Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
  • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
  • H01Q21/0006—Particular feeding systems
  • H01Q21/0025—Modular arrays
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
  • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
  • H01Q21/0006—Particular feeding systems
  • H01Q21/0037—Particular feeding systems linear waveguide fed arrays
  • H01Q21/0043—Slotted waveguides
  • H01Q21/005—Slotted waveguides arrays

Definitions

• the present inyention relates to antenna systems for creation of highly shaped beams of irregular outline.
• Communications satellites in geosynchronous orbit are employed to allow communication from one earth station to another.
• Such satellites typically employ antenna systems engineered for coverage of specific land masses so as not to waste antenna gain over unpopulated areas.
• Antenna systems for providing highly contoured antenna patterns are, there- fore, required to enhance "the efficiency of the commu ⁇ nication system.
• Modular phased array antenna systems have long been utilized in radar applications, typically as an element in a radar system to sweep a narrow beam of RF energy past a target and thereby obtain an imaging of the target from the reflected signals.
• phased array techniques have not been used before for space antenna subsystems because of the relatively high costs associated with standard treatment of their design, and the fact that such standard treatments were not believed to lead to practical configurations for satellite and space configurations. It is, therefore, one object of the invention to provide a modular phased array antenna system for creating a highly contoured beam pattern.
• Another object of the invention is to provide a direct radiating antenna which can create a highly configurable pattern.
• Yet another object of the invention is to provide a modular contoured beam phased array which is relatively small, compact, light and less costly than prior art systems.
• a modularized, direct radiating antenna system for producing highly contoured beam patterns comprises a plurality of identical array modules, each comprising at least one radiation element.
• An intramodule feed .networ . is provided to distribute RF energy between a module port and the radiation elements in an equal-power, equal-phase relationship.
• An intermodule feed network is provided to communicate RF energy between an antenna system port and the respective module ports.
• the second feed network is adapted to couple the power and provide appropriate electrical path lengths so that the RF power communicated between the respective module ports and the system port is of predetermined relative amplitudes and phases.
• the intermodule excitation power and phase distribution across the entire planar array produces the desired contoured beam to encompass a required area.
• Figure 1 depicts a one-dimensional view of a planar phased array in accordance with the invention.
• Figure 2 is a cut-away perspective view of a slotted waveguide planar array module in accordance with the inven ⁇ tion.
• Figure 3 is a schematic equivalent circuit diagram of the intramodule feed network.
• Figure 4 depicts a planar array comprising thirty-two identical array modules.
• Figures 5a-e are schematic diagrams illustrating the intermodule feed network for the planar array of Figure 4.
• Figure 6 depicts the theoretically predicted radiation beam pattern contours of the array depicted in Figure 4.
• Figure 7 depicts the measured radiation beam contours of the array depicted in Figure 4.
• DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The present invention comprises a novel modularized contoured beam phased array antenna.
• the following descrip ⁇ tion is presented to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the invention, and is provided in the context of a particular application and its requirements.
• Various modifications to the preferred embodiment will be readily, apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodi ⁇ ments and applications.
• the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiment shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein.
• the presently preferred embodiment of the invention is intended for use as an antenna system for a satellite in geosynchronous orbit above the earth.
• the satellite is disposed in geostationary orbit some 22,000 miles above the earth, and the antenna system in accordance with the invention is adapted to provide a radiation beam contour which is highly contoured to cover a particular land mass, for example, the country of Mexico as viewed from a specific geostationary orbit slot, i.e., at a specific longitude.
• the present invention represents, insofar as is known to applicants, the first use of planar array technology for creation of very highly shaped beams of irregular outline. With the invention, the array beams are molded into three dimensional contours to achieve specific gain objectives.
• This type of antenna is not limited to satellite applica ⁇ tions, but may create virtually any type of beam configura ⁇ tion (dependent upon available aperture size and frequency) .
• the invention represents a practical, low cost means of providing an optimized antenna for an available spacial envelope.
• the preferred embodiment of the array system comprises a plurality of identical array modules, each in turn comprising a plurality of radiation elements and a module port coupled to the radiation elements by an intramodule feed network.
• the module ports of the array modules are coupled to an array system port by an intermodule feed network adapted to provide predetermined intermodule phase and amplitude excitation.
• the intermodule excitation power and phase distribution across the entire planar array aperture pro ⁇ cutes the desired contoured beam to encompass a required area.
• the required area is the desired land mass as viewed from a specific geostationary orbit slot, i.e., at a specific longitude.
• Sophisticated optimizer computer techniques have been developed by others to analyze horn array fed reflector antennas, typically used for satellite applications. As is known, each horn feeding the reflector creates a single beam with a different beam pointing direction. An optimizer computer program determines the optimum relative phase and power excitation of the horns in the array to create the desired contoured antenna beam.
• the optimizer computer program may be employed to determine the optimum relative phase and power excitation of the planar array modules within the entire planar array to create the desired contoured antenna beam.
• Figure 1 provides some insight into the similarity of the known horn array fed reflector antenna system, which in effect superimposes several beams with different beam pointing directions, and the planar array, comprised of several planar array segments or modules.
• Figure 1 depicts a one-dimensional view of the planar array.
• the array modules are treated theoretically as the array elements.
• the intermodule spacing d is, therefore, the spacing between the centers of adjacent identical array modules.
• the change in phase from point a. 2 to point c. 2 s (2 ⁇ / ⁇ )d cos ⁇ - 2 , where ⁇ is the free space wavelength and ⁇ - « is the point- ing direction from the plane of the array of a main beam, created by considering array modules 1 and 2 only.
• ⁇ is the free space wavelength
• ⁇ - « is the point- ing direction from the plane of the array of a main beam
• the relative phase between the adjacent array modules 1 and 2, 0. 2 is the phase change between a. 2 and b, 2 , which must also be equal to (2 ⁇ r/ ⁇ ) dcos ⁇ . - in order to create the constructive interference of the signals radiating from array modules 1 and 2 to form the main beam pointing at a direction ⁇ . 2 from the plane of the array. For the same reason, 0- .
• an optimizer computer program is employed to determine the optimum relative power and phase and excitation of the individual modules of the antenna.
• the specific locations of the individual horns each determines a different stationary beam pointing direction corresponding to a specific individual horn.
• the resulting optimized relative phases of the array modules are a combination of values that create the dispersion of effec ⁇ tive individual beam pointing directions, plus contributions
• the antenna system ' of the present invention is not intended for use in a radar system, in which the radar beam is swept past a target to obtain an imaging of the target. Rather, the present
• antenna system functions in a manner analogous to a holo ⁇ graphic processor; that is, the image of the "target” (the particular contoured area) is stored via the nature of the modules and their excitation distribution.
• the beam of the present antenna systems is contoured in three dimen ⁇
• the image may be thought of as being projected about 22,000 miles below the antenna.
• the antenna is perceived as a collection of
• the antenna comprises a frequency selective, spatially selective set of conductors operating in the communications spectrum, not the visible spectrum of classical holograms.
• FIG. 2 A cut-away perspective view of an array module as employed in the invention is shown in Figure 2.
• the con- struction of such a module will be generally apparent to those skilled in the art from Figure 2.
• the device illus ⁇ trated is particularly adapted for K band operation, in the range from 14 to 14.5 Ghz.
• the module comprises a generally rectangular structure defining a plurality of radiating waveguides 20, each having a plurality of radiating slots 25 formed in radiating plate 30.
• Each radiating waveguide 20 is about 3.302 inches long, and the width of the rectangular structure defining the six waveguides is 3.926 inches.
• Each waveguide 20 is terminated in a short circuit, for example, at 22. It is noted that the system may be used either for reception or transmission of RF energy; the system functions reciprocally.
• the following description of the feed network is in terms of transmission.
• a feed waveguide 35 is disposed in a lower transverse relationship with the radiating waveguides 20.
• a plurality of coupling slots 40 are formed in the feed waveguide and the respective radiating waveguides for coupling energy between the radiating waveguides and the feed waveguide.
• the ends of the feed waveguide are terminated in folded short circuits 45. It is noted that the coupling slots 40 are disposed at an angled disposition relative to the longitudinal axis of the feed waveguide.
• An input/output waveguide 50 is disposed in transverse relation to the feed waveguide 35.
• An input slot 55 is formed between the input/output waveguide 50 and feed waveguide 35 for communicating energy between these respec ⁇ tive waveguides.
• the input energy may therefore be provided to the input/output waveguide.
• the input energy is coupled through the input slot 55 into the feed waveguide 35, which is adapted to couple the energy to the radiating waveguides 20 through the respective feed waveguide coupling slots 40.
• the energy is then radiated from the slots 25 formed in the radiating plate.
• the module structure is adapted so that the energy radiated from each of the radiating slots is substantially equal in power and of the same relative phase as the energy radiated from the other radiating slots of the module *
• slotted waveguides to communicate RF energy is known to those skilled in the art.
• An exemplary refer- ence paper on the subject is "Theory of Slots in Rectangular. Waveguides," A.F. Stevenson, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 19, January 1948, pages 24-38.
• the radiating slots are disposed at one-half waveguide wavelength spacings along each radiating waveguide and are offset in a staggered relationship on either side of the center axis of the radiating waveguide.
• the centers of the slots adjacent each end of the waveguides 20 are spaced one quarter of the waveguide wavelength from the short circuit.
• the one-half waveguide wavelength spacing provides 180° phase shift from one adjacent slot to the next, while the offset staggering of the slots results in an additional 180° phase shift from slot to slot, thereby providing a net shift of 360° so that the energy at each slot will be in phase with the energy communicated to the other slots.
• Figure 3 an equivalent schematic diagram is shown of the planar array module whose structure is illustrated in Figure 2.
• the transmission line equiva ⁇ lents for the radiating waveguide, the feed waveguide and the input/output waveguide are shown.
• transmission line segments indicated by £.
• the transmission line segments indicated by * 2 /2 represent the one-quarter radiat ⁇ ing waveguide wavelength line lengths.
• the admittances Y represent the admittances of the respective radiating slots in the radiating waveguides. Only one of the radiating waveguides is shown in Figure 3; each of the other radiating waveguides may be represented in a similar manner.
• the radiating waveguide is coupled to the feed wave ⁇ guide by the feed waveguide coupling slots; the coupling slots are represented in Figure 3 by the respective trans- x formers with transformer turn ratio (M 2 ) .
• the transmission line segments represented by J and £./2 represent, respec ⁇ tively, one-half and one-quarter waveguide wavelength transmission path lengths for the feed waveguide.
• the impedance terms Z represent the respective impedances of the feed waveguide coupling slots.
• the input/output waveguide is coupled to the feed waveguide by input slot 55.
• the coupling is represented by x the transformer with turns ratio (M ) , and the impedance Z represents the impedance of the input slot 55.
• FIG. 4 a phased array comprising thirty-two identical modules is depicted. Included within the outline of each module are the module number 1-32 and computer-generated, optimized relative power and phase of the excitation of each module required to obtain a prede ⁇ termined image or contour.
• Figures 5a-e illustrate the intermodule feed network for providing the relative power and phase of the excitation for each module.
• the theoret ⁇ ical radiation contours superimposed on the desired land mass map which correspond to the array and excitation of Figure 4 are depicted in Figure 6.
• Figure 7 depicts the corresponding measured radiation contours for a prototype of the array system of Figures 4 and 5. It is noted that the prototype of the array system measured 33 inches wide, 16 inches high and about one inch thick, including the feed network. Thus, the system is very compact as compared to a reflector and feed system which requires several cubic feet of volume to provide similar contour shape and gain.
• the intermodule feed network is implemented by a "squareax" feed network, devel ⁇ oped by a computer-aided design technique.
• a squareaxial transmission line is a TEM transmission line, differing from coaxial transmission lines by having center and outer conductors of square cross sections, rather than circular.
• Other implementations, such as a waveguide network, may be readily employed.
• the array modules and feed network are divided into quadrants and the feed network is adapted to distribute the power between the input/output terminal 200 and the respective quadrant terminals 220, 240, 260 and 280.
• Coupler 205 is adapted to divide this signal so that the resulting power level at the direct coupler output is .63319, as indicated by the value adjacent port 207 and the resulting power level at the coupled output is .36685.
• FIG. 5a is a schematic diagram of the first quadrant of the feed network. This quadrant of the feed network is adapted to communicate RF energy from the quadrant terminal 220 and the respective array module ports for modules 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15 and 16.
• the module ports for these modules are indicated by respective reference numerals 284, 282, 281, 278, 276, 274, 272 and 270 in Figure 5b.
• the first quadrant of the feed network comprises hybrid couplers 290, 295, 300, 305, 310, 315 and 320.
• the coupling coefficients of the respective hybrid couplers are adapted to provide the relative power levels indicated by the parenthetical numerical values shown in Figure 5b.
• the relative power levels at each of the array module ports are indicated by the parenthetical numerical values shown adjacent the respective module ports.
• the intermodule network is also adapted to provide predetermined relative phase shifts between the network port 200 and the module ports. The required signal phase at each array module port is provided by appropriate selection of the relative electrical paths between each module port and the network port.
• Figure 5c is a schematic of the second quadrant of the feed network.
• the second quadrant is adapted to communicate RF energy between the quadrant terminal 240 and the module ports for array modules 1-4 and 9-12.
• the respective module ports are identified by reference numerals 342, 344, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354 and 356.
• This second quadrant further comprises hybrid couplers 360, 365, 370, 375, 380, 385 and 390.
• the coupling coefficients of the couplers, indicated in dB on Figure 5c are adapted to provide the relative power levels indicated by the respective members in parenthesis in Figure 5c.
• Figures 5d and 5e respectively, show schematics of the third and fourth quadrants of the feed network.
• the third quadrant is adapted to couple energy between the input terminal 260 and the module ports for modules 17-20 and 25-28.
• the fourth quadrant is adapted to commu ⁇ nicate RF energy between the quadrant terminal 280 and the module ports for modules 21-24 and 29-32.
• the coupler coefficients for the couplers of third and fourth quadrants are shown in Figures 5c and 5e, respectively, along with the relative power levels at the various ports of the couplers, the module ports and the quadrant terminals.
• the embodiment of the invention described above is adapted to provide a fixed radiation pattern, that shown in Figures 5 and 6, for a satellite in synchronous orbit.
• the invention may be employed to provide a real time reconfigurable and/or scanning contoured beam.
• This capability can be achieved by using couplers and phase shifters with dynamically variable coupling coeffi ⁇ cients and phase shifts, respectively.
• an array processor may be employed to control these time varying coupling coefficients and phase shifts to produce the desired radiation contour or "image.”
• the optimized coupler coefficients and phase shifts required for each image may be stored in an array processor memory and recalled in dependence upon the particular radiation pattern to be produced.
• a direct radiating antenna system has been disclosed which provides highly contoured radiation patterns. The system is capable of employing optimized distributions, an approach which bypasses conventional array techniques.
• the invention is not limited to use in satellite applications,. but can generate virtually any type of beam configuration
• a modularized contoured beam phased array can produce any one of an infinite number of contoured beams depending on the intermodule excitation power and phase distribution. It is to be understood that the invention is not limited to planar arrays of slotted waveguide modules, employed in the disclosed embodiment as a result of the satellite application requirements for high polarization purity and the fact that only a relatively narrow bandwidth was needed. In other applications, the array modules could comprise, for example, a spiral antenna or horn antenna, to increase the bandwidth or obtain circular polarization capabilities. Moreover, each array module of the direct radiating system need include only one radiating element.
• the modularized contoured beam array of the present invention is compact, lightweight, efficient and of rela ⁇ tively low cost.
• the modularized contoured beam phased array technique of the present invention simplifies the design of slotted waveguide planar phased arrays because the module is treated as the common element of the integrated array, instead of the individual radiating slots.
• the simplification factor is approximately equivalent to the number of slots in each module.
• the available area for the antenna system is broken into manageable subareas (in terms of analytical and cost considerations) and then optimized in such a way to converge toward the ideal antenna. This convergence toward the ideal antenna is not the usual practice in conventional array design, which generally involves special functions to
• Another important aspect of the invention is that it allows the development of a standardized array system which may easily be adapted to a particular application's require ⁇ ment.
• the design of the array module is in general the expensive aspect of the system design. Once the module has been designed it forms the basis for a standarized system.
• the intermodule feed network is in general readily adaptable from one application to another without undue expense. Much' of the custom design effort previously required for reflector-type antenna systems may be eliminated.
• the polarization may be shifted simply by rotating the modules by 90° on the feed network. This further enhances the flexibility of the system.

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• 1985
  • 1985-10-22 IL IL76790A patent/IL76790A0/xx unknown
  • 1985-11-04 EP EP85905712A patent/EP0199805A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 1985-11-04 JP JP60505055A patent/JPS62500767A/ja active Pending
  • 1985-11-04 WO PCT/US1985/002181 patent/WO1986003062A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1985-11-07 CA CA000494780A patent/CA1256555A/en not_active Expired

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