Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
  • F16J—PISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
  • F16J15/00—Sealings
  • F16J15/44—Free-space packings
  • F16J15/441—Free-space packings with floating ring
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
  • F01D11/00—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages
  • F01D11/02—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages by non-contact sealings, e.g. of labyrinth type

Definitions

• the present invention relates to seal rings for elastic fluid, turbines, and more particularly to seal ring systems which create minimum fluid leakage between rotating and stationary parts of such fluid turbines.
• This invention relates to seals found in elastic fluid axial flow turbines. Such seals are arranged both where rotatable shafts penetrate stationary turbine casings and, in addition, internal to the casings between stages and turbine sections.
• the seals prevent or reduce leakage of the fluid by creating small clearance areas with low flow coefficients between the rotating and stationary parts. Improved efficiency, minimized loss of fluid, and prevention of undesirable side effects caused by leakage of fluid are all planned benefits of such seals .
• the seals are vulnerable to rubbing damage caused by turbine misalignment, vibration and thermal distortion. Most of these damage causing factors are more likely to occur during starting, at light loads or following sudden loss of load. As a result, it would be desirable to create a condition of relatively large clearance during these conditions, to minimize possible damage to the seals, yet still accomplish a small clearance condition at higher loads.
• the higher load condition corresponds to operation when efficiency is of highest value and where turbine operation is stable relative to most of the factors which can cause damage to seals .
• the seals are made of materials specially selected to minimize damage caused by rubbing.
• the seal geometry is designed with thin teeth to require the least amount of heat and force during rubbing situations.
• the seal rings are usually spring-backed and allowed rubbing forces to shift the rings to minimize rubbing forces and damage.
• the springs are arranged to push the seal rings toward the shaft, but not beyond a limiting position provided by shoulders located on the stationary parts . It has been proposed by Warth in British Patent
• Warth proposes a sealing ring using essentially a single radial clearance limiting shoulder on the high pressure side of the sealing ring, while on the low pressure side, there is a small seal surface near the inner diameter where the seal contacts the turbine casing.
• This proposed sealing ring configuration requires a non-symmetrical geometry that is claimed and assumed by the patentee to produce zero or minimum side thrust force and, consequently, minimum friction which would act against radial movement of the sealing ring.
• Warth' s sealing ring is based on packing rings that have zero or minimum side thrust.
• Warth the sealing ring proposed by Warth would be impractical, if not incompatible, in such steam turbine applications.
• the non-symmetrical geometry of the Warth system results in a significant reduction in the number of sealing teeth that can be provided in a given available sealing space and, consequently, a greater leakage and poorer efficiency.
• the present invention provides a seal ring and spring arrangement for an elastic fluid turbine which permits the utilization of multi-positional packing rings in turbines with a minimum leakage and greater efficiency than heretofore obtainable. More specifically, the present invention provides a seal ring arrangement which includes a segmented seal ring supported by and at least partially contained in an annular groove formed in a stationary casing to permit motion of the seal ring between a large diameter position and a small diameter position corresponding respectively to large and small clearances of the seal ring with regard to the rotating shaft.
• the seal ring groove is partially defined by a pair of opposing, spaced apart shoulders on the casing which form an opening of the groove extending radially into the clearance area between the turbine casing and the rotating shaft.
• Each segment of the seal ring includes (a) an inner arcuate portion having seal teeth extending therefrom in the direction of and adjacent to the rotating shaft, (b) a radially outwardly facing arcuate surface on the seal ring segment which is located opposite to a radially inward facing arcuate surface of the casing for limiting the large clearance position by contact between the opposing surfaces,
• a neck portion connected between the inner arcuate portion and the outer ring portion and extending between the casing shoulders, the neck portion having an axial thickness which is less than the distance between the opposing casing shoulders to thereby axially locate the seal ring segment against one of the casing shoulders and provide a contact pressure seal at the side of the neck portion which is subject to lower turbine fluid pressure.
• a radial positioning means comprising a compressed spring means is engaged with the ring segments to forcibly cause the segments to move to the large clearance position, while working fluid which is freely admitted to the annular space between the casing and the ring segments will urge the segments toward the small clearance pcsition.
• the spring forces will predominate, while at medium to high load conditions with high flows and high working fluid pressure, the developing pressure forces will predominate over the spring forces such that the seals are respositioned to the small clearance position.
• the present invention provides essentially a two-position packing ring system wherein, at low speeds and low loads, it is fixed at a large clearance position. When a low, predetermined load and pressure condition is reached, the ring moves swiftly to its small clearance position this assures minimum loss and maximum efficiency.
• Figure 1 is a horizontal elevation drawing, partly in section, of a multistage axial flow elastic turbine showing a portion of one stage with a shaft seal ring, illustrative of the present invention
• Figure 2 is cross-section view taken along lines 2-2 of Figure 1;
• Figure 3 is a horizontal elevation drawing, partly in section, showing an alternative seal ring arrangement to that illustrated in Figure 1;
• Figure 4 is an isometric view of a portion of the seal ring.
• the turbine includes a rotor, a portion of which is shown at 11, and a casing, a portion of which is shown at 12.
• part 12 the casing
• the casing could instead be called a diaphragm.
• Only one seal ring 13 is illustrated, although several such rings could be arranged in series.
• the remainder of the turbine necessarily includes means for introducing steam at high pressure and exhausting it at lower pressure, with nozzles, buckets, wheels and other components which do not need inclusion here to explain the seal function which is effected by the invention.
• the seal ring shown and described herein is intended to be exemplary of many found through out the turbine.
• the seal ring 13 includes a plurality of teeth 14 that are disposed in opposition to circumferential portions of the shaft which are alternately stepped up and down in radius. With high pressure fluid at 18 and low pressure at 19 there will be a positive force to cause fluid leakage between the multiple restricticns formed by the small openings between the teeth 14 and the shaft 11.
• the combination of the clearance area, the relative sharpness of the teeth, the number of the restrictions, the fluid conditions including pressure and density, and the geometry of the leakage path determine the amount of leakage flow according to formulae and emperical constants which are well known. Many bther geometrical arrangements are also used to provide multiple or single leakage restrictions than the. style illustrated.
• the seal ring is retained in groove 15 of the casing 12.
• the seal ring is comprised of four or more segments each disposed within the groove 15 to accommodate assembly or disassembly of the casing by locating the seal ring sections to separate at the joint 27 of the casing.
• Springs 16, are located at each end of each seal ring segment in a compressed condition. Positive circumferential location and retainment of the seal ring segments and springs 16 are assured by locking pieces 26 which are provided above and below casing joints 27.
• seal ring 13 Each segment of the seal ring 13 is shown including the inner ring portion, indicated in Figure 1 by numeral 13, having the seal teeth 14 extending from its radially inward surface while its radially outward surface 20a limits the large clearance position by means of its contact with the radial surface 21a of the casing 12.
• the seal ring 13 also includes an outer ring portion 13a disposed within the casing groove 15 with an inner circumferential surface 13b which, as described below, limits the small clearance position of the seal ring segments by restraining their radial inward movement by contact of surface 13b with surface 17 on the shoulder 12a of casing 12.
• the seal ring 13 shown in Figure 1 also includes a neck portion 13c between said inner ring section and said outer ring section into which the shoulder 12a of the casing interlock to axially locate the ring segment. As described below, seal ring neck portion 13c provides a contact pressure surface which, as shown at 22, is in direct contact with the casing shoulder 12a.
• the springs are selected with sufficient strength and dimension under these conditions to cause the seal ring segments to separate at each segment joint. This causes the seal ring to seek larger diameters but limited to that available within the annular space 24 and 25. When this space is decreased to permit cbntact b.etween surfaces 20a and 21a, no further enlargement can cccur.
• the annular space is sized to allow, by the radially outward movement of the ring segments, sufficient space to accommodate the worst expected transient misalignment of rotor and casing without damage to the seal ring teeth 14.
• the seal ring 13 is shown in its high load, small clearance condition.
• the higher pressure side of the seal is identified at 18. This pressure persists in the annular spaces 24 and 15 as a result of an bpen cbmmunicaticn created by one or more local openings 23 indicated in brokenline.
• the openings 23 may, for example, be made by local cutouts in the high pressure side of shoulder 12a.
• the low pressure condition 19 persists also in the annular space 25.
• This invention relates to packing rings which have sizeable axial forces, and consequently it is unavoidable that sizeable friction forces must be accommodated as shown below.
• the radial force at 16 must be large enough to overcome metal to metal friction in order to move the seal ring in a radial direction.
• the design goal is to establish, for the seal ring a force condition that will cause the ring to overcome its weight, spring and friction forces so as to shift it to its inward or small clearance position for the pressure conditions which can be predicted to exist when the turbine is operating at a small but significant load, such as 10% to
• Figure 3 is representative of a seal ring with a large portion of the seal ring outer surface exposed to the high pressure, while Figure 1 illustrates a ring where a smaller proportion of seal ring outer surface is acted on by the high pressure fluid. Figure 3 also illustrates a seal ring with lesser weight.
• springs 16 can be employed. They must be selected to have long life and stable characteristics while exposed to high temperature, vibration and possible corrosive conditions. S-shaped springs are illustrated, but others can be employed, such as flat springs or coil-type springs.
• Locations 28 and 30 require a spring that must be capable of pushing the segment to its maximum radial position while supporting the weight of the seal ring segment and resisting a selected magnitude of pressure forces .
• Locations 31 and 33 have no weight to support.
• Location 29 must have a spring designed to resist the selected pressure distribution force from the two opposed ring segments in addition to the small weight- caused component of force which tends to decrease radial clearance at that location.
• Location 32 must be designed to resist the selected level of pressure distribution forces on the two opposing segments less the downward component of force caused by the weight of the segments which tend to cause a large clearance condition.
• a pocket 34 for the springs can be obtained by removing a portion of the outermost periphery of either or both of the adjacent seal rings. The removal must not interfere with the seal surface, 22. Greater assurance of correct positioning and containment of a spring can be obtained by attaching it to the pocket 34 of the seal ring, in a proper position to be in proper alignment with the adjacent seal ring or the locking piece 26.
• the gap between seal ring segments must be carefully selected. This choice is made to properly reflect thermal expansion of the seal ring relative to that of the casing or diaphragm in which it is held. Both temperature and thermal coefficient of expansion must be considered for each component.

Landscapes

• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
• Sealing Using Fluids, Sealing Without Contact, And Removal Of Oil (AREA)

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Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Publications (4)

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• 1984
  • 1984-03-08 AT AT84901497T patent/ATE50339T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1984-03-08 EP EP84901497A patent/EP0173684B2/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1984-03-08 WO PCT/US1984/000375 patent/WO1985003991A1/fr active IP Right Grant
  • 1984-03-08 JP JP59501355A patent/JPS61501331A/ja active Granted
  • 1984-03-08 DE DE8484901497T patent/DE3481338D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime

Patent Citations (5)

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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