EP0181536B1 - Process for the preparation of 1-alkyl or 1-cycloalkyl piperazines - Google Patents

Process for the preparation of 1-alkyl or 1-cycloalkyl piperazines Download PDF

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EP0181536B1
EP0181536B1 EP85113424A EP85113424A EP0181536B1 EP 0181536 B1 EP0181536 B1 EP 0181536B1 EP 85113424 A EP85113424 A EP 85113424A EP 85113424 A EP85113424 A EP 85113424A EP 0181536 B1 EP0181536 B1 EP 0181536B1
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piperazine
weight
reaction
catalyst
alkyl
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French (fr)
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EP0181536A3 (en
EP0181536A2 (en
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Herbert Dr. Mueller
Dieter Dr. Voges
Wolfgang Dr. Lengsfeld
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BASF SE
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BASF SE
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07DHETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D295/00Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
    • C07D295/02Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms in addition to the ring hetero elements
    • C07D295/023Preparation; Separation; Stabilisation; Use of additives

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a new process for the preparation of 1-alkyl or 1-cycloalkylpiperazines or 1-piperazinyl-3-tetra-hydrofuranylmethane by reacting piperazine with alkanols or cycloalkanols or 3-hydroxymethyltetrahydrofuran in the presence of hydrogen and catalysts based on Nickel, under increased pressure and at elevated temperature.
  • N-alkyl derivatives of morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, hexamethyleneimine or pyrrolidine are to be prepared by pressure-free alkylation with aliphatic hydroxyl compounds or their ethers in the presence of dehydrating catalysts based on silicon dioxide.
  • dehydrating catalysts based on silicon dioxide In the case of piperazine, however, there is no complete conversion.
  • EP-A-34 480 describes the preparation of N-alkylamines or N, N-di-alkylamines by means of special catalysts which are based on triphenylphosphine complexes of the metals indium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, platinum, palladium and rhenium.
  • catalysts which are based on triphenylphosphine complexes of the metals indium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, platinum, palladium and rhenium.
  • Piperazine is also mentioned as a possible starting product
  • alcohols, aldehydes or ketones are to be reacted with amination reagents to give amines in the presence of a nickel and copper-containing catalyst.
  • Ammonia and primary amines are preferably used as amination reagents.
  • the use of of piperazine as an amination reagent is mentioned in the description
  • the object of the present invention was to provide a process which allows a virtually complete conversion of the piperazine used and at the same time the formation of 1,4-dia-icylpiperazines reduced to an acceptable minimum.
  • a process for the preparation of 1-alkyl- or 1-cycloalkylpiperazines or 1 -piperazinyl-3-tetrahydrofuranyimethane by reacting piperazine with alkanols or cycloalkanols or 3-hydroxymethyltetrahydrofuran in the presence of hydrogen and catalysts based on nickel, under elevated pressure and elevated temperature, which is characterized in that the reaction at a temperature of 130 to 190 ° C and a pressure of 5 to 100 bar in the presence of 5 to 40 wt .-% water and optionally in Presence of 0.01 to 1 wt .-% inorganic bases, based on the reaction mixture and thereby a molar ratio piperazine: alkanol or cycloalkanol or 3-hydroxymethyltetrahydrofuran from 1: 1.5 to 1: 8.
  • the process according to the invention takes place in the presence of catalysts based on nickel.
  • the catalysts can be prepared by known methods, e.g. B. by impregnating carriers such as silica gel, aluminum oxide, pumice or bleaching earth with the corresponding aqueous salt solutions and then drying, calcining and reducing. They can also be prepared by the coprecipitation method. Also unsupported catalysts, e.g. B. Raney nickel are suitable for the process. The catalysts are fixed or used as a suspension.
  • a hydrogenation dehydrogenation catalyst based on nickel is preferably used. Raney nickel in suspended form is particularly preferred. When using nickel catalysts, the best results are achieved, both in terms of the economics of the process and its selectivity.
  • Alkanols or cycloalkanols are used as alkylating agents.
  • Alkanols which have 1 to 10 and in particular 2 to 6 carbon atoms in the molecule are preferably used, for example methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol, hexanol, octanol or 2-ethylhexanol.
  • cycloalkanols such compounds are preferably used which have 3 to 12 carbon atoms in the molecule, for.
  • the molar ratio of piperazine: alkanol or cycloalkanol is 1 1.5 to 1: 8 preferably 1: 2 to 1: 5. Carrying out the process with a molar ratio that is greater than 1: brings no further advantages. An increase in 1,4-diaikyi and 1,4-dicycloalkylpiperazines is observed.
  • the inventive method is carried out at a temperature of 130 to 190 ° C, preferably 140 to 180 ° C.
  • the reaction is carried out in the presence of hydrogen, the total pressure mentioned being essentially determined by the partial pressure of the hydrogen. This means that the alkylation of the piperazine is carried out in the presence of so much hydrogen that the stated pressure range is established.
  • a lower temperature is required than in the lower pressure range.
  • a temperature of 140 to 170 ° C is usually sufficient.
  • the new process is carried out in the presence of 2 to 40% by weight of water, based on the reaction mixture. If the water content is less than 2% by weight, the selectivity which can be achieved is noticeably reduced. If the water content is increased above 40% by weight, the reaction is slowed down without a higher selectivity being achieved.
  • the alkylation of amines with alcohols should take place in the absence of water in order to achieve high conversion and high reaction rates.
  • the water formed in the reaction is removed from the liquid reaction mixture to the extent that it is formed (cf. DE-A-2 645 712).
  • a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention consists in carrying out the reaction of the piperazine in the presence of 0.01 to 1% by weight, preferably 0.01 to 0.1% by weight, of inorganic bases, in each case based on the reaction mixture.
  • the compounds derived from the alkali or alkaline earth metals are used as inorganic bases.
  • the oxides, hydroxides or carbonates are used.
  • sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, calcium hydroxide or calcium oxide are suitable.
  • Alkali carbonates are preferred.
  • the bases can be in solid, powdery form or in the form of e.g. B. concentrated solutions can be used together with the hydrogenation / dehydrogenation catalysts.
  • an excess of alcohol is used in the process according to the invention.
  • the azeotrope obtained in the distillative separation of the respective alcohol from the target product can then be returned directly to the process without expensive drying.
  • the process according to the invention can be carried out in a continuous or discontinuous procedure.
  • the starting products piperazine, preferably in the form of its aqueous solution, and alcohol and optionally the inorganic base are mixed and fed to the respective catalyst system and reacted in the presence of hydrogen.
  • reaction can also be carried out in the presence of a water-miscible solvent which is inert under the reaction conditions.
  • a water-miscible solvent which is inert under the reaction conditions. Examples include tetrahydrofuran, dioxane or ethylene glycol dimethyl ether.
  • the measure usually taken in the alkylation of amines with alcohols to continuously remove the water formed in the reaction can be omitted in the present case.
  • the critical minimum concentration of catalyst is determined by its specific activity, so that a general indication is difficult. However, it can be said that, for example, when using suspended Raney nickel, the critical catalyst concentration is approximately 0.2 to 1% by weight, based on the reaction mixture. Commercial Raney nickel is expediently used in a concentration which is between 2 and 5% by weight on the reaction mixture.
  • the catalyst can be separated off, for example, by filtration, centrifugation or sedimentation and used for many other reactions. If you use this method of operation, the number of catalysts used can easily be reduced to values below 0.1%.
  • the 1-alkyl or 1-cycloalkylpiperazines mentioned are valuable intermediates, for example for the synthesis of active substances or dyes.
  • a mixture of 1400 parts of piperazine, 950 parts of water and 3128 parts of ethanol were mixed with 250 parts of water-moist Raney nickel (30% by weight of water) and in a pressure vessel with stirring at a hydrogen pressure of 60 bar and a temperature of 175 ° C. Brought reaction. The reaction time was 10 hours. No hydrogen uptake was observed. After cooling, the pressure vessel was released. Then the reaction mixture was decanted off, catalyst residues were removed and it was analyzed. Distillation at 1 mbar / 180 ° C showed that less than 0.5% by weight, based on the anhydrous reaction product, of non-volatile by-products was formed.
  • the reaction product consisted of 0.8% by weight of unreacted piperazine, 55% by weight of ethyl piperazine, 43% by weight of 1,4-diethylpiperazine and 1.5% by weight of unidentified substances (without taking water and ethanol into account). Fractional distillation gave the 1-ethylpiperazine in pure form with a content of more than 99.5% by weight.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)

Description

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein neues Verfahren zur Herstellung von 1-Alkyl- oder 1-Cycloalkylpiperazinen oder 1-Piperazinyl-3-tetra- hydrofuranylmethan durch Umsetzung von Piperazin mit Alkanolen oder Cycloalkanolen oder 3-Hydroxymethyltetrahydrofuran in Gegenwart von Wasserstoff und Katalysatoren auf der Grundlage von Nickel, unter erhöhtem Druck und bei erhöhter Temperatur.The present invention relates to a new process for the preparation of 1-alkyl or 1-cycloalkylpiperazines or 1-piperazinyl-3-tetra-hydrofuranylmethane by reacting piperazine with alkanols or cycloalkanols or 3-hydroxymethyltetrahydrofuran in the presence of hydrogen and catalysts based on Nickel, under increased pressure and at elevated temperature.

Nach dem Vorschlag der DE-B-2 205 597 sollen die N-Alkylderivate von Morpholin, Piperazin, Piperidin, Hexamethylenimin oder Pyrrolidin durch drucklose Alkylierung mit aliphatischen Hydroxylverbindungen oder deren Ethem in Gegenwart dehydratisierend wirkender Katalysatoren auf Basis Siliciumdioxid hergestellt werden. Im Falle des Piperazin tritt dabei iedoch keine vollständige Umsetzung auf.According to the proposal of DE-B-2 205 597, the N-alkyl derivatives of morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, hexamethyleneimine or pyrrolidine are to be prepared by pressure-free alkylation with aliphatic hydroxyl compounds or their ethers in the presence of dehydrating catalysts based on silicon dioxide. In the case of piperazine, however, there is no complete conversion.

In der EP-A-34 480 wird die Herstellung von N-Alkylaminen oder N,N-Di-alkylaminen mittels spezieller Katalaysatoren beschrieben, die auf Triphenylphosphinkomplexen der Metalle Indium, Rhodium, Ruthenium, Osmium, Platin, Palladium und Rhenium basieren. Dabei wird u.a. auch Piperazin als ein mögliches Ausgangsprodukt erwähntEP-A-34 480 describes the preparation of N-alkylamines or N, N-di-alkylamines by means of special catalysts which are based on triphenylphosphine complexes of the metals indium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, platinum, palladium and rhenium. Among other things, Piperazine is also mentioned as a possible starting product

Nach der Lehre der US-A-4 152 353 sollen Alkohole, Aldehyde oder Ketone in Gegenwart eines Nickel und Kupfer enthaltenden Katalysators mit Aminierungsreagenzien zu Aminen umgesetzt werden. Als Aminierungsreagenzien dienen vorzugsweise Ammoniak und primäre Amine. Die Verwendung u.a. von Piperazin als Aminierungsreagenz ist in der Beschreibung erwähntAccording to the teaching of US Pat. No. 4,152,353, alcohols, aldehydes or ketones are to be reacted with amination reagents to give amines in the presence of a nickel and copper-containing catalyst. Ammonia and primary amines are preferably used as amination reagents. The use of of piperazine as an amination reagent is mentioned in the description

In dem dort beschriebenen Verfahren muß aber ein Mindestmolverhältnis Aminierungsreagenz: Alkohol von 1 : bis 5:1 1 eingehalten werden. Vorzugsweise soll sogar bei einem Molverhältnis von 100 : 1 gearbeitet werden.In the process described there, however, a minimum molar ratio of amination reagent: alcohol of 1: to 5: 1 1 must be observed. It is preferable to even work at a molar ratio of 100: 1.

Schließlich wird in J. Org. Chem. 21, 86 (1956) die Herstellung von N-alkylsubstituierten Piperazinen, ausgehend u.a. von Piperazin und niederen Alkanolen in Gegenwart eines Nickelkatalysators im Autoklaven beschrieben. Das Molverhältnis Piperazin: Alkanol betrug 1 25 bis 1 : 36. Die erhaltenen Ausbeuten an N-mono- bzw. N,N'-dia-Ikylsubstituierten Piperazinen sind in diesem Falle aber sehr unbefriedigend.Finally, J. Org. Chem. 21, 86 (1956) describes the preparation of N-alkyl-substituted piperazines, starting from i.a. described by piperazine and lower alkanols in the presence of a nickel catalyst in an autoclave. The molar ratio of piperazine: alkanol was 1 25 to 1:36. However, the yields of N-mono- or N, N'-dia-ikyl-substituted piperazines obtained are very unsatisfactory in this case.

Da die Aufarbeitung von 1-Alkylpiperazinen in Anwesenheit von nicht umgesetztem Piperazin außerordentlich erschwert wird, bestand die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung darin, ein Verfahren bereitzustellen, das einen praktisch vollständigen Umsatz des eingesetzten Piperazins erlaubt und gleichzeitig die Bildung von 1,4-Dia-Ikylpiperazinen auf ein vertretbares Mindestmaß reduziert.Since the processing of 1-alkylpiperazines in the presence of unreacted piperazine is extremely difficult, the object of the present invention was to provide a process which allows a virtually complete conversion of the piperazine used and at the same time the formation of 1,4-dia-icylpiperazines reduced to an acceptable minimum.

Dementsprechend wurde ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von 1-Alkyl- oder 1-Cycloalkylpiperazinen oder 1 -Piperazinyl-3-tetrahydrofuranyimet- han durch Umsetzung von Piperazin mit Alkanolen oder Cycloalkanolen oder 3-Hydroxymethyltetrahydrofuran in Gegenwart von Wasserstoff und Katalysatoren auf der Grundlage von Nickel, unter erhöhtem Druck und bein erhöhter Temperatur, gefunden, das dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, daß man die Umsetzung bei einer Temperatur von 130 bis 190 °C und einem Druck von 5 bis 100 bar in Gegenwart von 5 bis 40 Gew.-% Wasser und ggf. in Gegenwart von 0,01 bis 1 Gew.-% anorganischen Basen, bezogen auf die Reaktionsmischung durchführt und dabei ein Molverhältnis Piperazin : Alkanol oder Cycloalkanol oder 3-Hydroxymethyltetrahydrofuran von 1:1,5 bis 1:8 einhählt.Accordingly, a process for the preparation of 1-alkyl- or 1-cycloalkylpiperazines or 1 -piperazinyl-3-tetrahydrofuranyimethane by reacting piperazine with alkanols or cycloalkanols or 3-hydroxymethyltetrahydrofuran in the presence of hydrogen and catalysts based on nickel, under elevated pressure and elevated temperature, which is characterized in that the reaction at a temperature of 130 to 190 ° C and a pressure of 5 to 100 bar in the presence of 5 to 40 wt .-% water and optionally in Presence of 0.01 to 1 wt .-% inorganic bases, based on the reaction mixture and thereby a molar ratio piperazine: alkanol or cycloalkanol or 3-hydroxymethyltetrahydrofuran from 1: 1.5 to 1: 8.

Dieses Ergebnis ist überraschend, denn es war nicht vorhersehbar, daß unter den genannten Bedingungen die für die destillative Aufarbeitung notwendige Forderung eines 97 bis 100 %igen Piperazinumsatzes erfüllt wird.This result is surprising, because it was not foreseeable that under the conditions mentioned the requirement of 97 to 100% piperazine conversion necessary for the working up by distillation was met.

Es ist weiterhin auch unerwartet, daß trotz eines großen Überschusses an Alkanol bzw. Cycloalkanol, die gewünschten monoalkylierten Produkte, nämlich 1-Alkyl-bzw. 1-Cycloalkylpiperazine mit guter Selektivität (im allgemeinen 60 bis 90 %) gebildet werden.It is also unexpected that, despite a large excess of alkanol or cycloalkanol, the desired monoalkylated products, namely 1-alkyl or. 1-Cycloalkylpiperazines with good selectivity (generally 60 to 90%) are formed.

Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren läuft in Gegenwart von Katalysatoren auf der Grundlage von Nickel ab.The process according to the invention takes place in the presence of catalysts based on nickel.

Die Katalysatoren können nach bekannten Verfahren hergestellt werden, z. B. durch Imprägnieren von Trägem wie Kieselgel, Aluminiumoxid, Bimsstein oder Bleicherde mit den entsprechenden wäßrigen Salzlösungen und sich anschließender Trocknung, Calcinierung und Reduktion. Sie können ebenso auch durch die Methode der Copräzipitation bereitet werden. Auch trägerfreie Katalysatoren, z. B. Raney-Nickel sind für das Verfahren geeignet. Die Katalysatoren werden dabei fest angeordnet oder als Suspension verwendet.The catalysts can be prepared by known methods, e.g. B. by impregnating carriers such as silica gel, aluminum oxide, pumice or bleaching earth with the corresponding aqueous salt solutions and then drying, calcining and reducing. They can also be prepared by the coprecipitation method. Also unsupported catalysts, e.g. B. Raney nickel are suitable for the process. The catalysts are fixed or used as a suspension.

Vorzugsweise verwendet man einen Hydrieri Dehydrierkatalysator auf der Grundlage von 'Nickel.. Besonders bevorzugt ist dabei die Verwendung von Raney-Nickel in suspendierter Form. Bei Einsatz von Nickelkatalysatoren werden, sowohl was die Wirtschaftlichkeit des Verfahrens als auch dessen Selektivität betrifft die besten Ergebnisse erzielt.A hydrogenation dehydrogenation catalyst based on nickel is preferably used. Raney nickel in suspended form is particularly preferred. When using nickel catalysts, the best results are achieved, both in terms of the economics of the process and its selectivity.

Als Alkylierungsmittel werden Alkanole oder Cycloalkanole verwendet.Alkanols or cycloalkanols are used as alkylating agents.

Vorzugsweise setzt man solche Alkanole ein, die 1 bis 10 und insbesondere 2 bis 6 Kohlenstoffatome im Molekül aufweisen, beispielsweise Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, Isopropanol, Butanol, Isobutanol, Hexanol, Octanol oder 2-Ethylhexanol.Alkanols which have 1 to 10 and in particular 2 to 6 carbon atoms in the molecule are preferably used, for example methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol, hexanol, octanol or 2-ethylhexanol.

Als Cycloalkanole werden bevorzugt solche Verbindungen verwendet, die 3 bis 12 Kohlenstoffatome im Molekül aufweisen, z. B. Cyclopropanol, Cyclopentanol, Cyclohexanol, 2-Methylcyclohexanol, 4-Ethylcyclohexanol oder Cyclododecanol.As cycloalkanols such compounds are preferably used which have 3 to 12 carbon atoms in the molecule, for. B. cyclopropanol, cyclopentanol, cyclohexanol, 2-methylcyclohexanol, 4-ethylcyclohexanol or cyclododecanol.

Das Molverhältnis von Piperazin : Alkanol bzw. Cylcoalkanol beträgt dabei 1 1,5 bis 1 : 8, vorzugsweise 1 :2 bis 1:5. Die Durchführung des Verfahrens mit einem Molverhältnis das größer als 1 : ist, bringt keine weiteren Vorteile. Man beobachtet dabei einen Anstieg an 1,4-Diaikyi- bzw. 1,4-Dicycloalkylpiperazinen.The molar ratio of piperazine: alkanol or cycloalkanol is 1 1.5 to 1: 8 preferably 1: 2 to 1: 5. Carrying out the process with a molar ratio that is greater than 1: brings no further advantages. An increase in 1,4-diaikyi and 1,4-dicycloalkylpiperazines is observed.

Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren wird bei einer Temperatur von 130 bis 190°C, vorzugsweise 140 bis 180 °C durchgeführt. Es soll ein Druck von 5 bis 100 bar, vorzugsweise 20 bis 80 bar eingehalten werden. Dabei ist zwischen einem unteren Druckbereich von 5 bis 65 bar, vorzugsweise 20 bis 65 bar und einem oberen Druckbereich von 65 bis 100 bar, vorzugsweise 65 bis 80 bar zu unterscheiden.The inventive method is carried out at a temperature of 130 to 190 ° C, preferably 140 to 180 ° C. A pressure of 5 to 100 bar, preferably 20 to 80 bar, should be maintained. A distinction is made between a lower pressure range of 5 to 65 bar, preferably 20 to 65 bar and an upper pressure range of 65 to 100 bar, preferably 65 to 80 bar.

Erfindungsgemäß die Umsetzung in Gegenwart von Wasserstoff durchgeführt, dabei wird der genannte Gesamtdruck im wesentlichen durch den Partialdruck des Wasserstoffs bestimmt Dies bedeutet also, daß man die Alkylierung des Piperazins in Gegenwart von soviel Wasserstoff durchführt, daß sich der gennante Druckbereich einstellt.According to the invention, the reaction is carried out in the presence of hydrogen, the total pressure mentioned being essentially determined by the partial pressure of the hydrogen. This means that the alkylation of the piperazine is carried out in the presence of so much hydrogen that the stated pressure range is established.

Wird die Umsetzung im oberen Druckbereich vorgenommen, so wird hierbei eine geringere Temperatur benötigt als im unteren Druckbereich. In der Regel genügt dann eine Temperatur von 140 bis 170°C.If the conversion is carried out in the upper pressure range, a lower temperature is required than in the lower pressure range. A temperature of 140 to 170 ° C is usually sufficient.

Die Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens oberhalb eines Drucks von 100 bar ist zwar möglich, jedoch werden beim Arbeiten in diesem Druckbereich keine weiteren Vorteile mehr erzielt.The process according to the invention can be carried out above a pressure of 100 bar, but no further advantages are achieved when working in this pressure range.

Das neue Verfahren wird in Gegenwart von 2 bis 40 Gew. % Wasser, bezogen auf die Reaktionsmischung, durchgeführt. Ist der Wassergehalt geringer als 2 Gew. %, so vermindert sich die erreichbare Selektivität merkbar. Bei Erhöhung des Wassergehalts über 40 Gew. % erfolgt eine Verlangsamung der Umsetzung, ohne daß dabei eine höhere Selektivität erzielt würde.The new process is carried out in the presence of 2 to 40% by weight of water, based on the reaction mixture. If the water content is less than 2% by weight, the selectivity which can be achieved is noticeably reduced. If the water content is increased above 40% by weight, the reaction is slowed down without a higher selectivity being achieved.

In manchen Fällen soll die Alkylierung von Aminen mit Alkoholen in Abwesenheit von Wasser erfolgen, um so hohen Umsatz und hohe Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit zu erzielen. So wird beispielsweise bei der Herstellung von tertiären Aminen aus sekundären Aminen und Alkohol das bei der Umsetzung gebildete Wasser im Maße seiner Entstehung aus dem flüssigen Reaktionsgemisch entfernt (vgl. dazu DE-A-2 645 712).In some cases the alkylation of amines with alcohols should take place in the absence of water in order to achieve high conversion and high reaction rates. For example, in the production of tertiary amines from secondary amines and alcohol, the water formed in the reaction is removed from the liquid reaction mixture to the extent that it is formed (cf. DE-A-2 645 712).

Im Gegensatz zu dieser Regel verläuft das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren in Gegenwart von Wasser mit höherer Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit und besserer Selektivität ab. Vom ökonomischen Standpunkt her ist dies ein nicht zu unterschätzender Vorteil des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens. Piperazin ist eine feste Verbindung, die aus Gründen der Arbeitshygiene nicht einfach zu handhaben ist. Nachdem erfindungsgemäß aber die flüssigen wäßrige Piperazinlösungen, mit gleich gutem Erfolg wie das feste Piperazin eingesetzt werden können, gestaltet sich der Alkylierungsprozeß ökonomisch besonders günstig.In contrast to this rule, the process according to the invention proceeds in the presence of water with a higher reaction rate and better selectivity. From an economic point of view, this is an advantage of the method according to the invention that should not be underestimated. Piperazine is a firm connection that is not easy to handle for reasons of occupational hygiene. However, according to the invention, since the liquid aqueous piperazine solutions can be used with the same success as the solid piperazine, the alkylation process is particularly economical.

Eine bevorzugte Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens besteht darin, die Umsetzung des Piperazins in Gegenwart von 0,01 bis 1 Gew. %, vorzugsweise 0,01 bis 0,1 Gew. % anorganischer Basen, jeweils bezogen auf die Reaktionsmischung, durchzuführen.A preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention consists in carrying out the reaction of the piperazine in the presence of 0.01 to 1% by weight, preferably 0.01 to 0.1% by weight, of inorganic bases, in each case based on the reaction mixture.

Als anorganische Basen werden die Verbindungen verwendet, die sich von den Alkali- oder Erdalkalimetallen ableiten. Man verwendet die Oxide, Hydroxide oder Carbonate. Beispielsweise sind geeignet Natriumhydroxid, Kaliumhydroxid, Natriumcarbonat, Natriumhydrogencarbonat, Calciumhydroxid oder Calciumoxid.The compounds derived from the alkali or alkaline earth metals are used as inorganic bases. The oxides, hydroxides or carbonates are used. For example, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, calcium hydroxide or calcium oxide are suitable.

Es können natürlich mehrere der besagten Verbingungen gleichzeitig bei der Umsetzung anwesend sein. Bevorzugt werden Alkalicarbonate. Die Basen können in fester, pulvriger Form oder auch in Form von z. B. konzentrierten Lösungen zusammen mit den Hydrier-/Dehydrierkatalysatoren benutzt werden.Of course, several of the said connections can be present at the same time during the implementation. Alkali carbonates are preferred. The bases can be in solid, powdery form or in the form of e.g. B. concentrated solutions can be used together with the hydrogenation / dehydrogenation catalysts.

Wie oben bereits beschrieben, wird im erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren Alkohol im Überschuß eingesetzt. Bei Durchführung der Umsetzung in technischem Maßstab bedeutet dies, daß man zweckmäßig einen Teil des jeweiligen Alkanols bzw. Cycloalkanols im Kreise führt. Das bei der destillativen Abtrennung des jeweiligen Akohols vom Zielprodukt anfallende Azeotrop kann anschießend ohne aufwendige Trocknung direkt in den Prozeß zurückgeführt werden.As already described above, an excess of alcohol is used in the process according to the invention. When the reaction is carried out on an industrial scale, this means that part of the respective alkanol or cycloalkanol is advantageously circulated. The azeotrope obtained in the distillative separation of the respective alcohol from the target product can then be returned directly to the process without expensive drying.

Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren kann in kontinuierlicher oder diskontinuierlicher Arbeitsweise durchgeführt werden.The process according to the invention can be carried out in a continuous or discontinuous procedure.

Die Ausgangsprodukte Piperazin, vorzugsweise in Form seiner wäßrigen Lösung, and Alkohol sowie gegebenenfalls die anorganische Base werden gemischt und dem jeweiligen Katalysatorsystem zugeführt und in Gegenwart von Wasserstoff zur Reaktion gebracht.The starting products piperazine, preferably in the form of its aqueous solution, and alcohol and optionally the inorganic base are mixed and fed to the respective catalyst system and reacted in the presence of hydrogen.

Die Umsetzung kann prinzipiell auch in Gegenwart eines mit Wasser mischbaren Lösungsmittels, das sich unter den Reaktionsbedingungen inert verhält, vorgenommen werden. Beisielsweise sind Tetrahydrofuran, Dioxan oder Ethylenglykoldimethylether zu nennen.In principle, the reaction can also be carried out in the presence of a water-miscible solvent which is inert under the reaction conditions. Examples include tetrahydrofuran, dioxane or ethylene glycol dimethyl ether.

Die üblicherweise bei der Alkylierung von Aminen mit Alkoholen getroffene Maßnahme, das bei der Reaktion entstehende Wasser laufend abzutrennen, kann im vorliegenden Fall unterbleiben.The measure usually taken in the alkylation of amines with alcohols to continuously remove the water formed in the reaction can be omitted in the present case.

Es wurde weiterhin gefunden, daß die Selektivität der Umsetzung von Piperazin zu 1-Alkyl- bzw. 1-Cycloalkylpiperazinen teilweise auch von der Kataiysatorkonzentration abhängig ist. Wird die kritische Mindestmenge des Katalysators unterschritten, so fällt unabhängig von der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit die Selektivität deutlich ab. Ebenso wird bei zu hoher Katalysatorkonzentration ein Abfall der Selektivität festgestellt.It has also been found that the selectivity of the conversion of piperazine to 1-alkyl- or 1-cycloalkylpiperazines is also dependent in part on the catalyst concentration. If the critical minimum amount of the catalyst is undershot, the selectivity drops significantly regardless of the reaction rate. Likewise, if the catalyst concentration is too high, a drop in selectivity is found.

Die kritische Mindestkonzentration an Katalysator wird zwar durch dessen spezifische Aktivität bestimmt, so daß eine allgemeine Angabe schwer möglich ist. Es kann jedoch gesagt werden, daß beispielsweise bei der Verwendung von suspendiertem Raney-Nickel die kritische Katalysatorkonzentration bei ca. 0,2 bis 1 Gew. %, bezogen auf das Reaktionsgemisch, liegt. Handelsübliches Raney-Nickel setzt man zweckmäßig in einer Konzentration, die zwischen 2 bis 5 Gew. %, bezogen auf das Reaktionsgemisch, liegt, ein.The critical minimum concentration of catalyst is determined by its specific activity, so that a general indication is difficult. However, it can be said that, for example, when using suspended Raney nickel, the critical catalyst concentration is approximately 0.2 to 1% by weight, based on the reaction mixture. Commercial Raney nickel is expediently used in a concentration which is between 2 and 5% by weight on the reaction mixture.

Nach erfolgter Umsetzung läßt sich der Katalysator beispielsweise durch Filtration, Zentrifugieren oder Sedimentieren abtrennen und für viele weitere Umsetzungen verwenden. Benützt man diese Arbeitsweise, so kann die Katalysatoreinsatzzahl mit Leichtigkeit auf Werte unterhalb von 0,1 % abgesenkt werden.After the reaction has taken place, the catalyst can be separated off, for example, by filtration, centrifugation or sedimentation and used for many other reactions. If you use this method of operation, the number of catalysts used can easily be reduced to values below 0.1%.

Bei kontinuierlicher Betriebsweise an einem fest angeordneten Katalysator muß in entsprechender Weise dafür gesorgt werden, daß eine bestimmte Katalysatorbelastung (kg Reaktanden pro 1 Katalysatorvolumen and Zeiteinheit) nicht überschritten wird, da sonst die Selektivität der Umsetzung vermindert wird. Die Katalysatorbelastung ist ebenfalls vom verwendeten Katalysator abhängig und muß von Fall zu Fall ermittelt werden. Beispielsweise zeigt ein handelsüblicher Nickel-Trägerkatalysator (Träger: Magnesiumsilicat), der ca. 50 Gew. % Nickel, bezogen auf den Katalysator enthält eine Belastbarkeitsgrenze, die bei etwa 0,5 kg Reaktanden pro 1 Katalysator in der Stunde liegt. Am einfachsten ermittelt man die notwendige Mindestverweilzeit (bzw. Höchstbelastung des Katalysators), indem man feststellt, wie weit man diese Größen ausgehend von einer gegebenen Größe ohne -Verschlechterung des Verfahrensergebnisses (d. h. der Selektivität) verringern kann.In the case of continuous operation on a fixedly arranged catalyst, it must be ensured in a corresponding manner that a certain catalyst load (kg of reactants per 1 catalyst volume and unit of time) is not exceeded, since otherwise the selectivity of the reaction is reduced. The catalyst load is also dependent on the catalyst used and must be determined on a case by case basis. For example, a commercially available supported nickel catalyst (support: magnesium silicate) which contains approximately 50% by weight of nickel, based on the catalyst, has a load limit which is approximately 0.5 kg of reactants per 1 catalyst per hour. The easiest way to determine the required minimum dwell time (or maximum catalyst load) is to determine how far these quantities can be reduced from a given size without a deterioration in the process result (i.e. the selectivity).

Bei Einhaltung der beschriebenen Maßnahmen . gelingt es, mittels des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens das eingesetzte Piperazin praktisch vollständig umzusetzen.If the described measures are observed. it is possible to implement the piperazine used practically completely by means of the process according to the invention.

Dieser Aspekt ist von besonderer Bedeutung bei der Synthese von N-Alkylpiperazinen, die einen niederen Alkylrest (C1- bis C6) aufweisen, denn bei der Aufarbeitung der dort entstehenden Reaktionsgemische ist es sehr schwer, nicht umgesetztes oder möglicherweise im Überschuß vorhandenes Piperazin abzutrennen. Bei der destillativen Aufarbeitung stört nämlich insbesondere das vorhandene Wasser, das bei der Umsetzung gebildet wird und gegebenenfalls in gewisser Menge auch bereits von Anfang an zugegen war. Es treten dann unübersichtliche zum Teil mehrfache Azeotrope zwischen Piperazin, Monoalkylpiperazin and Dialkylpiperazin auf.This aspect is of particular importance in the synthesis of N-alkylpiperazines which have a lower alkyl radical (C 1 - to C 6 ), because when working up the reaction mixtures formed there, it is very difficult to separate off unreacted or possibly excess piperazine . In the distillative workup, the water present, which is formed during the reaction and, if appropriate, was also present in a certain amount from the start, is particularly troublesome. Unclear and sometimes multiple azeotropes between piperazine, monoalkylpiperazine and dialkylpiperazine then occur.

Wenn dagegen eine vollständige Umsetzung des Piperazins eintritt, hat bei der destillativen Aufarbeitung lediglich eine Trennung des monoalkylierten Piperazins (Zielprodukt) vom dialkylierten Piperazin (Nebenprodukt) zu erfolgen wobei die jeweiligen Zielprodukte in hoher Reinheit erhalten werden.If, on the other hand, a complete conversion of the piperazine occurs, only a separation of the monoalkylated piperazine (target product) from the dialkylated piperazine (by-product) has to take place in the working up by distillation, the respective target products being obtained in high purity.

Die genannten 1-Alkyl- bzw. 1-Cycloalkylpiperazine sind wertvolle Zwischenprodukte, beispielsweise für die Synthese von Wirkstoffen oder Farbstoffen.The 1-alkyl or 1-cycloalkylpiperazines mentioned are valuable intermediates, for example for the synthesis of active substances or dyes.

Die nachfolgenden Beispiele sollen die Erfindung näher eräutem. Die genannten Teile sind Gewichtsteile. Sie verhalten sich zu Volumenteilen wie Kilogramm zu Liter.The following examples are intended to explain the invention in greater detail. The parts mentioned are parts by weight. They relate to parts by volume like kilograms to liters.

Beispiel 1example 1

Eine Mischung aus 1400 Teilen Piperazin, 950 Teilen Wasser und 3128 Teilen Ethanol wurden mit 250 Teilen wasserfeuchtem Raney-Nickel (30 Gew. % Wasser) versetzt und in einem Druckgefäß unter Rühren bei einem Wasserstoffdruck von 60 bar und einer Temperatur von 175 °C zur Reaktion gebracht. Die Reaktionsdauer betrug 10 Stunden. Es wurde keine Wasserstoffaufnahme beobachtet. Nach dem Abkühlen wurde das Druckgefäß entspannt. Dann dekantierte man das Reaktionsgemisch ab, befreite es von Katalysatorresten und analysierte es. Die Destillation bei 1 mbar/180 °C zeigte, daß weniger als 0,5 Gew. %, bezogen auf das wasserfreie Reaktionsprodukt an nichtflüchtigen Nenbenprodukten entstanden sind. Das Reaktionsprodukt bestand (ohne Berücksichtigung von Wasser und Ethanol) aus 0,8 Gew. % nichtumgesetztem Piperazin, 55 Gew. % Ethylpiperazin, 43 Gew. % 1,4-Diethylpiperazin und 1,5 Gew. % nicht identifizierter Substanzen. Durch fraktionierte Destillation erhielt man das 1-Ethylpiperazin in reiner Form mit einem Gehalt von über 99,5 Gew. %.A mixture of 1400 parts of piperazine, 950 parts of water and 3128 parts of ethanol were mixed with 250 parts of water-moist Raney nickel (30% by weight of water) and in a pressure vessel with stirring at a hydrogen pressure of 60 bar and a temperature of 175 ° C. Brought reaction. The reaction time was 10 hours. No hydrogen uptake was observed. After cooling, the pressure vessel was released. Then the reaction mixture was decanted off, catalyst residues were removed and it was analyzed. Distillation at 1 mbar / 180 ° C showed that less than 0.5% by weight, based on the anhydrous reaction product, of non-volatile by-products was formed. The reaction product consisted of 0.8% by weight of unreacted piperazine, 55% by weight of ethyl piperazine, 43% by weight of 1,4-diethylpiperazine and 1.5% by weight of unidentified substances (without taking water and ethanol into account). Fractional distillation gave the 1-ethylpiperazine in pure form with a content of more than 99.5% by weight.

Beispiel 2Example 2

Es wurde analog Beispiel 1 verfahren, jedoch dem Reaktionsgemisch zusammen mit dem Raney-Nickel noch 1,5 Teile Natriumcarbonat zugesetzt. In diesem Fall war die Umsetzung bereits nach 5 Stunden abgeschlossen. Der Gehalt an 1-Ethylpiperazin im Austrag (ohne Berücksichtigung von Wasser und Ethanol) betrug 75 Gew. %. Der Anfall an höher siedenden Produkten sank in die Gegend der Nachweisbarkeitsgrenze. Das bei dieser, wie auch der vorstehenden Umsetzung erhaltene zurückdestillierte wasserhaltige Alkoholazeotrop konnte ohne weitere Reinigung für Weitere Umsetzungen eingesetzt werden. Auch der sedimentierte Katalysator konnte wieder verwendet werden und zeigte auch nach 20 maliger Verwendung keinen Abfall der Reaktivität, wenn bei jedem Ansatz 1 Gew. % der ursprünglich zugegebenen Alkalisalzmenge erneut zugesetzt wurde.The procedure was analogous to Example 1, but 1.5 parts of sodium carbonate were added to the reaction mixture together with the Raney nickel. In this case, the implementation was completed after 5 hours. The content of 1-ethylpiperazine in the discharge (without taking water and ethanol into account) was 75% by weight. The accumulation of higher-boiling products fell in the area of the detectable limit. The distilled water-containing alcohol azeotrope obtained in this and the above reaction could be used for further reactions without further purification. The sedimented catalyst could also be used again and showed no decrease in reactivity even after 20 uses if 1% by weight of the amount of alkali metal salt originally added was added to each batch.

Analoge Ergebnisse erhielt man bei der Verwendung von 2 Teilen Calciumhydroxid anstelle von Natriumcarbonat.Analogous results were obtained when using 2 parts of calcium hydroxide instead of sodium carbonate.

Beispiel 3Example 3

Man arbeitete analog Beispiel 1, jedoch in Gegenwart von 0,5 Gew. % Calciumhydroxid, bezogen auf die Reaktionsmischung, und setzte anstelle von Ethanol mit 5032 Teilen Butanol um. Nach 5 Stunden erhielt man 1-Butylpiperazin mit einer Ausbeute von 70 Gew. % und 1,4-Dibutylpiperazin von 29,5 Gew. % im von Wasser und Butanol befreiten Reaktionsaustrag.The procedure was analogous to Example 1, but in the presence of 0.5% by weight of calcium hydroxide, based on the reaction mixture, and the reaction was carried out with 5032 parts of butanol instead of ethanol. After 5 hours, 1-butylpiperazine was obtained with a yield of 70% by weight and 1,4-dibutylpiperazine of 29.5% by weight in the reaction mixture freed from water and butanol.

Beispiel 4Example 4

Man arbeitete analog Beispiel 1, jedoch in Gegenwart von einem Teil Kaliumcarbonat und setzte anstelle von Ethanol mit der äquivalenten Menge 3-Hydroxymethyltetrahydrofuran um. Nach 10 Stunden enthielt man 74 Gew. % 1-Piperazinyl-3-tetrahydrofuranylmethan und 25 Gew. % der disubstituierten Piperazinverbindung.The procedure was analogous to Example 1, but in the presence of a part of potassium carbonate, and the equivalent amount of 3-hydroxymethyltetrahydrofuran was used instead of ethanol. After 10 hours, 74% by weight of 1-piperazinyl-3-tetrahydrofuranylmethane and 25% by weight of the disubstituted piperazine compound were contained.

Claims (3)

1. A process for the preparation of a 1-alkyl- or 1-cycloalkylpiperazine or 1-piperazinyl-3-tet- rahydrofuranylmethane by reacting piperazine with an alkanol or cycloalkanol or 3-hydroxymethyltetrahydrofuran in the presence of hydrogen and a catalyst based on nickel, at superatmospheric pressure and elevated temperature, wherein the reaction is carried out at from 130 to 190 °C and under from 5 to 100 bar in the presence of from 5 to 40 % by weight of water and in the presence or absence of from 0.01 to 1 % by weight of an inorganic base, based on the reaction mixture, and the molar ratio of piperazine to alkanol or cycloalkanol or 3-hydroxymethyltetrahydrofuran is kept at from 1 : 1.5 to 1 : 8.
2. A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein an alkanol of 1 to 10 carbon atoms is used.
3. A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein a cycloalkanol of 3 to 12 carbon atoms is used.
EP85113424A 1984-11-03 1985-10-23 Process for the preparation of 1-alkyl or 1-cycloalkyl piperazines Expired - Lifetime EP0181536B1 (en)

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DE3440195 1984-11-03
DE19843440195 DE3440195A1 (en) 1984-11-03 1984-11-03 METHOD FOR PRODUCING 1-ALKYL- OR 1-CYCLOALKYLPIPERAZINES

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JP2712366B2 (en) * 1988-09-09 1998-02-10 三菱化学株式会社 Method for producing N-alkylated cyclic alkylenimine
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US5166442A (en) * 1988-12-20 1992-11-24 The Dow Chemical Company Catalytic reforming of alkyleneamines
US4996363A (en) * 1988-12-20 1991-02-26 The Dow Chemical Company Catalytic reforming of alkyleneamines to linearly-extended polyalkylenepolyamines
US5166433A (en) * 1989-02-04 1992-11-24 Basf Aktiengesellschaft Catalyst and the amination of alcohols under hydrogenating conditions
DE4427511A1 (en) * 1994-08-03 1996-02-08 Basf Ag Process for the distillation of N-ethylpiperazine
JP4532083B2 (en) * 2003-07-28 2010-08-25 東ソー株式会社 Method for producing N-monoalkyl-substituted alkyleneamine
DE102004038107A1 (en) * 2004-08-05 2006-03-16 Basf Ag Process for improving the color stability of piperazine
CN1962649B (en) * 2006-11-29 2010-05-19 杭州新成化学有限公司 Process for synthesizing N-ethyl piperazidine
CN113600163B (en) * 2021-09-13 2022-06-14 厦门大学 Photocatalyst and application thereof, and preparation method of N-alkyl piperazine and derivatives thereof

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DE3440195A1 (en) 1986-05-07
JPH0569108B2 (en) 1993-09-30
JPS61109782A (en) 1986-05-28

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