAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Raney nickel Chemical compound [Al].[Ni] NPXOKRUENSOPAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WRLJWIVBUPYRTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [B].[Ni].[Ni] Chemical compound [B].[Ni].[Ni] WRLJWIVBUPYRTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001514 alkali metal chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960003067 cystine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000001934 delay Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004069 differentiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010411 electrocatalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002779 inactivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000014413 iron hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- NCNCGGDMXMBVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(ii) hydroxide Chemical group [OH-].[OH-].[Fe+2] NCNCGGDMXMBVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000012633 leachable Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000363 nickel(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYWSTUCDSVYLPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrooxythallium Chemical compound [Tl+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FYWSTUCDSVYLPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052756 noble gas Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZOCLAPYLSUCOGI-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium hydrosulfide Chemical compound [SH-].[K+] ZOCLAPYLSUCOGI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 presumably as Ni3B Chemical compound 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005488 sandblasting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000682 scanning probe acoustic microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- JVBXVOWTABLYPX-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium dithionite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)S([O-])=O JVBXVOWTABLYPX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YTQVHRVITVLIRD-UHFFFAOYSA-L thallium sulfate Chemical compound [Tl+].[Tl+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O YTQVHRVITVLIRD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940119523 thallium sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910000374 thallium(I) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007751 thermal spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- UVZICZIVKIMRNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiodiacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CSCC(O)=O UVZICZIVKIMRNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
- C23C18/31—Coating with metals
- C23C18/32—Coating with nickel, cobalt or mixtures thereof with phosphorus or boron
- C23C18/34—Coating with nickel, cobalt or mixtures thereof with phosphorus or boron using reducing agents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing electrodes consisting of an electrically conductive base body and an electrochemically active nickel layer applied thereon, which e.g. can be used as an H2-producing cathode in electrolysis processes, in particular in chlor-alkali electrolysis.
- iron cathodes In the electrolysis of aqueous alkali metal chloride solutions, iron cathodes are generally used today in the diaphragm process and nickel cathodes, in which the hydrogen is deposited, are used in the membrane process.
- nickel cathodes In the electrolysis of aqueous alkali metal chloride solutions, iron cathodes are generally used today in the diaphragm process and nickel cathodes, in which the hydrogen is deposited, are used in the membrane process.
- nickel cathodes in the membrane process is preferable because there are greater demands on the purity of the electrolyte. If a cathode is in the de-energized state, corrosion always occurs with the iron; this leads to the deposition of iron hydroxide, which can settle on the membrane as an undesirable precipitate. This precipitation then causes a significant deterioration in the membrane properties, which essentially leads to an increase in energy consumption due to destruction of the membrane.
- nickel cathodes are also associated with another important advantage. Energy consumption is a key economic factor in an electrolysis process. If nickel is now used as the cathode material for H2 deposition instead of iron, the cell voltage required for electrolysis is reduced, since the hydrogen deposition potential of nickel is significantly lower than that of iron. Thus, much less energy is used to carry out the electrolysis when using nickel cathodes.
- DE-A-32 18 429 describes a coating that is carried out using plasma spraying technology.
- a layer of pure nickel is first sprayed on, which is then coated with a nickel / aluminum or nickel / zinc mixture.
- So-called Raney nickel is to be formed by leaching out the Al or Zn, as is known as a hydrogenation catalyst from organic chemistry.
- the residual porosity of plasma-sprayed layers remains problematic with this coating process. This residual porosity is, as is generally the case with thermal spraying known, procedural and unavoidable. This results in a corresponding susceptibility to corrosion if the electrode base body in the electrolysis cell is not loaded cathodically or is not stored in an inert gas atmosphere.
- plasma spraying is a very complex process because during the coating process, either with the plasma spray gun or the cathode, which often weighs several tons, a complicated sequence of movements has to be carried out.
- the plasma spraying process is a relatively expensive coating method due to the extensive but necessary use of noble gas.
- the aluminum or zinc In an additional step, the aluminum or zinc must be removed from this spray layer.
- the aluminum or zinc When stored in the air, there is a risk that the reactivity and structure of the Raney nickel will be changed by oxidation; a fact known from organic chemistry where Raney nickel is usually stored in non-aqueous solvents to preserve activity.
- the aluminum or zinc components are removed, additional continuous pores are created which further increase the susceptibility to corrosion mentioned above.
- an active layer is deposited electrolytically on the electrode base body.
- particles of nickel-aluminum alloy are built into the electrolytically deposited layer. These particles in the layer are then removed by removing the alloyed components e.g. Al activated, as also described in DE-A-32 18 429 cited above.
- electrolytically deposited layers mostly have a crystalline structure over a wide range. This is not desirable for creating reactive surfaces, as required, for example, with Raney nickel. Rather, the most reactive surfaces are achieved through amorphous structures.
- DE-A-30 47 636 claims an active layer consisting of various metal components and a leachable metal or metal oxide additive. These layers are applied electrolytically to the cathode body. This naturally brings with it the same deposition problems as the process described in US 4,302,322.
- DE-B-26 30 398 proposes, in addition to various other possibilities, to produce at least one surface of the electrode from a metal alloy with a low hydrogen overvoltage.
- nickel, cobalt or iron should be alloyed with titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, magnesium, niobium or tantalum and bound in a non-stoichiometric manner.
- the production takes place essentially by melting or sintering the components in the appropriate proportions.
- the alloy is then applied to the cathode body by plasma spraying, sputtering, vacuum evaporation or explosive plating of the corresponding powder mixture.
- the components can also be deposited electrolytically or by decomposing salts of the elements.
- the deposited layer is then optionally subjected to a heat treatment in a neutral or reducing atmosphere.
- these aqueous bath solutions also contain, in dissolved form, buffer substances, complexing agents, accelerators and stabilizers and, if appropriate, catalysts.
- the nickel plating takes place at temperatures from 50 to 95 ° C.
- the layers produced in the electroless nickel plating for the purpose of corrosion protection are not e.g. suitable for the nickel plating of basic bodies in the context of the manufacture of electrodes, since these layers have different requirements, e.g. with respect to the electrochemical-catalytic activity, in contrast to surface gloss, surface hardness and the like.
- DE-OS 27 06 577 therefore describes a process for producing a steel base body provided with a nickel coating, which is used as a cathode for chlor-alkali electrolysis.
- the deposition takes place from an aqueous nickel-II salt bath which contains a reducing agent, e.g. Contains sodium hypophosfit, sodium borohydride, sodium dithionite or in particular hydrazine hydrate.
- the baths also contain complexing agents such as ammonia, ethylenediamine, citric acid or glycolic acid.
- the deposition temperatures are somewhat lower than in the processes of electroplating described above, namely 20 to 70 ° C, with temperatures of 30 to 40 ° C being preferred.
- the quantitative composition of the baths is only stated that they should have a nickel salt content of 10 to 40 g / l and a reducing agent content of 2 to 5 g / l, the bath containing a 2 to 20% solution of the complexing agent should represent.
- the method of operation described in DE-OS for the production of nickel-plated electrodes also differs from the method commonly used in electroplating, among others. in that the baths do not contain stabilizers. These stabilizers are intended to prevent undesirable decomposition of the bath. On the other hand, these stabilizers, e.g.
- the present invention was therefore based on the object of providing a method for producing electrodes, consisting of an electrically conductive base body with an electrochemically active nickel layer deposited thereon, which by electroless deposition from a A bath containing nickel (II) salts and complexing agents has been obtained by reduction with sodium boranate, in which on the one hand electrochemically active electrodes are obtained in a reproducible manner and on the other hand an undesired decomposition of the bath during the deposition is largely avoided.
- the bath has a molar ratio of complexing agent: nickel salt from 80 to 200, a molar ratio of sodium boranate: nickel salt from 0.7 to 4.0 and a content of hydroxides which are more basic as ammonia, from 10 to 400 mmol / l and a content of nickel salts from 10 to 80 mmol / l.
- the baths according to the invention contain a large excess of complexing agents corresponding to a molar ratio of complexing agent: nickel salt of 80-200.
- Ammonia is a particularly preferred complexing agent, but other known complexing agents such as citric acid, amines and the like are also suitable.
- the concentration of free nickel ions in the bath corresponds to the equilibria Ni (OH) 2 + 4 NH4OH ⁇ [Ni (NH3) 4] 2+ + 2 OH ⁇ + 4 H2O [Ni (NH3) 4] 2+ + NH4OH ⁇ [Ni (NH3) 5] 2+ + H2O [Ni (NH3) 5] 2+ + NH4OH ⁇ [Ni (NH3) 6] 2+ + H2O kept low. Adequate stabilization of the bath is achieved due to the high degree of complexation.
- the reduction in nickel ions leads to lower deposition rates, which surprisingly can be increased by adding hydroxides according to the invention, which are more basic than ammonia.
- the addition of hydroxide further increases the stability of the bath and practically prevents undesired decomposition of the bath.
- hydroxides of sodium and potassium are particularly suitable as hydroxides, but the hydroxides of alkaline earth metals are also suitable.
- the hydroxide concentration in the bath should be 10 to 400 mmol / l.
- Another essential characteristic of the process according to the invention is a high molar ratio of sodium boranate to nickel salt in the bath.
- This high molar ratio apparently creates a special surface structure of the deposited nickel layer, to which a particularly low hydrogen deposition potential of less than 1100 mV can be attributed, which is even lower than the hydrogen deposition potential of pure nickel, which, even if its surface e.g. has been artificially enlarged by sandblasting, is between 1280 and 1300 mV.
- the nickel deposition can be characterized by the following equation: NaBH4 + 4 NiCl2 + 8 NaOH ⁇ 4 Ni + NaBO2 + 8 NaCl + 6 H2O.
- Nickel borides can be formed during electroless nickel plating.
- a side reaction particularly at higher boranate concentrations (as is present in the coating according to the invention and also possible due to the high degree of complexation of Ni2+ by large excesses of NH3 without self-decomposition of the solution), will occur to an increased extent, i.e. the oxidation of boron is sometimes no longer completely to the BO2- (B3+), but only up to the maximum of the B0.
- This also favors the incorporation of boron into the nickel layer; the boron content is 6-30% by weight, depending on the reaction.
- the nickel layer produced under the conditions according to the invention is X-ray amorphous, which obviously has a favorable effect on achieving high activity.
- Suitable nickel salts are salts whose anion does not react with the sodium boranate. Nickel chloride or nickel sulfate is particularly suitable. The nickel salts should advantageously be used in amounts such that the bath contains from 10 to 80 mmol / l nickel salt.
- the temperatures during the coating are expediently kept below 30 ° C., preferably at temperatures of 20 to 25 ° C.
- This ratio should be> 500 cm2 / l bath solution.
- metal ions can be added to the bath, e.g. Salts of cobalt, aluminum, zinc, chromium, copper, palladium, platinum and the like.
- the content of these additives should be selected in the range from 500 ppb - 50 ppm.
- bodies made of electrically conductive materials are suitable as the basic body.
- iron or iron-containing alloys, steel, but also graphite or nickel itself are particularly suitable.
- the amorphous active nickel layers according to the invention passivate easily due to their amorphous structure, i.e. they easily coat with an oxide skin when exposed to atmospheric oxygen or oxygen dissolved in an aqueous medium.
- the inactivation of the nickel layer deposited according to the invention in contrast e.g. to other nickel layers, which have been created by removing a component, again develop their full catalytic activity if, for example, can be used as cathode in chlor-alkali electrolysis, which is noticeable by a strong reduction in the hydrogen separation potential.
- the catalyst is activated as follows:
- the hydrogen separation potentials measured in the following examples were determined at a current density of 1.5 kA / m2 and 20 ° C. against the normal hydrogen electrode.
- An iron grid (ST 12/03) with the dimensions 11.5 ⁇ 1.5 cm (surface 65.6 cm2) is stripped with 30% by weight hydrochloric acid, then blown dry with nitrogen and, as in Example 2 of DE-OS 27 06 577 described provided with a nickel layer.
- the grid is immersed in a 30 ° C bath of the following composition for 5 hours: 18 g NiCl2 (0.138 mol) 800 ml of water 300 ml 25% NH3 (4.4 mol) 30 g hydrazine hydrate (0.6 mol).
- the cathode is rinsed with water and the H2 deposition potential is determined to be 1290 mV.
- An iron grid (ST 12/03) with the dimensions 11.5 ⁇ 1.5 (surface 65.6 cm2) is pretreated as described in comparative example 1 and then according to example 1 of DE-OS 27 06 577 at 28 ° C. for 5 hours long immersed in a bath that has the following composition. 18 g NiCl2 (0.14 mol) 450 ml of 25% NH3 (6.0 mol) 3 g NaBH4 (0.08 mol) 800 ml of water.
- Each iron grid (ST 12/03) with the dimensions 1 ⁇ 12 cm (surface 48.6 cm2) is pretreated as described in Example 1a), weighed, and for 20 hours in 0.064 l of a still bath at a temperature of 20 ° C immersed, each containing 2 g NaBH4 / l.
- the ammonia and nickel salt content is varied according to the values given in the table.
- the cathodes are rinsed with water, blown dry with nitrogen and weighed again to determine the amount of nickel deposited.
- nickel is spontaneously deposited in the bath at low molar ratios of ammonia to nickel salt.
- the nickel nuclei deposited in the bath compete with the iron grid to be coated, i.e. in other words, practically no nickel is deposited on the iron grid.
- experiment d i.e. at a molar ratio of NH3: nickel salt of 88, the deposition of nickel in the bath itself is strongly suppressed, but very little nickel is deposited on the grid with 1.6 mg Ni / g grid.
- the amount of nickel deposited on the grid can be greatly increased by adding NaOH.
- Each iron grid (ST 12/03) with the dimensions 1 ⁇ 12 cm (surface 48.6 cm2) is immersed for 20 hours in 0.064 l of a resting coating bath (temperature 23 ° C), which has the following composition: 10 g NaOH / l (250 mmol / l) 2.3 g NaBH4 / l (0.06 mol / l)
- the nickel chloride content of the bath can be seen from the following table, as well as the molar ratio NH 3 (complexing agent): Ni.
- the electrodes are removed from the bath, rinsed with water, stored in 10% strength by weight NaOH for 24 hours and then heat-treated at 360 ° C. for 1.5 hours. After 60 minutes of cathodic exposure at 2 kA / m2, the following H2 separation potentials listed in the table are measured:
- Iron grids are coated according to Example 1a) and aftertreated according to Example 1c), with no stirring or stirring during the coating.
- the determination of the H2 separation potential provides the following values:
- Iron grids are coated in accordance with Example 1a) and aftertreated in accordance with Example 1c), different temperatures as indicated in the table being maintained during the coating. + In contrast to the other layers, the deposited nickel layer did not show a matt gray, but a black appearance with a spongy surface and poor adhesion to the base body.
- An iron grate is immersed in a bath, as described in Example 1a), to which copper has been added in the amount specified in the table. After 20 hours of coating time, the grids are rinsed with water, blown dry with nitrogen and weighed.
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Abstract
Description
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Elektroden bestehend aus einem elektrisch leitenden Grundkörper und einer darauf aufgebrachten elektrochemisch aktiven Nickelschicht, die z.B. als H₂-erzeugende Kathode in Elektrolyseverfahren insbesondere in der Chloralkalielektrolyse eingesetzt werden können.The present invention relates to a method for producing electrodes consisting of an electrically conductive base body and an electrochemically active nickel layer applied thereon, which e.g. can be used as an H₂-producing cathode in electrolysis processes, in particular in chlor-alkali electrolysis.
Bei der Elektrolyse wäßriger Alkalichloridlösungen werden heute im allgemeinen beim Diaphragmaverfahren Eisenkathoden und beim Membranverfahren Nickelkathoden eingesetzt, an denen sich der Wasserstoff abscheidet. Die Verwendung von Nickelkathoden ist beim Membranverfahren aus dem Grund vorzuziehen, weil hier größere Anforderungen an die Reinheit des Elektrolyts gestellt werden. Befindet sich eine Kathode im stromlosen Zustand, so findet beim Eisen immer eine Korrosion statt; diese führt zur Abscheidung von Eisenhydroxid, welches sich auf der Membran als unerwünschter Niederschlag festsetzen kann. Dieser Niederschlag verursacht dann eine deutliche Verschlechterung der Membraneigenschaften, die im wesentlichen zu einer Erhöhung des Energieverbrauchs durch Zerstörung der Membran führt.In the electrolysis of aqueous alkali metal chloride solutions, iron cathodes are generally used today in the diaphragm process and nickel cathodes, in which the hydrogen is deposited, are used in the membrane process. The use of nickel cathodes in the membrane process is preferable because there are greater demands on the purity of the electrolyte. If a cathode is in the de-energized state, corrosion always occurs with the iron; this leads to the deposition of iron hydroxide, which can settle on the membrane as an undesirable precipitate. This precipitation then causes a significant deterioration in the membrane properties, which essentially leads to an increase in energy consumption due to destruction of the membrane.
Die Verwendung von Nickelkathoden ist aber auch mit einem weiteren wichtigen Vorteil verbunden. Bei einem Elketrolyseverfahren ist der Energieverbrauch ein zentraler wirtschaftlicher Faktor. Verwendet man nun anstelle von Eisen Nickel als Kathodenmaterial zur H₂-Abscheidung, so wird die zur Elektrolyse erforderliche Zellspannung erniedrigt, da das Wasserstoffabscheidepotential an Nickel deutlich niedriger liegt als an Eisen. Somit wird zur Durchführung der Elektrolyse bei Verwendung von Nickelkathoden wesentlich weniger Energie verbraucht.The use of nickel cathodes is also associated with another important advantage. Energy consumption is a key economic factor in an electrolysis process. If nickel is now used as the cathode material for H₂ deposition instead of iron, the cell voltage required for electrolysis is reduced, since the hydrogen deposition potential of nickel is significantly lower than that of iron. Thus, much less energy is used to carry out the electrolysis when using nickel cathodes.
Nachteilig ist dabei der deutlich höhere Preis des Nickels im Vergleich zum Eisen. Man hat daher immer nach Möglichkeiten gesucht, Eisenkathoden mit einem preiswerten Überzug aus Nickel zu versehen, um die Vorteile des billigen Eisengrundkörpers mit dem niedrigen Wasserstoffabscheidepotential des Nickels zu verbinden.The disadvantage is the significantly higher price of nickel compared to iron. There has therefore always been a search for ways to provide an inexpensive nickel coating on iron cathodes in order to combine the advantages of the inexpensive iron base body with the low hydrogen deposition potential of nickel.
So beschreibt z.B. die DE-A-32 18 429 eine Beschichtung, die mit Hilfe der Plasmaspritztechnik erfolgt. Dabei wird zuerst eine Schicht aus reinem Nickel aufgespritzt, die anschließend mit einem Nickel/Aluminium- bzw. Nickel/Zink-Gemisch beschichtet wird. Durch Auslaugen des Al bzw. Zn soll sogenanntes Raney-Nickel entstehen, wie es als Hydrierkatalysator aus der organischen Chemie bekannt ist. Problematisch bei diesem Beschichtungsverfahren bleibt die Restporosität plasmagespritzter Schichten. Diese Restporosität ist, wie beim thermischen Spritzen allgemein be kannt, verfahrensbedingt und nicht zu umgehen. Hieraus resultiert eine entsprechende Korrosionsanfälligkeit, wenn der Elektrodengrundkörper in der Elektrolysezelle nicht kathodisch belastet oder nicht in Inertgasatmosphäre gelagert wird.For example, DE-A-32 18 429 describes a coating that is carried out using plasma spraying technology. A layer of pure nickel is first sprayed on, which is then coated with a nickel / aluminum or nickel / zinc mixture. So-called Raney nickel is to be formed by leaching out the Al or Zn, as is known as a hydrogenation catalyst from organic chemistry. The residual porosity of plasma-sprayed layers remains problematic with this coating process. This residual porosity is, as is generally the case with thermal spraying known, procedural and unavoidable. This results in a corresponding susceptibility to corrosion if the electrode base body in the electrolysis cell is not loaded cathodically or is not stored in an inert gas atmosphere.
Darüber hinaus stellt das Plasmaspritzen ein sehr aufwendiges Verfahren dar, weil beim Beschichtungsvorgang entweder mit der Plasmaspritzpistole oder der oft tonnenschweren Kathode ein komplizierter Bewegungsablauf durchgeführt werden muß. Nicht zuletzt ist das Plasmaspritzverfahren aufgrund der umfangreichen aber notwendigen Verwendung von Edelgas eine relativ teuere Beschichtungsmethode.In addition, plasma spraying is a very complex process because during the coating process, either with the plasma spray gun or the cathode, which often weighs several tons, a complicated sequence of movements has to be carried out. Last but not least, the plasma spraying process is a relatively expensive coating method due to the extensive but necessary use of noble gas.
In einem zusätzlichen Arbeitsgang muß aus dieser Spritzschicht das Aluminium bzw. Zink herausgelöst werden. Bei Aufbewahrung an der Luft besteht dann die Gefahr, daß durch Oxidation die Reaktivität und Struktur des Raney-Nickels verändert wird; ein Tatbestand, der aus der organischen Chemie bekannt ist, wo Raney-Nickel üblicherweise in nichtwäßrigen Lösungsmitteln zur Konservierung der Aktivität aufbewahrt wird. Beim Herauslösen der Aluminium- bzw. Zinkkomponenten werden außerdem zusätzliche durchgehende Poren geschaffen, die die oben angesprochene Korrosionsanfälligkeit noch verstärken.In an additional step, the aluminum or zinc must be removed from this spray layer. When stored in the air, there is a risk that the reactivity and structure of the Raney nickel will be changed by oxidation; a fact known from organic chemistry where Raney nickel is usually stored in non-aqueous solvents to preserve activity. When the aluminum or zinc components are removed, additional continuous pores are created which further increase the susceptibility to corrosion mentioned above.
Gemäß der US-C-4 302 322 wird eine Aktivschicht elektrolytisch auf dem Elektrodengrundkörper abgeschieden. Zur Erzeugung einer besonders reaktiven Elektrodenoberfläche werden dabei Partikel aus Nickel-Aluminium-Legierung in die elektrolytisch abgeschiedene Schicht eingebaut. Diese Partikel in der Schicht werden dann durch Herauslösen der zulegierten Komponenten z.B. Al aktiviert, wie dies auch in der oben zitierten DE-A-32 18 429 beschrieben ist.According to US-C-4 302 322, an active layer is deposited electrolytically on the electrode base body. To produce a particularly reactive electrode surface, particles of nickel-aluminum alloy are built into the electrolytically deposited layer. These particles in the layer are then removed by removing the alloyed components e.g. Al activated, as also described in DE-A-32 18 429 cited above.
Wie aus der Galvanotechnik bekannt, ist die gleichmäßige elektrochemische Beschichtung kompliziert geformter Elektrodenkörper problematisch. Erschwerend kommt bei diesem Verfahren hinzu, daß die aktiven Partikel dispergiert und die Konvektion durch Einblasen von Gas genau kontrolliert werden muß.As is known from electroplating, the uniform electrochemical coating of complicatedly shaped electrode bodies is problematic. This process complicates the fact that the active particles must be dispersed and the convection must be precisely controlled by blowing in gas.
Weiterhin von Nachteil ist, daß elektrolytisch abgeschiedene Schichten meistens in weiten Bereichen eine kristalline Struktur aufweisen. Dies ist zur Erzeugung reaktiver Oberflächen, wie z.B. bei Raney-Nickel gefordert, nicht erwünscht. Vielmehr werden die reaktivsten Oberflächen durch amorphe Strukturen erzielt.Another disadvantage is that electrolytically deposited layers mostly have a crystalline structure over a wide range. This is not desirable for creating reactive surfaces, as required, for example, with Raney nickel. Rather, the most reactive surfaces are achieved through amorphous structures.
Mit den gleichen Nachteilen ist das in DE-A-31 32 269 beschriebene Verfahren behaftet, bei dem Kohlenstoffpartikel in die elektrolytisch abgeschiedene Schicht eingebaut werden, wobei zwecks weiterer Erhöhung der katalytischen Aktivität noch ein Zusatz von Platin, Rhodium, Iridium oder Palladium empfohlen wird.The same disadvantages are associated with the process described in DE-A-31 32 269, in which carbon particles are incorporated into the electrolytically deposited layer, with addition of platinum, rhodium, iridium or palladium being recommended in order to further increase the catalytic activity.
In der DE-A-30 47 636 wird eine Aktivschicht beansprucht, die aus verschiedenen Metallkomponenten und einem auslaugbaren Metall oder Metalloxidzusatz besteht. Diese Schichten werden elektrolytisch auf den Kathodengrundkörper aufgebracht. Dies bringt naturgemäß die gleichen Probleme bezüglich der Abscheidung, wie bei dem in der US 4 302 322 beschriebenen Verfahren mit sich.DE-A-30 47 636 claims an active layer consisting of various metal components and a leachable metal or metal oxide additive. These layers are applied electrolytically to the cathode body. This naturally brings with it the same deposition problems as the process described in US 4,302,322.
In der DE-B-26 30 398 wird neben verschiedenen anderen Möglichkeiten vorgeschlagen, mindestens eine Oberfläche der Elektrode aus einer Metalllegierung mit niedriger Wasserstoffüberspannung herzustellen. Hier sollen Nickel, Cobalt oder Eisen mit Titan, Molybdän, Wolfram, Magnesium, Niob oder Tantal legiert und in nichtstöchiometrischer Weise gebunden sein. Die Herstellung erfolgt im wesentlichen durch Schmelzen oder Sintern der Komponenten in den entsprechenden Mengenverhältnissen. Das Aufbringen der Legierung auf den Kathodenkörper geschieht dann durch Plasmaspritzen, Kathodenzerstäubung, Vakuumaufdampfung oder Sprengplattierung des entsprechenden Pulvergemisches. Die Komponenten können aber auch elektrolytisch oder durch Zersetzung von Salzen der Elemente abgeschieden werden. Danach wird gegebenenfalls die abgelagerte Schicht noch einer Wärmebehandlung in neutraler oder reduzierender Atmosphäre unterworfen.DE-B-26 30 398 proposes, in addition to various other possibilities, to produce at least one surface of the electrode from a metal alloy with a low hydrogen overvoltage. Here, nickel, cobalt or iron should be alloyed with titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, magnesium, niobium or tantalum and bound in a non-stoichiometric manner. The production takes place essentially by melting or sintering the components in the appropriate proportions. The alloy is then applied to the cathode body by plasma spraying, sputtering, vacuum evaporation or explosive plating of the corresponding powder mixture. However, the components can also be deposited electrolytically or by decomposing salts of the elements. The deposited layer is then optionally subjected to a heat treatment in a neutral or reducing atmosphere.
Die prinzipiellen Nachteile des Plasmaspritzens (Porosität) und der elektrolytischen Abscheidung (kristalline Strukturen) sind bereits beschrieben worden; bei den anderen Verfahren muß hoher technischer Aufwand mit hohen Kosten betrieben werden. Im Falle der Kathodenzerstäubung oder Vakuumbedampfung ist sogar äußerst zweifelhaft, ob eine Beschichtung der heute verwendeten großen Kathodenkörper (3 bis 4 m³ Volumen, Gewicht mehrere Tonnen) technisch überhaupt möglich ist, da die entsprechenden Einrichtungen noch entwickelt werden müssen.The basic disadvantages of plasma spraying (porosity) and electrolytic deposition (crystalline structures) have already been described; with the other methods, a high technical outlay has to be carried out at high costs. In the case of cathode sputtering or vacuum evaporation, it is even extremely doubtful whether a coating of the large cathode bodies used today (3 to 4 m³ volume, weight several tons) is technically possible at all, since the corresponding facilities still have to be developed.
Es ist ferner in der Galvanotechnik bekannt, metallische Werkstoffe stromlos zu vernickeln, hauptsächlich für den Korrosions- und Verschleißschutz neuer Maschinen- und Apparateteile. Diese stromlosen Vernickelungsverfahren basieren auf einer Reduktion der in einem Band enthaltenen Nickelionen, in das der zu vernickelnde Körper eingetaucht wird, mit einem Reduktionsmittel (galvanische und stromlose Dickvernickelung - Firmenschrift der International Nickel Ltd., 1962).It is also known in electroplating to electrolessly nickel-plate metallic materials, mainly for the corrosion and wear protection of new machine and apparatus parts. These electroless nickel plating processes are based on a reduction of the nickel ions contained in a strip, into which the body to be nickel plated is immersed, with a reducing agent (galvanic and electroless nickel plating - company publication of International Nickel Ltd., 1962).
Diese wäßrigen Badlösungen enthalten neben den Nickel-Ionen liefernden Verbindungen und den Reduktionsmitteln ebenfalls in gelöster Form Puffersubstanzen, Komplexbildner, Beschleuniger und Stabilisatoren sowie gegebenenfalls Katalysatoren. Die Vernickelung erfolgt bei Temperaturen von 50 bis 95°C. Die bei der stromlosen Vernickelung zum Zwecke des Korrosionsschutzes hergestellten Schichten sind aber nicht z.B. für die Vernickelung von Grundkörpern im Rahmen der Herstellung von Elektroden geeignet, da bei diesen Schichten andere Anforderungen, z.B. bezüglich der elektrochemisch-katalytischen Aktivität, im Gegensatz zu Oberflächenglanz, Oberflächenhärte und dgl., gestellt werden.In addition to the compounds which provide nickel ions and the reducing agents, these aqueous bath solutions also contain, in dissolved form, buffer substances, complexing agents, accelerators and stabilizers and, if appropriate, catalysts. The nickel plating takes place at temperatures from 50 to 95 ° C. The layers produced in the electroless nickel plating for the purpose of corrosion protection are not e.g. suitable for the nickel plating of basic bodies in the context of the manufacture of electrodes, since these layers have different requirements, e.g. with respect to the electrochemical-catalytic activity, in contrast to surface gloss, surface hardness and the like.
In der DE-OS 27 06 577 ist daher ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines mit einer Nickelbeschichtung versehenen Grundkörpers aus Stahl beschrieben, der als Kathode für die Chloralkali-Elektrolyse eingesetzt wird. Die Abscheidung erfolgt aus einem wäßrigen Nickel-II-Salzbad, das ein Reduktionsmittel, z.B. Natriumhypophosfit, Natriumborhydrid, Natriumdithionit oder insbesondere Hydrazinhydrat enthält. Die Bäder enthalten ferner Komplexbildner wie Ammoniak, Ethylendiamin, Zitronensäure oder Glykolsäure. Die Abscheidetemperaturen liegen etwas niedriger als bei den oben beschriebenen Verfahren der Galvanotechnik und zwar bei 20 bis 70°C, wobei Temperaturen von 30 bis 40°C bevorzugt werden. Über die mengenmäßige Zusammensetzung der Bäder ist lediglich ausgesagt, daß sie einen Gehalt an Nickelsalzen von 10 bis 40 g/l, einen Gehalt an Reduktionsmitteln von 2 bis 5 g/l aufweisen sollen, wobei das Bad eine 2 bis 20 %ige Lösung des Komplexbildners darstellen soll. Die in der DE-OS für die Herstellung von vernickelten Elektroden beschriebene Arbeitsweise unterscheidet sich ferner von dem in der Galvanotechnik gebräuchlichen Verfahren u.a. dadurch, daß die Bäder keine Stabilisatoren enthalten. Diese Stabilisatoren sollen eine unerwünschte Zersetzung des Bades verhindern. Auf der anderen Seite stellen diese Stabilisatoren, z.B. Thalliumsulfat, Thalliumnitrat, Kaliumhydrogensulfid, Thiodiglycolsäure, Blei-II-chlorid, Mercaptobenzothiazol, Cystin u.a. Kontaktgifte dar, wodurch die elektrokatalytische Aktivität der Nickelschicht negativ beeinflußt wird. Aus diesem Grunde können Stabilisatoren bei der Herstellung von Elektroden durch stromlose Abscheidung nicht eingesetzt werden, was andererseits zur Folge hat, daß sich solche Bäder leicht zersetzen, somit die Abscheidung des Nickels mehr oder weniger unkontrolliert verläuft und damit die Eigenschaften der herzustellenden Elektroden nicht eindeutig in wünschenswerter Weise reproduziert werden können.DE-OS 27 06 577 therefore describes a process for producing a steel base body provided with a nickel coating, which is used as a cathode for chlor-alkali electrolysis. The deposition takes place from an aqueous nickel-II salt bath which contains a reducing agent, e.g. Contains sodium hypophosfit, sodium borohydride, sodium dithionite or in particular hydrazine hydrate. The baths also contain complexing agents such as ammonia, ethylenediamine, citric acid or glycolic acid. The deposition temperatures are somewhat lower than in the processes of electroplating described above, namely 20 to 70 ° C, with temperatures of 30 to 40 ° C being preferred. The quantitative composition of the baths is only stated that they should have a nickel salt content of 10 to 40 g / l and a reducing agent content of 2 to 5 g / l, the bath containing a 2 to 20% solution of the complexing agent should represent. The method of operation described in DE-OS for the production of nickel-plated electrodes also differs from the method commonly used in electroplating, among others. in that the baths do not contain stabilizers. These stabilizers are intended to prevent undesirable decomposition of the bath. On the other hand, these stabilizers, e.g. Thallium sulfate, thallium nitrate, potassium hydrogen sulfide, thiodiglycolic acid, lead II chloride, mercaptobenzothiazole, cystine and others. Contact poisons, which negatively affects the electrocatalytic activity of the nickel layer. For this reason, stabilizers cannot be used in the manufacture of electrodes by electroless deposition, which on the other hand has the consequence that such baths decompose easily, thus the deposition of nickel proceeds more or less uncontrollably and therefore the properties of the electrodes to be produced are not clearly defined can be reproduced desirably.
Der vorliegenden Erfindung lag daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Elektroden bereitzustellen, bestehend aus einem elektrisch leitenden Grundkörper mit einer darauf abgeschiedenen elektrochemisch aktiven Nickelschicht, die durch stromlose Abscheidung aus einem Nickel(II)-salze und Komplexbildner enthaltenden Bad durch Reduktion mit Natriumboranat erhalten worden ist, bei dem einerseits elektrochemisch aktive Elektroden in reproduzierbarer Weise erhalten werden und andererseits eine unerwünschte Zersetzung des Bades während der Abscheidung weitgehend vermieden wird.The present invention was therefore based on the object of providing a method for producing electrodes, consisting of an electrically conductive base body with an electrochemically active nickel layer deposited thereon, which by electroless deposition from a A bath containing nickel (II) salts and complexing agents has been obtained by reduction with sodium boranate, in which on the one hand electrochemically active electrodes are obtained in a reproducible manner and on the other hand an undesired decomposition of the bath during the deposition is largely avoided.
Es wurde gefunden, daß diese Aufgabe dadurch gelöst werden kann, daß das Bad ein Molverhältnis von Komplexbildner : Nickelsalz von 80 bis 200, ein Molverhältnis von Natriumboranat : Nickelsalz von 0,7 bis 4,0 und einen Gehalt von Hydroxiden, die stärker basisch sind als Ammoniak, von 10 bis 400 mMol/l und einen Gehalt an Nickelsalzen von 10 bis 80 mMol/l aufweist.It has been found that this object can be achieved in that the bath has a molar ratio of complexing agent: nickel salt from 80 to 200, a molar ratio of sodium boranate: nickel salt from 0.7 to 4.0 and a content of hydroxides which are more basic as ammonia, from 10 to 400 mmol / l and a content of nickel salts from 10 to 80 mmol / l.
Die erfindungsgemäßen Bäder enthalten einen hohen Überschuß an Komplexbildnern entsprechend einem Molverhältnis von Komplexbildner : Nickelsalz von 80 - 200. Besonders bevorzugter Komplexbildner ist Ammoniak, jedoch sind auch andere bekannte Komplexbildner wie Zitronensäure, Amine und dergleichen geeignet.The baths according to the invention contain a large excess of complexing agents corresponding to a molar ratio of complexing agent: nickel salt of 80-200. Ammonia is a particularly preferred complexing agent, but other known complexing agents such as citric acid, amines and the like are also suitable.
Durch den hohen Gehalt an Komplexbildnern im Vergleich zu den im Bad enthaltenen Nickelionen wird die Konzentration an freien Nickelionen im Bad entsprechend den Gleichgewichten
Ni(OH)₂ + 4 NH₄OH ⇄ [Ni(NH₃)₄]²⁺ + 2 OH⁻ + 4 H₂O
[Ni(NH₃)₄]²⁺ + NH₄OH ⇄ [Ni(NH₃)₅]²⁺ + H₂O
[Ni(NH₃)₅]²⁺ + NH₄OH ⇄ [Ni(NH₃)₆]²⁺ + H₂O
gering gehalten. Durch den hohen Komplexierungsgrad wird eine ausreichende Stabilisierung des Bades erzielt. Auf der anderen Seite führt die Verringerung an Nickelionen zu geringeren Abscheidegeschwindigkeiten, die überraschenderweise durch den erfindungsgemäßen Zusatz an Hydroxiden, die stärker basisch sind als Ammoniak gesteigert werden kann. Durch den Hydroxidzusatz wird darüber hinaus die Stabilität des Bades weiter gesteigert und eine unerwünschte Zersetzung des Bades praktisch unterbunden.Due to the high content of complexing agents compared to the nickel ions contained in the bath, the concentration of free nickel ions in the bath corresponds to the equilibria
Ni (OH) ₂ + 4 NH₄OH ⇄ [Ni (NH₃) ₄] ²⁺ + 2 OH⁻ + 4 H₂O
[Ni (NH₃) ₄] ²⁺ + NH₄OH ⇄ [Ni (NH₃) ₅] ²⁺ + H₂O
[Ni (NH₃) ₅] ²⁺ + NH₄OH ⇄ [Ni (NH₃) ₆] ²⁺ + H₂O
kept low. Adequate stabilization of the bath is achieved due to the high degree of complexation. On the other hand, the reduction in nickel ions leads to lower deposition rates, which surprisingly can be increased by adding hydroxides according to the invention, which are more basic than ammonia. The addition of hydroxide further increases the stability of the bath and practically prevents undesired decomposition of the bath.
Als Hydroxide kommen vor allem die Hydroxide des Natriums und Kaliums in Betracht, aber auch die Hydroxide der Erdalkalimetalle sind geeignet. Die Hydroxidkonzentration im Bad soll 10 bis 400 mMol/l betragen.The hydroxides of sodium and potassium are particularly suitable as hydroxides, but the hydroxides of alkaline earth metals are also suitable. The hydroxide concentration in the bath should be 10 to 400 mmol / l.
Weiteres wesentliches Kennzeichen des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens ist ein hohes Molverhältnis Natriumboranat zu Nickelsalz im Bad. Durch dieses hohe Molverhältnis wird offenbar eine besondere Oberflächenstruktur der abgeschiedenen Nickelschicht erzeugt, auf die ein besonders niedriges Wasserstoffabscheidepotential von unter 1100 mV zurückzuführen ist, das sogar niedriger als das Wasserstoffabscheidepotential des reinen Nickels liegt, das, selbst wenn dessen Oberfläche z.B. durch Sandstrahlen künstlich vergrößert worden ist, bei 1280 bis 1300 mV liegt.Another essential characteristic of the process according to the invention is a high molar ratio of sodium boranate to nickel salt in the bath. This high molar ratio apparently creates a special surface structure of the deposited nickel layer, to which a particularly low hydrogen deposition potential of less than 1100 mV can be attributed, which is even lower than the hydrogen deposition potential of pure nickel, which, even if its surface e.g. has been artificially enlarged by sandblasting, is between 1280 and 1300 mV.
Die Nickelabscheidung kann durch folgende Summengleichung charakterisiert werden:
NaBH₄ + 4 NiCl₂ + 8 NaOH → 4 Ni + NaBO₂ + 8 NaCl + 6 H₂O.The nickel deposition can be characterized by the following equation:
NaBH₄ + 4 NiCl₂ + 8 NaOH → 4 Ni + NaBO₂ + 8 NaCl + 6 H₂O.
Über die dabei ablaufenden Einzelreaktionen ist noch nichts bekannt. Neben dieser Reaktion wird aber neben Nickel auch Bor abgeschieden, vermutlich als Ni₃B, Ni₂B oder auch als elementares Bor. Oberflächenanalytische Untersuchungen konnten dafür keine exakte Differenzierung, jedoch eindeutige Hinweise auf derartige Verbindungen geben. Es ist aber bekannt, daß in unerwünschten Nebenreaktionen, wie z.B.
2 NaBH₄ + 4 NiCl₂ + 6 NaOH → 8 NaCl + 6 H₂O + H₂ + 2Ni₂BNothing is known about the individual reactions taking place. In addition to this reaction, boron is also deposited in addition to nickel, presumably as Ni₃B, Ni₂B or also as elemental boron. Surface analysis studies could not provide exact differentiation for this, but could provide clear indications of such compounds. But it is known that in undesirable side reactions, such as
2 NaBH₄ + 4 NiCl₂ + 6 NaOH → 8 NaCl + 6 H₂O + H₂ + 2Ni₂B
Nickelboride bei der stromlosen Vernickelung gebildet werden können. Wie aus der Gleichung hervorgeht, wird eine derartige Nebenreaktion besonders bei höheren Boranatkonzentrationen (wie sie bei der erfindungsgemäßen Beschichtung vorliegt und auch aufgrund des hohen Komplexierungsgrades von Ni²⁺ durch große NH₃-Überschüsse ohne Eigenzersetzung der Lösung möglich ist), in verstärktem Maß ablaufen, d.h. die Oxidation des Bors erfolgt teilweise nicht mehr vollständig zum BO₂- (B³⁺), sondern nur bis maximal zum B⁰. Hierdurch ist auch der Einbau von Bor in die Nickelschicht begünstigt, der Borgehalt beträgt je nach Reaktionsführung 6 - 30 Gew.-%.Nickel borides can be formed during electroless nickel plating. As can be seen from the equation, such a side reaction, particularly at higher boranate concentrations (as is present in the coating according to the invention and also possible due to the high degree of complexation of Ni²⁺ by large excesses of NH₃ without self-decomposition of the solution), will occur to an increased extent, i.e. the oxidation of boron is sometimes no longer completely to the BO₂- (B³⁺), but only up to the maximum of the B⁰. This also favors the incorporation of boron into the nickel layer; the boron content is 6-30% by weight, depending on the reaction.
Die unter den erfindungsgemäßen Bedingungen erzeugte Nickelschicht ist röntgenamorph, was sich offenbar günstig auf die Erzielung einer hohen Aktivität auswirkt.The nickel layer produced under the conditions according to the invention is X-ray amorphous, which obviously has a favorable effect on achieving high activity.
Als Nickelsalze kommen Salze in Betracht, deren Anion nicht mit dem Natriumboranat reagiert. Vor allem ist Nickelchlorid oder Nickelsulfat geeignet. Die Nickelsalze sollen zweckmäßig in solchen Mengen eingesetzt werden, daß das Bad von 10 bis 80 mMol/l Nickelsalz enthält.Suitable nickel salts are salts whose anion does not react with the sodium boranate. Nickel chloride or nickel sulfate is particularly suitable. The nickel salts should advantageously be used in amounts such that the bath contains from 10 to 80 mmol / l nickel salt.
Die Temperaturen während der Beschichtung werden zweckmäßig unter 30°C gehalten, vorzugsweise arbeitet man bei Temperaturen von 20 bis 25°C.The temperatures during the coating are expediently kept below 30 ° C., preferably at temperatures of 20 to 25 ° C.
Es ist ferner vorteilhaft, ein bestimmtes Verhältnis von Oberfläche des zu beschichtenden Grundkörpers zum Volumen des Beschichtungsbades einzuhalten. Dieses Verhältnis sollte > 500 cm²/l Badlösung sein.It is also advantageous to maintain a specific ratio of the surface of the base body to be coated to the volume of the coating bath. This ratio should be> 500 cm² / l bath solution.
Es hat sich ferner zur Erzielung eines niedrigen Abscheidepotentials als günstig erwiesen, die Beschichtung der Grundkörper in einem ruhenden Bad vorzunehmen, d.h. daß keine Relativbewegung zwischen zu beschichteten Grundkörper und Flüssigkeit stattfindet.In order to achieve a low deposition potential, it has also proven advantageous to coat the base bodies in a still bath, i.e. that there is no relative movement between the base body to be coated and the liquid.
Unter den erfindungsgemäßen Bedingungen erfolgt ein langsames Schichtenwachstum von etwa 0,05 - 1,0 µm/h.Under the conditions according to the invention there is slow layer growth of approximately 0.05-1.0 μm / h.
Wegen der Zusammensetzung des Bades kann es unter Umständen zu Verzögerungen beim Start der Beschichtungsreaktion kommen. Um ein sicheres Anspringen der Reaktion zu gewährleisten, kann man dem Bad Metallionen in geringen Mengen zusetzen, z.B. Salze des Cobalts, Aluminiums, Zinks, Chroms, Kupfer, Palladiums, Platins und dergl.. Der Gehalt an diesen Zusätzen sollte im Bereich von 500 ppb - 50 ppm gewählt werden.Because of the composition of the bath, there may be delays in starting the coating reaction. To ensure that the reaction starts reliably, small amounts of metal ions can be added to the bath, e.g. Salts of cobalt, aluminum, zinc, chromium, copper, palladium, platinum and the like. The content of these additives should be selected in the range from 500 ppb - 50 ppm.
Als Grundkörper eignen sich grundsätzlich Körper aus elektrisch leitenden Materialien. Im wesentlichen kommen vor allem Eisen bzw. eisenhaltige Legierungen, Stahl, aber auch Graphit oder auch Nickel selbst in Betracht.Basically, bodies made of electrically conductive materials are suitable as the basic body. Essentially, iron or iron-containing alloys, steel, but also graphite or nickel itself are particularly suitable.
Die amorphen erfindungsgemäßen aktiven Nickelschichten passivieren sich erwartungsgemäß wegen ihrer amorphen Struktur leicht, d.h. sie überziehen sich bei Einwirkung von Luftsauerstoff oder von in wäßrigem Medium gelöstem Sauerstoff leicht mit einer Oxidhaut. Überraschenderweise zeigt sich jedoch, daß die Inaktivierung der erfindungsgemäß abgeschiedenen Nickelschicht - im Gegensatz z.B. zu anderen Nickelschichten, die durch Herauslösen einer Komponente entstanden sind, wieder ihre volle katalytische Aktivität entfalten, wenn sie z.B. als Kathode in der Chloralkali-Elektrolyse eingesetzt werden, was sich durch eine starke Verringerung des Wasserstoff-Abscheidepotentials bemerkbar macht.As expected, the amorphous active nickel layers according to the invention passivate easily due to their amorphous structure, i.e. they easily coat with an oxide skin when exposed to atmospheric oxygen or oxygen dissolved in an aqueous medium. Surprisingly, however, it turns out that the inactivation of the nickel layer deposited according to the invention - in contrast e.g. to other nickel layers, which have been created by removing a component, again develop their full catalytic activity if, for example, can be used as cathode in chlor-alkali electrolysis, which is noticeable by a strong reduction in the hydrogen separation potential.
Durch den speziellen strukturellen Aufbau und vor allen Dingen durch die eingelagerten Borkomponenten erfolgt die Aktivierung des Katalysators folgendermaßen:Due to the special structural structure and above all the embedded boron components, the catalyst is activated as follows:
Bei Anlegen eines negativen Potentials, wie es zur elektrolytischen Erzeugung von Wasserstoff notwendig ist, werden die entsprechenden Borkomponenten reduziert und gehen in Lösung bzw. entweichen mit dem Wasserstoff. Hierdurch werden amorphe, hochreaktive Nickelschichten freigelegt, die eine außerordentlich niedrige Wasserstoffüberspannung besitzen. Da die Elektrolysereaktion immer nur in den obersten Aktivschichten abläuft, werden die darunter liegenden Borkomponenten erst dann wieder freigelegt, wenn die "arbeitenden" reaktiven Aktivschichten durch den natürlichen Verschleiß im Verlauf der Elektrolyse entsprechend weit abgetragen sind. Dann werden wieder Borkomponenten freigesetzt, hierdurch neue amorphe, reaktive Schichten freigelegt usw. Dabei muß man sich vorstellen, daß dieser Vorgang nicht stufenweise, sondern kontinuierlich erfolgt.When a negative potential is applied, as is necessary for the electrolytic generation of hydrogen, the corresponding boron components are reduced and go into solution or escape with the hydrogen. As a result, amorphous, highly reactive nickel layers are exposed, which have an extremely low hydrogen overvoltage. There As the electrolysis reaction only ever takes place in the top active layers, the boron components underneath are only uncovered again when the "working" reactive active layers are worn away by the natural wear during the course of the electrolysis. Then boron components are released again, thereby revealing new amorphous, reactive layers, etc. It must be imagined that this process does not take place gradually, but continuously.
Die Funktionsweise des Elektrokatalysators konnte durch entsprechende oberflächenanalytische Untersuchungen (Auger-Elektronenspektroskopie) eindeutig bewiesen werden. Dabei hat sich auch gezeigt, daß sich diese Mechanismen in Oberflächenschichten von wenigen Angström Dicke abspielen. Dies erklärt auch die hohe Lebensdauer der sehr dünnen Aktivschichten.The functionality of the electrocatalyst could be clearly proven by appropriate surface analysis investigations (Auger electron spectroscopy). It has also been shown that these mechanisms take place in surface layers of a few angstroms thick. This also explains the long life of the very thin active layers.
Damit zusammenhängend ergibt sich ein weiterer Vorteil der erfindungsgemäß hergestellten Elektroden. Versetzt man nämlich eine Elektrode in den stromlosen Zustand, so passiviert sie sich oberflächlich; diese Passivierung schadet ihr aber nicht, da sie nach einer kurzen Formierungsphase nach der Wiederinbetriebnahme ihre alte katalytische Aktivität wiedererlangt. Ein weiterer Vorteil ergibt sich dadurch, daß die erfindungsgemäß abgeschiedenen Nickelschichten weitgehend porenfrei sind. Dies bedeutet, daß der darunterliegende Grundkörper vor Korrosionsangriffen geschützt ist und sich keine Lokalelemente bilden können, solange die Aktivschicht noch nicht verbraucht ist. Auch das Einbrennen eines Diaphragmas beeinträchtigt aus den gleichen Gründen die Aktivität der erfindungsgemäß aufgebrachten Aktivschicht nicht.In connection with this there is a further advantage of the electrodes produced according to the invention. If you put an electrode in a de-energized state, it will passivate itself superficially; this passivation does not harm you, however, since after a short formation phase after being put back into operation, it regains its old catalytic activity. Another advantage results from the fact that the nickel layers deposited according to the invention are largely non-porous. This means that the underlying body is protected against corrosion attacks and no local elements can form as long as the active layer has not yet been used up. The baking of a diaphragm does not impair the activity of the active layer applied according to the invention for the same reasons.
Die in den folgenden Beispielen gemessenen Wasserstoff-Abscheidepotentiale sind bei einer Stromdichte von 1,5 kA/m² und 20°C gegen die Wasserstoff-Normalelektrode bestimmt worden.The hydrogen separation potentials measured in the following examples were determined at a current density of 1.5 kA / m² and 20 ° C. against the normal hydrogen electrode.
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a) Ein Eisengitter (ST 12/03) mit den Abmessungen 1 × 12 cm und einer Oberfläche von 48,6 cm² wird mit 30 gew.%iger Salzsäure gereinigt, mit Stickstoff trockengeblasen. Anschließend wird das Gitter in 91 ml eines nicht bewegten Bades getaucht, (Oberflächen-Volumenverhältnis [cm²/l]534), dessen Temperatur 20°C beträgt und das folgende Zusammensetzung aufweist:
0,75 g NiCl₂ . 6 H₂O (0,003 Mol)
0,13 g NaBH₄ (0,003 Mol)
660 mg NaOH (181.mMol/l)
25 ml 25 Gew.% NH₃ (0,37 Mol)
66 ml H₂O
Das Molverhältnis Komplexbildner : Nickelsalz beträgt ca. 123 und das Molverhältnis Natriumboranat : Nickelsalz ca. 1,0.
Nach 20 Stunden wird das Gitter dem Bad entnommen, mit Wasser gewaschen und das Wasserstoff-Abscheidepotential zu 1075 mV bestimmt.a) An iron grid (ST 12/03) with the dimensions 1 × 12 cm and a surface of 48.6 cm² is cleaned with 30% by weight hydrochloric acid and blown dry with nitrogen. The grid is then immersed in 91 ml of an immobile bath (surface volume ratio [cm² / l] 534), the temperature of which is 20 ° C. and has the following composition:
0.75 g NiCl₂. 6 H₂O (0.003 mol)
0.13 g NaBH₄ (0.003 mol)
660 mg NaOH (181.mMol / l)
25 ml 25 wt.% NH₃ (0.37 mol)
66 ml H₂O
The molar ratio of complexing agent: nickel salt is approx. 123 and the molar ratio of sodium boranate: nickel salt is approx. 1.0.
After 20 hours the grid is removed from the bath, washed with water and the hydrogen separation potential is determined to be 1075 mV. -
b) Drei Eisengitter (ST 12/03) mit einer Fläche von jeweils 240 cm² werden wie in Beispiel 1a) beschrieben beschichtet, 24 Stunden lang in 10 gew.%iger Natronlauge getaucht und nach Auflegen eines Diaphragmas aus Asbest dieses 1,5 Stunden lang bei einer Temperatur von 350°C eingebrannt.
Die so hergestellten Kathoden werden in Laborzellen eingebaut und 145 Tage lang bei einer Stromdichte von 1,5 kA/m² kontinuierlich getestet. Während der Versuchsdauer ist keine Erhöhung der Zellenspannung festzustellen:
Zellspannung bei Versuchsbeginn: 3,06 V
Zellspannung bei Versuchsende: 3,05 V.
Die Dicke der Aktivschicht bei Versuchsanfang beträgt 2,5 ∼ 3 µm. Die Bestimmung der Nickelkonzentration in der Diaphragmenlauge liefert Werte, die unterhalb der Analysengenauigkeit (< 100 ppb) liegen und auch der optische Befund nach Ausbau der Kathoden zeigt keinen merklichen Nickel-Abtrag.b) Three iron grids (ST 12/03), each with an area of 240 cm², are coated as described in Example 1a), immersed in 10% strength by weight sodium hydroxide solution for 24 hours, and after placing an asbestos diaphragm thereon for 1.5 hours baked at a temperature of 350 ° C.
The cathodes thus produced are installed in laboratory cells and continuously tested for 145 days at a current density of 1.5 kA / m². There was no increase in cell voltage during the test period:
Cell voltage at the start of the experiment: 3.06 V
Cell voltage at the end of the test: 3.05 V.
The thickness of the active layer at the start of the experiment is 2.5 ∼ 3 µm. The determination of the nickel concentration in the diaphragm solution provides values that are below the accuracy of the analysis (<100 ppb) and the optical findings after removal of the cathodes also show no noticeable removal of nickel. - c) Ein Eisengitter, (ST 12/03) das gemäß Beispiel 1a) beschichtet worden ist und anschließend wie in Beispiel 1b) beschrieben 24 Stunden lang in 10 gew.%iger Natronlauge aufbewahrt worden ist und anschließend ohne Aufbringen eines Asbestdiaphragmas 1,5 Stunden lang bei 350°C behandelt worden ist, zeigt nach einstündiger kathodischer Belastung bei 2 kA/m² einen Wert für das H₂-Abscheidepotential von 1080 mV.c) An iron grid (ST 12/03) which has been coated in accordance with Example 1a) and then has been stored for 24 hours in 10% strength by weight sodium hydroxide solution as described in Example 1b) and then for 1.5 hours without application of an asbestos diaphragm long has been treated at 350 ° C, shows after 1 hour cathodic load at 2 kA / m² a value for the H₂ deposition potential of 1080 mV.
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d) Bei einem Eisengitter (ST 12/03), das wie in Beispiel 1a beschrieben beschichtet worden ist, wird direkt anschließend an die Beschichtung das H₂-Abscheidepotential bestimmt. Daran anschließend wird die Kathode in einer Lösung, die 10 Gew.-% NaOH und 1 Gew.-% NaCl enthält, aufbewahrt und nach verschiedenen Zeitabständen das Potential erneut bestimmt: Nach Versuchsende wird die Elektrode mit 2 kA/m² kathodisch belastet und nach verschiedenen Zeitabständen das H₂-Abscheidepotential erneut bestimmt:
H₂-Abscheidepotential nach 30 min 1180 mV
H₂-Abscheidepotential nach 90 min 1130 mV
H₂-Abscheidepotential nach 150 min 1100 mVd) In an iron grid (ST 12/03), which has been coated as described in Example 1a, the H₂ deposition potential is determined directly after the coating. The cathode is then stored in a solution which contains 10% by weight NaOH and 1% by weight NaCl and the potential is determined again after various time intervals: After the end of the test, the electrode is loaded with 2 kA / m² cathodically and the H₂ deposition potential is determined again after various time intervals:
H₂ separation potential after 30 min 1180 mV
H₂ separation potential after 90 min 1130 mV
H₂ separation potential after 150 min 1100 mV -
e) Je ein sandgestrahltes, poliertes und unbehandeltes Nickelblech wird mit Aceton entfettet, 5 Minuten lang in konz. HCl gebeizt, mit Stickstoff trockengeblasen und dann wie in Beispiel 1a beschrieben stromlos mit einer Nickelschicht beschichtet. In der folgenden Tabelle sind die H₂-Abscheidepotentiale denjenigen Potentialen gegenübergestellt, die bei nicht beschichteten, aber analog vorbehandelten Nickelblechen erhalten werden: Aus den Beispielen 1a) und 1e) ist zu ersehen, daß das H₂-Abscheidepotential der erfindungsgemäß beschichteten Kathoden mit etwa 1060-1075 mV deutlich unter dem Abscheidepotential des Nickels liegt, das je nach Vorbehandlung, gemäß Beispiel 1e) 1300 bzw. 1525 mV beträgt.
Beispiel 1d) zeigt, daß das Abscheidepotential einer erfindungsgemäß beschichteten Kathode nach der Aufbewahrung in salzhaltiger Lauge mit zunehmender Zeit stark ansteigt, daß aber nach kathodischer Belastung wieder das Anfangspotential annähernd erreicht werden kann. Dieser Sachverhalt ist auch dem Beispiel 1e) zu entnehmen, das als Parallelbeispiel zu Beispiel 1b) aufgenommen ist, da bei der hier beschriebenen Kathode wegen des aufgebrachten Diaphragmas die H₂-Abscheidespannung nicht gemessen werden kann.e) A sandblasted, polished and untreated nickel sheet is degreased with acetone, for 5 minutes in conc. HCl pickled, blown dry with nitrogen and then electrolessly coated with a nickel layer as described in Example 1a. In the following table the H₂ deposition potentials are compared to those potentials which are obtained with non-coated but similarly pretreated nickel sheets: From Examples 1a) and 1e) it can be seen that the H₂ deposition potential of the cathodes coated according to the invention, at about 1060-1075 mV, is clearly below the deposition potential of nickel, which, depending on the pretreatment according to Example 1e), is 1300 and 1525 mV, respectively .
Example 1d) shows that the deposition potential of a cathode coated according to the invention rises sharply with increasing time after storage in saline solution, but that the initial potential can again be approximately reached after cathodic loading. This fact can also be found in Example 1e), which is included as a parallel example to Example 1b), since the H₂ deposition voltage cannot be measured in the cathode described here because of the diaphragm applied.
Ein Eisengitter (ST 12/03) mit den Abmessungen 11,5 × 1,5 cm (Oberfläche 65,6 cm²) wird mit 30 gew.%iger Salzsäure abgebeizt, dann mit Stickstoff trockengeblasen und wie in Beispiel 2 der DE-OS 27 06 577 beschrieben mit einer Nickelschicht versehen. Hierzu wird das Gitter in ein 30°C warmes Bad folgender Zusammensetzung 5 Stunden lang eingetaucht:
18 g NiCl₂ (0,138 Mol)
800 ml Wasser
300 ml 25 %iges NH₃ (4,4 Mol)
30 g Hydrazinhydrat (0,6 Mol).An iron grid (ST 12/03) with the dimensions 11.5 × 1.5 cm (surface 65.6 cm²) is stripped with 30% by weight hydrochloric acid, then blown dry with nitrogen and, as in Example 2 of DE-OS 27 06 577 described provided with a nickel layer. For this purpose, the grid is immersed in a 30 ° C bath of the following composition for 5 hours:
18 g NiCl₂ (0.138 mol)
800 ml of water
300 ml 25% NH₃ (4.4 mol)
30 g hydrazine hydrate (0.6 mol).
Daraus resultiert ein Molverhältnis Komplexbildner : Nickelsalz von 31,96 und ein Molverhältnis Reduktionsmittel zu Nickelsalz von 4,34 bei einem Oberflächen (Elektrode cm²)-Volumen (Bad)-Verhältnis von 59,6 cm²/lThis results in a molar ratio of complexing agent: nickel salt of 31.96 and a molar ratio of reducing agent to nickel salt of 4.34 with a surface (electrode cm²) volume (bath) ratio of 59.6 cm² / l
Nach Beendigung der Beschichtung wird die Kathode mit Wasser gespült und das H₂-Abscheidepotential zu 1290 mV bestimmt.After finishing the coating, the cathode is rinsed with water and the H₂ deposition potential is determined to be 1290 mV.
Ein Eisengitter (ST 12/03) mit den Abmessungen 11,5 × 1,5 (Oberfläche 65,6 cm²) wird wie in Vergleichsbeispiel 1 beschrieben vorbehandelt und dann entsprechend Beispiel 1 der DE-OS 27 06 577 bei 28°C 5 Stunden lang in ein Bad getaucht, das folgende Zusammensetzung aufweist.
18 g NiCl₂ (0,14 Mol)
450 ml 25 %iger NH₃ (6,0 Mol)
3 g NaBH₄ (0,08 Mol)
800 ml Wasser.An iron grid (ST 12/03) with the dimensions 11.5 × 1.5 (surface 65.6 cm²) is pretreated as described in comparative example 1 and then according to example 1 of DE-OS 27 06 577 at 28 ° C. for 5 hours long immersed in a bath that has the following composition.
18 g NiCl₂ (0.14 mol)
450 ml of 25% NH₃ (6.0 mol)
3 g NaBH₄ (0.08 mol)
800 ml of water.
Daraus resultiert ein Molverhältnis Komplexbildner : Nickelsalz von 43,47 und ein Molverhältnis Reduktionsmittel : Nickelsalz von 0,57 bei einem Oberflächen (Elektrode cm²)-Volumen (Bad/)-Verhältnis von 52,4 cm²/l Nach dem Beschichten wird die Kathode mit Wasser gespült und das Abscheidepotential zu 1285 mV bestimmt.This results in a molar ratio of complexing agent: nickel salt of 43.47 and a molar ratio of reducing agent: nickel salt of 0.57 with a surface (electrode cm²) volume (bath /) ratio of 52.4 cm² / l After coating, the cathode is rinsed with water and the deposition potential is determined to be 1285 mV.
Aus den beiden Vergleichsbeispielen ist zu ersehen, daß bei einer stromlosen Beschichtung nach dem Stand der Technik nur Potentiale erreicht werden, die dem Abscheidepotential des Nickels entsprechen (1300 mV), während Kathoden, die nach dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren mit einer Nickel-Schicht versehen worden sind, ein um etwa 200 mV niedrigeres Abscheidepotential aufweisen.It can be seen from the two comparative examples that, in the case of a currentless coating according to the prior art, only potentials which correspond to the deposition potential of the nickel (1300 mV) are achieved, while cathodes which have been provided with a nickel layer by the process according to the invention , have a deposition potential which is about 200 mV lower.
Je ein Eisengitter (ST 12/03) mit den Abmessungen 1 × 12 cm (Oberfläche 48,6 cm²) wird wie in Beispiel 1a) beschrieben vorbehandelt, gewogen, und 20 Stunden lang in 0,064 l eines ruhenden Bades bei einer Temperatur von 20°C getaucht, das jeweils 2 g NaBH₄/l enthält. Der Ammoniak- und Nickelsalzgehalt wird entsprechend den in der Tabelle angegebenen Werten variiert.Each iron grid (ST 12/03) with the dimensions 1 × 12 cm (surface 48.6 cm²) is pretreated as described in Example 1a), weighed, and for 20 hours in 0.064 l of a still bath at a temperature of 20 ° C immersed, each containing 2 g NaBH₄ / l. The ammonia and nickel salt content is varied according to the values given in the table.
Nach der Beschichtung werden die Kathoden mit Wasser gespült, mit Stickstoff trockengeblasen und zur Bestimmung der abgeschiedenen Nickelmenge erneut gewogen.
Aus der Tabelle ist zu ersehen, daß bei geringen Molverhältnissen von Ammoniak zu Nickelsalz in dem Bad spontan Nickel abgeschieden wird. Die im Bad abgeschiedenen Nickelkeime bilden eine Konkurrenz zu dem zu beschichtenden Eisengitter, d.h. in anderen Worten, daß auf dem Eisengitter praktisch kein Nickel abgeschieden wird. Erst bei Versuch d), d.h. bei einem Molverhältnis von NH₃ : Nickelsalz von 88 wird die Abscheidung des Nickels im Bad selbst stark zurückgedrängt, es wird allerdings mit 1,6 mg Ni/g Gitter noch sehr wenig Nickel auf dem Gitter abgeschieden. Die auf dem Gitter abgeschiedene Nickel-Menge kann jedoch durch Zugabe von NaOH stark gesteigert werden.It can be seen from the table that nickel is spontaneously deposited in the bath at low molar ratios of ammonia to nickel salt. The nickel nuclei deposited in the bath compete with the iron grid to be coated, i.e. in other words, practically no nickel is deposited on the iron grid. Only in experiment d), i.e. at a molar ratio of NH₃: nickel salt of 88, the deposition of nickel in the bath itself is strongly suppressed, but very little nickel is deposited on the grid with 1.6 mg Ni / g grid. However, the amount of nickel deposited on the grid can be greatly increased by adding NaOH.
Je ein Eisengitter (ST 12/03) mit den Abmessungen 1 × 12 cm (Oberfläche 48.6 cm²) wird 20 Stunden lang in 0,064 l eines ruhenden Beschichtungsbades (Temperatur 23°C) getaucht, das folgende Zusammensetzung aufweist:
10 g NaOH/l (250 mMol/l)
2,3 g NaBH₄/l ( 0,06 Mol/l)Each iron grid (ST 12/03) with the dimensions 1 × 12 cm (surface 48.6 cm²) is immersed for 20 hours in 0.064 l of a resting coating bath (temperature 23 ° C), which has the following composition:
10 g NaOH / l (250 mmol / l)
2.3 g NaBH₄ / l (0.06 mol / l)
Der Gehalt des Bades an Nickelchlorid ist aus der folgenden Tabelle zu ersehen, ebenso wie das jeweils eingehaltene Molverhältnis NH₃ (Komplexbildner): Ni.The nickel chloride content of the bath can be seen from the following table, as well as the molar ratio NH 3 (complexing agent): Ni.
Nach Beendigung der Beschichtung werden die Elektroden dem Bad entnommen, mit Wasser gespült, 24 Stunden lang in 10 gew.%iger NaOH aufbewahrt und anschließend 1,5 Stunden lang bei 360°C wärmebehandelt. Nach 60-minütiger kathodischer Belastung bei 2 kA/m² werden die folgenden in der Tabelle aufgeführten H₂-Abscheidepotentiale gemessen:
Aus der Tabelle ist zu ersehen, daß unter den erfindungsgemäßen Molverhältnissen NaBH₄ : Ni die niedrigsten H₂-Abscheidepotentiale erhalten werden.From the table it can be seen that the lowest H₂ deposition potentials are obtained under the molar ratios NaBH₄: Ni according to the invention.
Eisengitter werden entsprechend Beispiel 1a) beschichtet und entsprechend Beispiel 1c) nachbehandelt, wobei während der Beschichtung nicht gerührt bzw. gerührt wird.Iron grids are coated according to Example 1a) and aftertreated according to Example 1c), with no stirring or stirring during the coating.
Die Bestimmung des H₂-Abscheidepotentials liefert folgende Werte:
Aus der Tabelle ist die Bedeutung der Beschichtung in einem nicht bewegten Bad deutlich zu erkennen.The importance of the coating in a non-moving bath can be clearly seen from the table.
Eisengitter werden entsprechend Beispiel 1a) beschichtet und entsprechend Beispiel 1c) nachbehandelt, wobei während der Beschichtung unterschiedliche Temperaturen, wie in der Tabelle angegeben, eingehalten werden.
Je ein Eisengitter wird wie in Beispiel 1a) beschrieben in ein Bad getaucht, dem Kupfer in der in der Tabelle angegebenen Menge zugesetzt worden ist. Nach 20 Stunden Beschichtungszeit werden die Gitter mit Wasser gespült, mit Stickstoff trockengeblasen und gewogen.
Claims (6)
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Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE19853532866 DE3532866A1 (en) | 1985-09-14 | 1985-09-14 | METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING ELECTRODES |
DE3532866 | 1985-09-14 |
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EP0215381A1 true EP0215381A1 (en) | 1987-03-25 |
EP0215381B1 EP0215381B1 (en) | 1989-11-23 |
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EP86112216A Expired EP0215381B1 (en) | 1985-09-14 | 1986-09-04 | Process for manufacturing electrodes |
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DE (2) | DE3532866A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101189362B (en) * | 2005-10-07 | 2011-03-16 | 日矿金属株式会社 | Electroless nickel plating solution |
CN113169055A (en) * | 2018-12-05 | 2021-07-23 | 三菱电机株式会社 | Semiconductor device and method for manufacturing semiconductor device |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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FR2218137A1 (en) * | 1973-02-17 | 1974-09-13 | Deutsche Automobilgesellsch |
-
1985
- 1985-09-14 DE DE19853532866 patent/DE3532866A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1986
- 1986-09-04 DE DE8686112216T patent/DE3667076D1/en not_active Expired
- 1986-09-04 EP EP86112216A patent/EP0215381B1/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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FR2218137A1 (en) * | 1973-02-17 | 1974-09-13 | Deutsche Automobilgesellsch |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, Band 90, Nr. 4, Januar 1979, Seite 499, Zusammenfassung Nr. 31161r, Columbus, Ohio, US; & JP-A-78 102 876 (ASAHI GLASS CO. LTD.) 07-09-1978 * |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101189362B (en) * | 2005-10-07 | 2011-03-16 | 日矿金属株式会社 | Electroless nickel plating solution |
US8182594B2 (en) | 2005-10-07 | 2012-05-22 | Nippon Mining & Metals Co., Ltd. | Electroless nickel plating liquid |
CN113169055A (en) * | 2018-12-05 | 2021-07-23 | 三菱电机株式会社 | Semiconductor device and method for manufacturing semiconductor device |
CN113169055B (en) * | 2018-12-05 | 2023-08-08 | 三菱电机株式会社 | Semiconductor device and method for manufacturing semiconductor device |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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DE3667076D1 (en) | 1989-12-28 |
DE3532866A1 (en) | 1987-03-26 |
EP0215381B1 (en) | 1989-11-23 |
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