EP0194163B1 - Inductance variable auto-controlée à entrefers, et système électrique comprenant une telle inductance - Google Patents

Inductance variable auto-controlée à entrefers, et système électrique comprenant une telle inductance Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0194163B1
EP0194163B1 EP86400011A EP86400011A EP0194163B1 EP 0194163 B1 EP0194163 B1 EP 0194163B1 EP 86400011 A EP86400011 A EP 86400011A EP 86400011 A EP86400011 A EP 86400011A EP 0194163 B1 EP0194163 B1 EP 0194163B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
variable inductor
limbs
direct current
limb
inductor according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP86400011A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0194163A1 (fr
Inventor
Léonard Bolduc
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Hydro Quebec
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Hydro Quebec
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Publication date
Priority to IN1071/DEL/85A priority Critical patent/IN165679B/en
Application filed by Hydro Quebec filed Critical Hydro Quebec
Priority to AT86400011T priority patent/ATE44109T1/de
Publication of EP0194163A1 publication Critical patent/EP0194163A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0194163B1 publication Critical patent/EP0194163B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/42—Circuits specially adapted for the purpose of modifying, or compensating for, electric characteristics of transformers, reactors, or choke coils
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F29/00—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00
    • H01F29/14—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00 with variable magnetic bias
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F29/00—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00
    • H01F29/14—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00 with variable magnetic bias
    • H01F2029/143—Variable transformers or inductances not covered by group H01F21/00 with variable magnetic bias with control winding for generating magnetic bias
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S505/00—Superconductor technology: apparatus, material, process
    • Y10S505/825—Apparatus per se, device per se, or process of making or operating same
    • Y10S505/879—Magnet or electromagnet

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to electrical power equipment, ie a variable inductor of the type comprising a magnetic core with three legs, an input or primary winding supplied with alternating current, and a DC control circuit.
  • Such a variable inductor is also provided with a control circuit comprising a winding wound around the central leg and subjected to a direct current which induces a direct current magnetic flux of the same intensity in the two external legs.
  • the alternating and continuous flows add up in one of the two external legs and oppose in the other, and vice versa according to the positive and negative alternations of the alternating current.
  • the function of the direct current magnetic flux induced in each of the two external legs is to saturate the magnetic core more or less deeply, thereby determining its permeability to alternating current magnetic flux and thereby the impedance of the winding. primary.
  • This impedance can therefore be varied by modifying the intensity of the direct current in the control circuit so as to modify the intensity of the direct current magnetic flux induced in the two external legs.
  • Several systems have been proposed for adjusting the intensity of this direct current so as to obtain a desired operating characteristic of the variable inductance.
  • FIGS. 5 and 6 of French patent FR-A-1 011 769 propose to rectify the alternating current in the two windings of the primary winding to supply the winding of the control circuit with this rectified current.
  • variable inductances of the prior art as discussed above have the disadvantage of having an operating characteristic which is very sensitive to any variation in the intrinsic properties of the material constituting the magnetic core and in the construction of this core, to heating or the slightest displacement in the magnetic core and also the effect linked to the frequency.
  • inductors of the prior art do not make it possible to obtain an operating characteristic for which an optimal variation range of the alternating current in the primary winding and therefore of the reactive power of the variable inductor in response would be possible. to a small variation in the voltage across the terminals of this primary winding at a given voltage level, which would be very useful for an application of the variable inductor, for example to AC voltage regulation.
  • the main object of the present invention is therefore to eliminate the various drawbacks listed above by introducing an air gap in each of the two legs of the magnetic core where the alternating and continuous magnetic fluxes add up or oppose each other.
  • the present invention relates to a variable inductor comprising (a) a magnetic core provided with three legs each having a first and a second end, these first ends being connected at a first common point of the magnetic core, and these second ends being connected at a second common point of this magnetic core, (b) a primary winding supplied by an alternating current, (c) a control winding, and (d) means for supplying the control winding with a direct current having an intensity which varies as a function of an electrical parameter related to the operation of the variable inductor, the primary winding and the control winding being arranged relative to the magnetic core so that the alternating and direct currents induce in a first of said three legs a alternating magnetic flux and a continuous magnetic flux which add up or oppose according to whether the alternating current passes through an altern positive or negative ance, respectively, and in one second of said three legs an alternating magnetic flux and a continuous magnetic flux which oppose or which add up depending on whether the alternating current passes through a positive or negative alternation, respectively,
  • the electrical parameter is the intensity of the alternating current supplying the primary winding
  • the direct current supply means comprise a diode bridge connecting in series the primary winding and the winding of control, thus rectifying the alternating current supplying the primary winding and supplying the control winding with this rectified current (self-checking operation).
  • the primary winding comprises a first winding and a second winding connected in series, wound around the first and second legs, respectively, and supplied by the alternating current so that this alternating current induces in the first leg a first alternating magnetic flux and in the second leg a second alternating magnetic flux, these first and second alternating magnetic flux being added in the third of said three legs
  • the control winding comprises a third winding superimposed on the first winding, and a fourth winding superimposed on the second winding, these third and fourth windings being connected in series, wound around the first and second legs, respectively, and supplied by the direct current of such so that this direct current induces a continuous magnetic flux circulating in a closed magnetic circuit defined by the first and second legs.
  • the first and third windings are arranged around the first leg so that the air gap of this first leg is found in the center of these first and third windings, and the second and fourth windings are also arranged around the second leg so that the air gap of this second leg is found in the center of these second and fourth windings.
  • variable inductance can also include a polarization winding mounted on the magnetic core and supplied with direct current, as well as a fixed value inductor connected in series with the control winding.
  • the invention further relates to an electrical system comprising an electrical load, a capacitive source for applying an alternating voltage to this load, and a variable inductance according to the invention connected in parallel with the electrical load to regulate the applied alternating voltage to this charge.
  • the variable inductor comprises, as illustrated in FIG. 1a) of the drawings, a magnetic core generally identified by the reference 1 and formed by a central leg 2 and two external legs 3 and 4, all three arranged substantially in the same plane so as to facilitate the construction of the magnetic core 1.
  • the three legs have their first ends connected at a first common point 34 and their second ends at a second common point 35.
  • the magnetic core is advantageously made up of overlapping sheets. to each other and parallel to the plane in which the three legs are located. These sheets are identified by the reference 20 in Figure 1 b) which represents the section of the legs 2 to 4 taken for example fines along the axis A-A of Figure 1 a).
  • the number and thickness of the sheets 20 forming the different legs of the magnetic core 1 can of course be chosen according to the usual design criteria for such magnetic cores.
  • the central leg 2 and the outer legs 3 and 4 have a cross-section of almost circular cross-section.
  • the section of the central leg 2 may have an area equal to or greater than that of the section of legs 3 and 4.
  • These three legs 2 to 4 can also have a square or rectangular section.
  • the sheets 20 of the magnetic core are made of magnetic steel or any other magnetic material having a magnetization curve with a pronounced knee.
  • the sheets must be joined by junctions at 45 ° and in at least three stages, as illustrated for example in 5 and 6 in FIG. 1 a).
  • the outer leg 3 of the core has at its center a gap 7 while the outer leg 4 has at its center a gap 8, these two gaps 7 and 8 having an identical length.
  • a first winding which should here be called primary winding is supplied with alternating current by an alternating electrical source 9 and comprises a first winding 10a disposed around the outer leg 3 and a second winding 10b disposed around the outer leg 4.
  • a control winding comprises a first winding 11 a superimposed on the winding 10a and a second winding 11 b superimposed on the winding bearing 10b.
  • the windings 10a and 10b having the same number of turns are connected in series, as well as the windings 11 a and 11b also having the same number of turns.
  • the windings 10a and 11a are positioned around the outer leg 3 so that the air gap 7 is found in their center.
  • the windings 1 Ob and 11 b are positioned around the outer leg 4 so that the air gap 8 is found in their center. This arrangement of the windings is advantageous in that it considerably reduces the leakage flows around the air gaps.
  • a full-wave rectifier bridge 12 formed by four diodes rectifies the alternating current flowing in the primary winding in order to supply the control winding with this rectified current which should be called direct current, thereby obtaining self-checking operation. variable inductance.
  • this rectification bridge 12 directly connects the primary and control windings directly in series between the terminals of the source 9 so that the alternating current of the primary winding can be rectified to supply the control winding.
  • the amplitude of the direct current flowing in the windings 11 a and 11 b connected in series is therefore a function of the amplitude of the alternating current flowing in the windings 10 a and 1 Ob also connected in series.
  • the direction of the windings 11 a and 11 b as well as their interconnection in series are chosen so that the direct current of the controlled winding induces a continuous magnetic flux which circulates in a closed magnetic circuit defined by the external legs 3 and 4. Therefore, no continuous magnetic flux results in the central leg.
  • the continuous magnetic flux generated by the windings 11 a and 11 b in the two external legs 3 and 4 is identified by the arrows 13 and 14, respectively.
  • the function of this induced magnetic flux is to saturate the magnetic core 1 more or less deeply, consequently resulting in a reduction in the impedance of the primary winding and an increase in the alternating current of this winding, and this up to a stable point.
  • the windings 10a and 10b respectively generate alternating magnetic fluxes identified by the arrows 15 and 16. These alternating fluxes 15 and 16 add up in the central leg 2 as illustrated in 17.
  • the continuous magnetic flux 13 opposes the alternating magnetic flux 15 to give the result of magnetic flux identified by the arrow 18.
  • the continuous 14 and alternating 16 magnetic fluxes add up. This addition of magnetic flux is illustrated by the arrows 19.
  • Figure 1 c shows the equivalent circuit of the self-controlled variable inductance with air gaps of Figure 1a).
  • the impedance of the primary circuit (comprising the windings 10a and 10b connected in series) can be represented by a resistor Rp in series with a reactive impedance ⁇ L P while the impedance of the control winding (windings 11 a and 11 b in series ) can be represented by a resistor R s in series with a reactive impedance ⁇ L s , where Lp represents the inductance value of the primary circuit comprising the windings 10a and 10b connected in series, L s the inductance value of the windings 11 a and 11 b in series, and ⁇ the angular frequency 2 ⁇ f at the frequency f of the alternating current of the primary winding.
  • the current ip is the alternating current which circulates in the primary winding and the current i s represents the direct current circulating in the control winding and coming from the rectification of the current ip by the rectifier bridge 12. It should be noted that the current i s always flows in the same direction since it corresponds to the rectified current delivered by the rectifying bridge 12.
  • the index p is associated with the primary winding while the index s is associated with the control winding.
  • the winding 11a of the control winding has a number of turns equal to n times the number of turns of the winding 10a of the primary winding, n being slightly greater than 1.
  • the winding 11 has a number of turns equal to n times the number of turns of the winding 1 Ob.
  • the magnetic flux resulting in each external leg 3 or 4 is always of the same polarity, that is to say the polarity imposed by the direct current i s by inducing a corresponding magnetic flux (see arrows 18 and 19 in FIG. 1 a), in the absence of polarization windings which can be added as will be seen below.
  • the magnetic circuit of the outer leg 3 being identical to that of the outer leg 4, the magnetic fluxes behave in the same way in one and the other of these two legs, but with an angular offset of 180 °. Since the magnetic flux evolves in each leg following a minor hysteresis cycle, the curve of the magnetic flux as a function of the current i effective in the variable inductance is not the same during the descent and during the ascent of this current. Figure 2 illustrates such a minor hysteresis cycle.
  • the magnetic flux f 1 (ni s + ip) in one of the external legs 3 and 4 decrease as that the alternating current ip will approach the value -i max '
  • the magnetic flux f 2 (ni s i p ) in the other of the external legs will increase according to a different portion of curve towards the value of magnetic flux f 2 [(n + 1) i max] .
  • the minor hysteresis cycle of FIG. 2 therefore evolves for current values i situated between (n-1) i max and (n + 1) i max .
  • i c represents the coercive current and f, the residual flux.
  • variable inductor An interesting characteristic of the operation of the variable inductor is a steady state its peak operating voltage V o as a function of the peak current i max .
  • resistances Rp and R s negligible compared to the reactive impedances ⁇ L P + 2 ⁇ L 2 and ⁇ L s + 2n 2 ⁇ L 2
  • the conduction voltages across the diodes negligible compared to the peak operating voltage V o of the variable inductance , the zero phase angle at the switch-on time, and the magnetic flux on the descent f 1 (ni s + i p ) identical to that on the rise f 2 (ni s -i p ), i.e.
  • the first linear section of the upper half-curve in Figure 4 for 0 ⁇ i max ⁇ i o / (n + 1) has a slope ( ⁇ L p + 2 ⁇ L l ).
  • the voltage V o therefore evolves as a function of this slope from zero to ( ⁇ L p + 2 ⁇ L l ) i o / (n + 1).
  • a third section of the half-curve of figure 4 has a slope ( ⁇ L p + 2 ⁇ L 2 ) according to which V o evolves as a function of i max.
  • the magnetic flux does not change according to the magnetization curve used as a model, but rather according to minor hysteresis cycles having their peak at (n + l) i max and their lower limit at (nI) i max .
  • the magnetic flux in an outer leg after going to a maximum which can correspond to a very deep saturation at (n + 1) i max , returns to a much smaller value, that where the current has the value (n-1) i max .
  • the magnetic flux in the other external leg rises passing from its value to (n-1) i max to its value to (n + l) i max .
  • FIG. 5 illustrates the new modified magnetization curve which takes account of the residual flux and the coercive field. We neglect here the effect due to the remanent flux which tends to continue to increase as a function of saturation, thus increasing the slope ⁇ L 1 .
  • Figures 6a) and 6b) show a polarization winding comprising windings 23a and 23b arranged around the outer legs 3 and 4, respectively.
  • These windings 23a and 23b are connected in series and wound around the legs 3 and 4 in the same way as the control windings 11a and 11b to generate a continuous magnetic flux in the closed magnetic circuit defined by the external legs 3 and 4 in response to a direct current of polarization i pol , and this in the same direction or in a opposite direction with respect to the continuous magnetic flux generated by the windings 11 a and 11 b, depending on the direction of the current i pol .
  • These windings 23a and 23b can be powered as in FIG.
  • FIG. 6a Another possibility illustrated in FIG. 6b) consists in placing on the magnetic core 1 an additional coil comprising two windings 26a and 26b wound around the legs 3 and 4 respectively and which produce a current rectified by the diodes 27 and 28 and applied to the windings 23a and 23b through an adjustable resistor 29 provided for regulating the intensity of this rectified current so as to supply these windings 23a and 23b with their direct current i pol .
  • a smoothing inductor 30 can also be added to provide a more constant direct current i pol .
  • This bias current i pol plays in the equations exactly the same role as the coercive current i e . As it can be of one or the other polarity, it can be used to level the effects of the coercive current i e , or in general to adjust the peak operating voltage V o to the required level.
  • the various windings are advantageously superimposed as in FIG. 7 on the legs 3 and 4 so that the air gaps are in their center.
  • the bias winding 23a is wound first on the leg 3 and, if necessary, the winding 26a and subsequently by order the primary winding 10a, and the control winding 11a.
  • the polarization winding 23b is wound first on the leg 4, then the winding 26b, if necessary, and subsequently by order the primary winding 10b, and the winding control 11 b.
  • the magnetization half-curve is represented by two straight line segments of slope ⁇ L 1 and ⁇ L 2 , which causes sudden changes in the representation of the voltage V o as a function of the current i max when (n + 1) i max crosses the current i o and thereafter when (n - 1) i max crosses the same value of the current.
  • the knee of the magnetization curve is always rounded. This results in a similar rounding when (n + I) i max passes from the slope ⁇ L 1 to the slope ⁇ L 2 .
  • (n-1) i max arrives in turn in this region, a rounding of inverse curvature occurs.
  • ⁇ L is the impedance of the winding wound on leg 3 or 4 of the core in ohms
  • N is the number of turns of the winding
  • a f is the useful section of the leg (3 or 4)
  • a is the length of the air gap in meters
  • i f is the length of the magnetic circuit seen on a leg (3 or 4) in meters
  • m is the angular frequency
  • ⁇ air is equal to 4 ⁇ ⁇ 10- 7
  • ⁇ f / ⁇ air is the relative permeability of the material forming the magnetic core.
  • Air gaps whose size has been well chosen will therefore hide the small diver sities due to variations in the mounting of the magnetic core 1 or in the quality of the sheets 20.
  • the gap inductance has the disadvantage of having a higher rate of harmonics in its current ip, unlike known machines.
  • the inductor of fixed value 22 (FIG. 6a) makes it possible to obtain an operating point where the current ip is sinusoidal. As already mentioned, filtration or a triangle connection in a three-phase system can reduce this harmonic rate.
  • the transient conditions that is to say the response time will be briefly discussed below.
  • the response time will be very rapid, of the order of a few half-cycles.
  • a fixed inductor 32, a capacitor 33, or a fixed inductor 36 in series with a capacitor 37 can be connected in parallel with the self-controlled variable inductor with air gaps according to the invention 31 so as to that the assembly gives a desired operating characteristic, as illustrated in FIGS. 8a) to 8c).
  • the self-controlled variable inductance with air gaps constitutes a relatively simple passive element of alternating voltage regulation by self-controlled absorption of reactive power, at a given voltage level V o situated on the section of slope curve m of FIG. 4 .
  • the self-controlled variable inductance with air gaps is therefore of significant interest for voltage regulation at a given level by self-controlled absorption of reactive power. It can be used as a variable shunt inductor, or even as a static compensator.
  • FIG. 9 represents such a capacitive source having for equivalent circuit a source 38 of voltage V (which, for example, can be a line for transporting electrical energy) and a set of capacitors 39 of value C.
  • V which, for example, can be a line for transporting electrical energy
  • C capacitors 39 of value C.
  • This source supplies a load resistive R.
  • a self-controlled variable inductor with air gaps according to the invention 31 is connected in parallel with the load R.
  • a current i c flows in the assembly 39, a current i L in the inductor 31 and a current i R in the load R.
  • a voltage V c appears at the terminals of the assembly 39 and a voltage V L at the terminals of the load R and of the inductor 31.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Magnetic Treatment Devices (AREA)
  • Ac-Ac Conversion (AREA)
  • Coils Or Transformers For Communication (AREA)
EP86400011A 1985-01-16 1986-01-06 Inductance variable auto-controlée à entrefers, et système électrique comprenant une telle inductance Expired EP0194163B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IN1071/DEL/85A IN165679B (ko) 1985-01-16 1985-12-17
AT86400011T ATE44109T1 (de) 1985-01-16 1986-01-06 Selbstkontrollierte variable induktivitaet mit luftspalten und elektrische anordnung mit solcher induktivitaet.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA472204 1985-01-16
CA000472204A CA1229381A (fr) 1985-01-16 1985-01-16 Inductance variable autocontrolee a entrefers

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0194163A1 EP0194163A1 (fr) 1986-09-10
EP0194163B1 true EP0194163B1 (fr) 1989-06-14

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EP86400011A Expired EP0194163B1 (fr) 1985-01-16 1986-01-06 Inductance variable auto-controlée à entrefers, et système électrique comprenant une telle inductance

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US (1) US4620144A (ko)
EP (1) EP0194163B1 (ko)
JP (1) JPH07112350B2 (ko)
KR (1) KR900000432B1 (ko)
CN (1) CN86100229B (ko)
AU (1) AU576137B2 (ko)
BR (1) BR8506473A (ko)
CA (1) CA1229381A (ko)
DE (1) DE3664016D1 (ko)
ES (1) ES8705992A1 (ko)
MX (1) MX159950A (ko)

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU576137B2 (en) 1988-08-11
ES8705992A1 (es) 1987-05-16
EP0194163A1 (fr) 1986-09-10
ES550602A0 (es) 1987-05-16
AU5171785A (en) 1986-07-24
KR860006121A (ko) 1986-08-18
KR900000432B1 (ko) 1990-01-30
CN86100229A (zh) 1986-07-16
MX159950A (es) 1989-10-13
US4620144A (en) 1986-10-28
JPH07112350B2 (ja) 1995-11-29
JPS61167698A (ja) 1986-07-29
DE3664016D1 (en) 1989-07-20
CA1229381A (fr) 1987-11-17
CN86100229B (zh) 1988-12-07
BR8506473A (pt) 1986-09-02

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