EP0201043B1 - Container made of carton or the like - Google Patents

Container made of carton or the like Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0201043B1
EP0201043B1 EP86105967A EP86105967A EP0201043B1 EP 0201043 B1 EP0201043 B1 EP 0201043B1 EP 86105967 A EP86105967 A EP 86105967A EP 86105967 A EP86105967 A EP 86105967A EP 0201043 B1 EP0201043 B1 EP 0201043B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
container
longitudinal seam
handle
jacket
sealed
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP86105967A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0201043A2 (en
EP0201043A3 (en
Inventor
Remigius Heubuch
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Unilever PLC
Unilever NV
Original Assignee
Unilever PLC
Unilever NV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Unilever PLC, Unilever NV filed Critical Unilever PLC
Publication of EP0201043A2 publication Critical patent/EP0201043A2/en
Publication of EP0201043A3 publication Critical patent/EP0201043A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0201043B1 publication Critical patent/EP0201043B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D3/00—Rigid or semi-rigid containers having bodies or peripheral walls of curved or partially-curved cross-section made by winding or bending paper without folding along defined lines
    • B65D3/26—Opening arrangements or devices incorporated in, or attached to, containers
    • B65D3/261—Opening arrangements or devices incorporated in, or attached to, containers the opening arrangement being located in the container side wall
    • B65D3/262—Opening arrangements or devices incorporated in, or attached to, containers the opening arrangement being located in the container side wall forming a circumferential line of weakness
    • B65D3/263—Opening arrangements or devices incorporated in, or attached to, containers the opening arrangement being located in the container side wall forming a circumferential line of weakness and having an attached or applied tearing or reinforcing element
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D15/00—Containers having bodies formed by interconnecting or uniting two or more rigid, or substantially rigid, sections made of different materials
    • B65D15/02—Containers having bodies formed by interconnecting or uniting two or more rigid, or substantially rigid, sections made of different materials of curved, or partially curved, cross-section, e.g. cans, drums
    • B65D15/04—Containers having bodies formed by interconnecting or uniting two or more rigid, or substantially rigid, sections made of different materials of curved, or partially curved, cross-section, e.g. cans, drums with curved, or partially curved, walls made by winding or bending paper
    • B65D15/08—Containers having bodies formed by interconnecting or uniting two or more rigid, or substantially rigid, sections made of different materials of curved, or partially curved, cross-section, e.g. cans, drums with curved, or partially curved, walls made by winding or bending paper with end walls made of plastics material

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a box-shaped loading '.
  • Containers with a jacket or the like wrapped and closed along a longitudinal seam and two front-side closure parts, which are made of plastic or the like are welded.
  • Containers known from CH-PS 439 082 have proven themselves in practice for a variety of applications. They can be very dense.
  • a container is known from DE-OS 2 507 455 which is easy to open. To implement both criteria in one and the same container has so far not become known and is also difficult to implement. But this is precisely where the present invention begins.
  • a tear thread is sealed on the inside of the jacket provided with a sealable layer, one end of which is led out of the interior of the container through the longitudinal seam, that the jacket in the area of the tear thread on its outside with two parallel to one another is provided, which partially penetrate into the casing material, that the two cut lines diverge in a V-shape at the outer end of the casing in the region of the longitudinal seam and divide a section which serves as a handle for tearing open the container, the section serving as a handle protrudes slightly beyond the remaining sections of the casing, and that the two cutting lines in the region of the strip of the casing lying in the longitudinal seam run along the shape of a triangle which lies under the handle and is sealed to it.
  • the tear thread and the way in which it is attached provide easy opening.
  • the triangular shape of the cut lines on the inner strip ensures that material splitting occurs in the inner strip when the handle is pulled off.
  • the tear thread thus remains sealed between the handle and the split layer of the inner strip. This ensures that the tear thread is also detected when the handle is gripped, which enables a completely safe opening of the container; due to the slight protrusion of the section serving as a handle over the remaining sections of the jacket, the handle can be gripped even more easily.
  • a sealable coating is necessary anyway; the full-surface layer advantageously completely seals the container.
  • a tear thread is provided for a can-shaped container, which, however, is only sufficient with very thin wall material in order to enable perfect opening; for thicker material - as is required for dense containers - the arrangement of only one tear strip is not sufficient.
  • the longitudinal seam is weakened by the material cut-out in the area of the rip open so that sufficient tightness and strength are not guaranteed here.
  • the container 1 shows a cross-sectionally oval container 1, the casing 2 of which is wound from a rectangular cardboard blank 3 (FIG. 3) and closed along a longitudinal seam 4.
  • the container 1 has two end closure parts 5, which are of identical design. As can be seen particularly from FIG. 2, these closure parts 5 are cup-shaped and project into the container 1 with their base.
  • the edge of the closure parts 5 is designed as a U-shaped receiving groove 6 for the two jacket ends. Depending on whether only the inner side of the jacket or its two sides are sealably coated, only the inside or the inside and the outside of the jacket end is welded to the corresponding leg of the U-shaped receiving groove 6.
  • a tear thread 7 is sealed on the inside, which is led out of the container through the longitudinal seam 4.
  • two cutting lines 8 and 9 are provided on the outside of the jacket 2, which run parallel to one another and only partially penetrate into the jacket wall. These two cutting lines diverge in a V-shape at the outer end of the casing 2 in the area of the longitudinal seam 4 and divide a section serving as a handle 10. This handle 10 protrudes slightly beyond the cut edge of the jacket, so that it can be easily gripped to tear open the jacket.
  • the tear thread 7 is with this handle 10 at the In Sealed side, so that the tear force is transferred to the thread via the handle.
  • the blank 3 shown in FIG. 3 for producing the jacket 2 has a strip 11 for forming the longitudinal seam, which comes to lie on the inside when the jacket is wound. It is divided from the rest of the blank by an embossing line 12, along which the strip 11 is embossed to the rear, whereby in the finished wrapped jacket this strip protrudes by the material thickness on the inside of the container, while the two adjacent end sections of the jacket are aligned on the outside.
  • the two cutting lines 8 and 9 run along the shape of a triangle 13, which lies under the handle 10 in the finished jacket and is sealed with it. When the handle is detached, the cutting material is cut along this triangle at the same time.
  • the tear thread tears open the jacket along the two cutting lines 8 and 9, the two material sections being completely separated by the previous material splitting in the area of the strip 11.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen dosenförmigen Be- '. hälter mit einem aus Karton od. dgl. gewickelten und entlang einer Längsnaht verschlossenen Mantel sowie zwei stimseitigen Verschlußteilen, die aus Kunststoff od. dgl. bestehen, eine U-förmige Aufnahmerille für die beiden Mantelenden aufweisen und an der Innenseite des Mantels anliegen und mit diesem verschweißt sind.The invention relates to a box-shaped loading '. Containers with a jacket or the like wrapped and closed along a longitudinal seam and two front-side closure parts, which are made of plastic or the like are welded.

Derartige, z.B. aus der CH-PS 439 082 bekannte Behälter haben sich in der Praxis für vielerlei Anwendungsfälle bewährt. Sie können sehr dicht ausgebildet sein. Darüber hinaus ist aus der DE-OS 2 507 455 ein Behälter bekannt, der leicht zu öffnen ist. Beide Kriterien bei ein und demselben Behälter zu realisieren ist bisher nicht bekannt geworden und auch nur schwer durchzuführen. Aber gerade da setzt die vorliegende Erfindung ein.Such, e.g. Containers known from CH-PS 439 082 have proven themselves in practice for a variety of applications. They can be very dense. In addition, a container is known from DE-OS 2 507 455 which is easy to open. To implement both criteria in one and the same container has so far not become known and is also difficult to implement. But this is precisely where the present invention begins.

Ihr liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, einen Behälter der eingangs genannten Art zu schaffen, der sowohl sehr dicht ist als auch leicht geöffnet werden kann.It is based on the task of creating a container of the type mentioned at the beginning which is both very tight and can be opened easily.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß an der Innenseite des mit einer siegelfähigen Schicht versehenen Mantels ein Aufreißfaden angesiegelt ist, dessen eines Ende durch die Längsnaht hindurch aus dem Behälterinneren herausgeführt ist, daß der Mantel im Bereich des Aufreißfadens an seiner Außenseite mit zwei parallel zueinander verlaufenden Schnittlinien versehen ist, die teilweise in das Mantelmaterial eindringen, daß die beiden Schnittlinien am im Bereich der Längsnaht außenliegenden Ende des Mantels V-förmig auseinander laufen und einen Abschnitt abteilen, der als Handgriff zum Aufreißen des Behälters dient, wobei der als Handgriff dienende Abschnitt geringfügig über die übrigen Abschnitte des Mantels vorsteht, und daß die beiden Schnittlinien im Bereich des in der Längsnaht liegenden Streifens des Mantels entlang der Form eines Dreiecks verlaufen, das unter dem Handgriff liegt und mit diesem versiegelt ist.This object is achieved in that a tear thread is sealed on the inside of the jacket provided with a sealable layer, one end of which is led out of the interior of the container through the longitudinal seam, that the jacket in the area of the tear thread on its outside with two parallel to one another is provided, which partially penetrate into the casing material, that the two cut lines diverge in a V-shape at the outer end of the casing in the region of the longitudinal seam and divide a section which serves as a handle for tearing open the container, the section serving as a handle protrudes slightly beyond the remaining sections of the casing, and that the two cutting lines in the region of the strip of the casing lying in the longitudinal seam run along the shape of a triangle which lies under the handle and is sealed to it.

Durch die Verwendung der Kunststoff-Verschlußteile, deren Ausgestaltung und Verbindung mit dem Mantel wird einerseits eine sehr gute Dichtigkeit des Behälters erreicht, während andererseits durch den Aufreißfaden und die Art seiner Anbringung eine leichte Öffnungsmöglichkeit gegeben ist. Durch den dreieckförmigen Verlauf der Schnittlinien am innenliegenden Streifen ist erreicht, daß beim Abziehen des Handgriffs im innenliegenden Streifen eine Materialspaltung eintritt. Der Aufreißfaden verbleibt somit zwischen dem Handgriff und der abgespalteten Schicht des innenliegenden Streifens eingesiegelt. Damit ist sichergestellt, daß der Aufreißfaden beim Erfassen des Handgriffs mit erfaßt wird, wodurch ein völlig sicheres Öffnen des Behälters ermöglicht wird; durch das geringfügige Vorstehen des als Handgriff dienenden Abschnittes über die übrigen Abschnitte des Mantels kann der Handgriff noch leichter erfaßt werden. Im Bereich des Aufreißfadens und an den Mantelenden ist eine siegelfähige Beschichtung ohnehin notwendig; durch die vollflächige Schicht wird in vorteilhafter Weise eine völlige Abdichtung des Behälters erzielt.Through the use of the plastic fastener parts, their design and connection with the jacket, a very good tightness of the container is achieved on the one hand, while on the other hand the tear thread and the way in which it is attached provide easy opening. The triangular shape of the cut lines on the inner strip ensures that material splitting occurs in the inner strip when the handle is pulled off. The tear thread thus remains sealed between the handle and the split layer of the inner strip. This ensures that the tear thread is also detected when the handle is gripped, which enables a completely safe opening of the container; due to the slight protrusion of the section serving as a handle over the remaining sections of the jacket, the handle can be gripped even more easily. In the area of the tear thread and at the ends of the jacket, a sealable coating is necessary anyway; the full-surface layer advantageously completely seals the container.

Aus der US-A 2 909 312 ist zwar eine Verpackung bekannt mit einem AufreiBfaden an der Innenseite und Schnittlinien in Form von Perforationen. Dabei handelt es sich aber um eine vollständig aus Karton gefaltete Rechteckverpackung, bei der zwar die Perforationslinien am Ende des Zuschnittes V-förmig auseinanderlaufen. Darüber hinaus ist aber eine Querperforation vorgesehen, die auch das Aufreißband durchtrennt, wodurch beim Aufrei-Ben die innere Lage stehen bleibt und keine völlige Auftrennung der Verpackung erfolgt.From US-A 2 909 312 a package is known with a tear thread on the inside and cut lines in the form of perforations. However, this is a rectangular packaging completely folded from cardboard, in which the perforation lines diverge in a V-shape at the end of the cut. In addition, however, a transverse perforation is provided which also cuts through the tear tape, as a result of which the inner layer remains when tearing open and the packaging is not completely separated.

Bei der noch bekannt gewordenen US-A 4113 101 ist bei einem dosenförmigen Behälter ein Aufreißfaden vorgesehen, der allerdings nur bei sehr dünnem Wandmaterial ausreicht, um ein einwandfreies Öffnen zu ermöglichen; für dickeres Material - wie es für dichte Behälter benötigt wird - ist die Anordnung nur eines Aufreißstreifens nicht ausreichend. Darüber hinaus ist durch die Materialaussparung im Bereich des Aufreißiappens die Längsnaht so geschwächt, daß hier keine ausreichende Dichtigkeit und Festigkeit gewährleistet sind.In US-A 4113 101, which has become known, a tear thread is provided for a can-shaped container, which, however, is only sufficient with very thin wall material in order to enable perfect opening; for thicker material - as is required for dense containers - the arrangement of only one tear strip is not sufficient. In addition, the longitudinal seam is weakened by the material cut-out in the area of the rip open so that sufficient tightness and strength are not guaranteed here.

In der Zeichnung ist die Erfindung anhand eines Ausführungsbeispiels veranschaulicht. Dabei zeigen:

  • Fig. 1 ein Schaubild eines Behälters mit einem Mantel aus Karton sowie zwei Verschlußteilen aus Kunststoff,
  • Fig. 2 einen Längsschnitt durch den Behälter und
  • Fig. 3 eine Ansicht eines flachliegenden Kartonzuschnittes zum Herstellen des Behältermantels.
The invention is illustrated in the drawing using an exemplary embodiment. Show:
  • 1 is a diagram of a container with a jacket made of cardboard and two closure parts made of plastic,
  • Fig. 2 shows a longitudinal section through the container and
  • Fig. 3 is a view of a flat cardboard blank for producing the container shell.

In Fig. 1 ist ein im Querschnitt ovaler Behälter 1 dargestellt, dessen Mantel 2 aus einem rechteckigen Kartonzuschnitt 3(Fig.3) gewickelt und entlang einer Längsnaht 4 verschlossen ist. Der Behälter 1 weist zwei stirnseitige VerschluBteile 5 auf, die identisch ausgebildet sind. Wie besonders aus Fig. 2 ersichtlich, sind diese Verschlußteile 5 topfförmig ausgebildet und ragen mit ihrem Boden in den Behälter 1 hinein. Der Rand der Verschlußteile 5 ist als U-förmige Aufnahmerille 6 für die beiden Mantelenden ausgebildet. Je nachdem, ob nur die innere Seite des Mantels oder dessen beide Seiten siegelfähig beschichtet sind, wird nur die Innenseite oder die Innen- und die Außenseite des Mantelendes mit dem entsprechenden Schenkel der U-förmigen Aufnahmerille 6 verschweißt. Etwa in der Mitte des Behältermantels ist an dessen Innenseite ein Aufreißfaden 7 angesiegelt, der durch die Längsnaht 4 aus dem Behälter herausgeführt ist. Diesem Aufreißfaden gegenüberliegend sind an der Außenseite des Mantels 2 zwei Schnittlinien 8 und 9 vorgesehen, die parallel zueinander verlaufen und nur zum Teil in die Mantelwand eindringen. Diese beiden Schnittlinien laufen am im Bereich der Längsnaht 4 außenliegenden Ende des Mantels 2 V-förmig auseinander und teilen einen als Handgriff 10 dienenden Abschnitt ab. Dieser Handgriff 10 steht etwas über die Schnittkante des Mantels vor, so daß er zum Aufreißen des Mantels leicht erfaßt werden kann. Der Aufreißfaden 7 ist mit diesem Handgriff 10 an der Innenseite versiegelt, so daß die Aufreißkraft über den Handgriff auf den Faden übertragen wird.1 shows a cross-sectionally oval container 1, the casing 2 of which is wound from a rectangular cardboard blank 3 (FIG. 3) and closed along a longitudinal seam 4. The container 1 has two end closure parts 5, which are of identical design. As can be seen particularly from FIG. 2, these closure parts 5 are cup-shaped and project into the container 1 with their base. The edge of the closure parts 5 is designed as a U-shaped receiving groove 6 for the two jacket ends. Depending on whether only the inner side of the jacket or its two sides are sealably coated, only the inside or the inside and the outside of the jacket end is welded to the corresponding leg of the U-shaped receiving groove 6. Approximately in the middle of the container shell, a tear thread 7 is sealed on the inside, which is led out of the container through the longitudinal seam 4. Opposing this tear thread, two cutting lines 8 and 9 are provided on the outside of the jacket 2, which run parallel to one another and only partially penetrate into the jacket wall. These two cutting lines diverge in a V-shape at the outer end of the casing 2 in the area of the longitudinal seam 4 and divide a section serving as a handle 10. This handle 10 protrudes slightly beyond the cut edge of the jacket, so that it can be easily gripped to tear open the jacket. The tear thread 7 is with this handle 10 at the In Sealed side, so that the tear force is transferred to the thread via the handle.

Der in Fig. 3 dargestellte Zuschnitt 3 zum Herstellen des Mantels 2 hat zur Bildung der Längsnaht einen Streifen 11, der beim Wickeln des Mantels auf die Innenseite zu liegen kommt. Er ist vom übrigen Zuschnitt durch eine Prägelinie 12 abgeteilt, entlang welcher der Streifen 11 nach hinten geprägt ist, wodurch beim fertig gewickelten Mantel dieser Streifen um die Materialstärke an der Behälterinnenseite vorsteht, während die beiden einander benachbarten Endabschnitte des Mantels auf der Außenseite fluchten. Im Bereich dieses Streifens 11 verlaufen die beiden Schnittlinien 8 und 9 entlang der Form eines Dreiecks 13, welches beim fertigen Mantel unter dem Handgriff 10 liegt und mit diesem versiegelt ist. Beim Ablösen des Handgriffs wird entlang dieses Dreiecks das Zuschnittmaterial gleichzeitig gespaiten.The blank 3 shown in FIG. 3 for producing the jacket 2 has a strip 11 for forming the longitudinal seam, which comes to lie on the inside when the jacket is wound. It is divided from the rest of the blank by an embossing line 12, along which the strip 11 is embossed to the rear, whereby in the finished wrapped jacket this strip protrudes by the material thickness on the inside of the container, while the two adjacent end sections of the jacket are aligned on the outside. In the area of this strip 11, the two cutting lines 8 and 9 run along the shape of a triangle 13, which lies under the handle 10 in the finished jacket and is sealed with it. When the handle is detached, the cutting material is cut along this triangle at the same time.

Beim Offnen des Behälters reißt der Aufreißfaden den Mantel entlang der beiden Schnittlinien 8 und 9 auf, wobei durch die vorherige Materialspaltung im Bereich des Streifens 11 eine völlige Trennung der beiden Behälterabschnitte erfolgt.When the container is opened, the tear thread tears open the jacket along the two cutting lines 8 and 9, the two material sections being completely separated by the previous material splitting in the area of the strip 11.

Claims (1)

  1. Can-shaped container with a body (2), that is wound from board or a similar material and is closed along a longitudinal seam formed by an overlapped strip (11), and two end closures (5), that are made from plastic or a similar material, have a U-shaped groove (6) to accommodate the two ends of the body and rest against the inside surface of the body, to which they are sealed, wherein a continuous tear thread (7) is sealed to the inside of the body (2) covered with a sealable layer, one end of which projects out of the inside of the container through the longitudinal seam (4), wherein the body (2) has two cut lines (8, 9) on the outside in the area of the tear thread (7) which run parallel to each other and penetrate the material of the body to some extent, wherein the two cut lines (8, 9) diverge to form a V-shape at the end of the body (2) which is on the outside in the area of the longitudinal seam (4) and define a section which serves as a handle (10) for tearing open the container (2) and projects slightly beyond the the cut edge of the body (2), and wherein the two cut lines (8, 9) form a triangle (13) in the area of the strip (11) of the body (2) in the longitudinal seam (4), which is located underneath the handle (10) and is sealed to the same.
EP86105967A 1985-05-08 1986-04-30 Container made of carton or the like Expired EP0201043B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3516504A DE3516504C1 (en) 1985-05-08 1985-05-08 Can-shaped container
DE3516504 1985-05-08

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0201043A2 EP0201043A2 (en) 1986-11-12
EP0201043A3 EP0201043A3 (en) 1987-09-02
EP0201043B1 true EP0201043B1 (en) 1989-07-26

Family

ID=6270120

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP86105967A Expired EP0201043B1 (en) 1985-05-08 1986-04-30 Container made of carton or the like

Country Status (2)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0201043B1 (en)
DE (2) DE3516504C1 (en)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2263683A (en) * 1992-01-21 1993-08-04 Field Group Ltd Tamper evident tubular packing container
ES2154152A1 (en) * 1998-06-17 2001-03-16 Paper Sa Container
WO2008153955A1 (en) * 2007-06-07 2008-12-18 Cadbury Adams Usa Llc Rounded packaging for comestibles
NL2001645C2 (en) * 2008-06-02 2009-12-03 Kauri B V Packaging for storing e.g. yoghurt, has weakened line extending over part of circumference of wall of container, and bottom part and tope part mutually movable relative to each other for providing access to holder

Family Cites Families (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2909312A (en) * 1956-10-09 1959-10-20 Walworth Engineering Company Tear strip box
CH439082A (en) * 1965-07-20 1967-06-30 Max Sandherr Ag Papierdosen Un Can
US3300118A (en) * 1966-01-21 1967-01-24 Container Corp Easy opening container construction
US3402876A (en) * 1967-04-10 1968-09-24 American Can Co Easy open carton construction and blank therefor
DE2002995A1 (en) * 1970-01-23 1971-07-29 Akerlund & Rausing Ab Assembled, leak-proof cardboard
IT1025491B (en) * 1974-11-07 1978-08-10 Cremonese Ind CARDBOARD CONTAINER PARTICULARLY FOR LOOSE CLEANING PRODUCTS
US4113101A (en) * 1976-09-03 1978-09-12 Ab Ziristor Opening arrangement for packing containers

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0201043A2 (en) 1986-11-12
DE3516504C1 (en) 1987-01-15
EP0201043A3 (en) 1987-09-02
DE3664611D1 (en) 1989-08-31

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