EP0173528B1 - Polyvinyl alcohol based wax-free size composition - Google Patents
Polyvinyl alcohol based wax-free size composition Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0173528B1 EP0173528B1 EP85305877A EP85305877A EP0173528B1 EP 0173528 B1 EP0173528 B1 EP 0173528B1 EP 85305877 A EP85305877 A EP 85305877A EP 85305877 A EP85305877 A EP 85305877A EP 0173528 B1 EP0173528 B1 EP 0173528B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- weight
- ethylene oxide
- amount
- vinyl alcohol
- average
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims description 105
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 title claims description 102
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 title claims description 50
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 60
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 14
- IMROMDMJAWUWLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethenol Chemical compound OC=C IMROMDMJAWUWLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000004513 sizing Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl acrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C=C BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000009990 desizing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007127 saponification reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000003381 solubilizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- NKHAVTQWNUWKEO-IHWYPQMZSA-N methyl hydrogen fumarate Chemical compound COC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O NKHAVTQWNUWKEO-IHWYPQMZSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 59
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 48
- 235000019422 polyvinyl alcohol Nutrition 0.000 description 42
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 37
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 17
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 15
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 12
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000009941 weaving Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000014676 Phragmites communis Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004043 dyeing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- -1 modified sodium alkylaryl sulfonate Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003760 tallow Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 2
- VFRRWVCMOFUSPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methylhexane-3,3-diol Chemical compound CCC(C)C(O)(O)CC VFRRWVCMOFUSPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010013710 Drug interaction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006136 alcoholysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001046 green dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009998 heat setting Methods 0.000 description 1
- MTNDZQHUAFNZQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazoline Chemical group C1CN=CN1 MTNDZQHUAFNZQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012417 linear regression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011253 protective coating Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009991 scouring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003333 secondary alcohols Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003169 water-soluble polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000004580 weight loss Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
- D06M15/21—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D06M15/327—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of unsaturated alcohols or esters thereof
- D06M15/333—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of unsaturated alcohols or esters thereof of vinyl acetate; Polyvinylalcohol
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M2200/00—Functionality of the treatment composition and/or properties imparted to the textile material
- D06M2200/40—Reduced friction resistance, lubricant properties; Sizing compositions
Definitions
- This invention relates to size compositions and more specifically it relates to polyvinyl alcohol based size compositions containing low ethylene oxide adduct additives.
- Spun warp yarn must be sized with a water-soluble polymer which provides it with a protective surface coating; the latter is required during the weaving of the yarn into fabric.
- a protective surface coating After weaving the greige fabric produced must be stripped of the protective coating by desizing before it can be subjected to various finishing operations and in particular to dyeing.
- Sizes based on polyvinyl alcohol or combinations of polyvinyl alcohol and starch must generally be used with a wax additive present in the formulation to minimize drier drum sticking in the slasher during application of the size. These wax additives are difficult to remove from the greige fabric during desizing, often requiring extraction by special solvents as well as higher desize bath temperatures. As a consequence the finishing mill is faced with higher production costs due to greater process complexibility, higher energy costs and a higher percentage of second quality greige fabric.
- polyvinyl alcohol-based sizing solution containing a small amount of quaternary ammonium salt or a quaternary imidazolinium salt is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,383,063; these additives provide good operability in the absence of wax and result in fabric exhibiting improved finishing performance.
- such formulations have the serious deficiency of frequently exhibiting a non- reproducible sizing performance; the latter is due to an erratic and unpredictable removal of the cationic additive by inter-action with anionic contaminants which tend to accumulate in the sizing solution.
- the primary source of these anionic contaminants is the spun yarn being sized.
- US ⁇ A ⁇ 4251403 discloses a size for monofilament yarns comprising polyvinyl alcohol urea and a mono- or di- saccharide such as sucrose.
- a size comprising polyvinyl alcohol, urea and diethylpropanediol gave fair results with smooth polyester but, when applied to texturized polyester yarn, produced an undesirable quantity of shed when subjected to abrasion in the reciprocating reed test.
- composition consisting essentially of (a) from 45.5 to 99.9% by weight of vinyl alcohol polymer selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, vinyl alcohol/methyl methacrylate copolymer, and polyvinyl alcohol containing solubilizing comonomers other than methyl methacrylate, said vinyl alcohol polymer having a saponification number of from 1 to 160 and a 4 percent solution viscosity of from 3 to 70 MPa - at 20°C;
- a concentrate of the low ethylene oxide adduct blended with vinyl alcohol polymer, a wax-free aqueous size solution comprising the composition of the present invention having a solids content of 2-20% by weight, process for sizing filament yarn with wax-free aqueous solution and sized yarn comprising spun yarn having a wax-free protective surface coating of the composition of the present invention.
- the term "consisting essentially of” means that the named ingredients are essential, however, other ingredients which do not prevent the advantages of the present invention from being realized can also be included.
- the vinyl alcohol polymer can have a saponification number (mg KOH to neutralize 1 g polymer) of from 1 to 160 and a 4 percent solution viscosity of from about 3 to about 70 MPa-s.
- Suitable vinyl alcohol polymers include:
- the nonionic additive is a low ethylene oxide adduct (containing an average ethylene oxide content of from 1 to 7 units) of a branched alcohol or a mixture of branched alcohols (having an average carbon content of from 8 to 18 units).
- the preferred makeup of this additive is an adduct containing from 2 to 5 ethylene oxide units with a branched alcohol containing an average of from 10 to 15 carbon atoms.
- the most preferred is one consisting of an average of 3 ethylene oxide units with a branched alcohol containing an average of 13 carbon atoms.
- "Tergitol" 15-S-3 a product manufactured by Union Carbide, represents this most preferred additive.
- the amount of vinyl alcohol polymer in the composition of the present invention is from 45.5 to 99.9 percent by weight.
- the preferred range is from 63 to 99.8 percent and the most preferred range is from 72.7 to 99.6 percent.
- the higher the polyvinyl alcohol content of the size the higher will be the weaving efficiency exhibited by the sized yarn.
- size add-on requirements are reduced progressively as the polyvinyl alcohol content of the size is increased.
- the amount of the nonionic additive of the present invention is from 0.1 to 3 percent by weight. 0.1 weight percent additive is necessary to give significant drier drum release, while greater than 3 weight percent may result in reduced weaving efficiencies.
- a preferred range of additive is from 0.2 to 1.5 weight percent or, more preferably, 1 wt.% with which most of the benefits of the present invention can be achieved.
- the most preferred concentration range of additive is from 0.4 to 0.8 weight percent; compositions containing this level of additive give the best balance of drum deposit performance, abrasion resistance and dye receptivity after desizing.
- starch can be incorporated in the size compositions of the present invention in an amount of up to 49.9 weight percent. Up to this level of starch the benefits of the no-wax additive of the present invention are clearly evident.
- the preferred starch limit is up to 33 weight percent, while the most preferred starch limit is up to 25 weight percent.
- the effectiveness of the nonionic additive of the present invention approaches that observed with compositions containing vinyl alcohol polymer as the sole polymeric component.
- a variety of types of starch and derived starch will function as optional additives in the composition of this invention.
- Carboxymethyl cellulose can also be used as an optional ingredient in the composition of the present invention in an amount of up to 50 wt.%, preferably up to 33 wt.%, and most preferably up to 25 wt.%.
- the combined weight of the starch and CMC ingredients should not exceed the weight of the vinyl alcohol polymer present in the composition.
- Another optional additive is a low to medium molecular weight (200-800 number average) oligomer of ethylene oxide often added to vinyl alcohol polymer as a dedusting agent.
- U.S. Patent No. 4,389,506 describes the use of 3 weight percent of "Carbowax”@ 600, a product of Union Carbide, as yielding the most preferred dust-free product. Concentrations up to 5 weight percent "Carbowax"° 600 result in only minor reductions in the benefits derived from the presence of the nonionic additive and represents the upper additive level recommended. A preferred upper limit is 3 weight percent while the most preferred upper limit of this type of additive is 1.5 weight percent. At the most preferred upper concentration the benefits derived from the nonionic additive can be almost fully realized.
- additives can be auxiliary low ethylene oxide adducts (containing an average ethylene oxide content of from 1 to 7 units) of a linear alcohol or of a mixture of linear alcohols (having an average carbon content of from 8 to 18 units) or medium to high ethylene oxide adducts (containing an average ethylene oxide content of from 8 to 40 units) of linear or branched alcohols (having an average carbon content of from 8 to 18 units).
- These additives can be present in the composition of the present invention in low concentrations, i.e. up to 1 wt. percent.
- the aqueous size solution of the present invention will generally have a solids content of from 2 to 20 weight percent.
- the preferred size bath solids content is from 5 to 15 weight percent while the most preferred formulation contains from 7 to 12 weight percent since this level of solids in most cases will provide sufficient size add-on to give the sized yarn adequate abrasion resistance.
- the aqueous polyvinyl alcohol based size solution is considered to be unique because it does not contain a wax additive which must be present under normal mill conditions.
- the aqueous size solution is prepared by slurrying polyvinyl alcohol with water at ambient temperature.
- the nonionic additive along with any optional additives are then introduced.
- the subsequent mixture is heated with stirring at about 77°C until complete solution has been achieved.
- the size solution of the present invention can also be prepared directly from a blend of vinyl alcohol polymer with a low amount of the nonionic additive.
- the polyvinyl alcohol/nonionic additive mixtures are produced by dry blending a variety of polyvinyl alcohol and the additive(s) under high intensity mixing conditions at a temperature at which the additive component(s) will be liquid(s). Moreover if more than one nonionic additive is used, the latter can be preblended and added as a single component.
- the size solution of the present invention can also be produced by using a concentrate of the nonionic additive of the present invention in a vinyl alcohol polymer.
- the concentrate consists essentially of from 45 to 90 percent by weight of vinyl alcohol polymer and from 10 to 55 percent by weight of the liquid, nonionic low ethylene oxide adduct additive of the present invention.
- the concentrate can contain up to 45 percent by weight of starch, up to 45 percent by weight of Carbowax°, up to 45 percent by weight of carboxymethyl cellulose and up to 45 percent by weight of low ethylene oxide adduct of a linear alcohol or mixture of linear alcohols or medium to high ethylene oxide adduct of linear or branched alcohols.
- the concentrate is used to produce the size composition of the present invention by adding it in the required amount to a preformed vinyl alcohol polymer solution.
- Use of such a concentrate can provide a unique and surprising advantage. Normally when vinyl alcohol polymers are added even with vigorous agitation to hot aqueous solutions, the vinyl alcohol component fuses upon contact with the hot water and becomes very difficultly soluble.
- the above described concentrate if it contains at least 30% by weight of the nonionic additive, is relatively easy to disperse when added directly to hot water.
- the most preferred nonionic additive level is from 40% to 50%. Above 50% the vinyl alcohol polymer tends not to absorb all of the additive.
- Use of the above described concentrate provides the highly desirable advantage of permitting rapid readjustments in the level of the nonionic additive in a given hot size bath to match specific mill requirement.
- the above referred to concentrate contains from 45 to 70 percent by weight of vinyl alcohol polymer, from 30 to 55 percent by weight of nonionic additive, up to 20 percent by weight of starch, up to 20 percent by weight of Carbowax@, and up to 20 percent by weight of carboxymethyl cellulose.
- the concentrate will contain from 50 to 60 percent by weight of vinyl alcohol polymer, from 40 to 50 percent by weight of nonionic additive, up to 5 percent by weight of starch, up to 5 percent by weight of Carbowax@ and up to 5 percent by weight of carboxymethyl cellulose.
- the size is applied to the yarn web or sley using a slasher.
- the latter is equipped with a heated size box containing the size formulation.
- the unsized sley is sized by being drawn through the hot size solution, through squeeze rolls to remove excess size solution, over a series of heated drying drums, through a bust bar assembly to separate the sley into individual warp ends and finally onto a beam for collection.
- the bust bar assembly to separate the sley into individual warp ends and finally onto a beam for collection.
- the sized spun yarn produced using the size composition of the present invention has a wax-free protective surface coating and exhibits the unique property of providing excellent weaving performance despite the absence of wax in the vinyl alcohol polymer based size. Moreover the greige fabric produced being wax-free, is readily desizable under mild desize conditions yielding a desized fabric with excellent dye receptivity. Desizing is carried out by passing the sized greige fabric through an alkaline scour bath followed by several hot water (about 65-85°C) rinses. Fabric prepared with conventional wax-containing sizes requires much more stringent scouring and rinse conditions than are required with the size formulations of the present invention.
- a high level of removal of the size components from the greige fabric is required prior to its processing in the finishing mill so as to permit efficient and reproducible dyeing as well as other finishing operations on the fabric. Both the no-wax sized yarn and the no-wax greige fabric produced from it are thus considered to be unique.
- the no-wax size composition of the present invention is especially suited for use with polyester/cotton spun yarn blends. It is particularly useful for 65/35, 50/50 and 40/60 polyester/cotton spun yarn blends.
- the size composition also has utility for 100% cotton spun yarns.
- incorporación of the no-wax additive into vinyl alcohol polymer based size formulations permits the elimination of wax as an additive, making feasible the preparation of sized yarn exhibiting excellent slashing and weaving characteristics suitable for producing a variety of types of fabrics under typical weaving conditions (e.g. involving shuttle, airjet, rapier looms).
- the derived fabrics, being wax-free, are characterized by easy size removal and the desized fabric exhibits superior dye receptivity.
- Sizing solutions were prepared in a steam-jacketed kettle by adding the vinyl alcohol polymer to the requisite amount of ambient temperature water to obtain the desired size bath solids. The temperature of the slurry was brought to 77°C with stirring. Any additives to be tested in the formulation were added at this point.
- the resulting size solution was used to size 24 ends of a polyester/cotton spun yarn using a "Callaway Slasher" Model 51 manufactured by West Point Foundry and Machine Co. operated at 10 meters/minute using pressure at the squeeze roll. After the yarn had been sized, the size add-on was measured by weight loss after extraction of the sized yarn with boiling water. Assessment of the performance of the size formulation during slashing as well as characterization of the sized yarn itself was carried out using the following test procedures.
- the extent to which deposits form on the No. 1 drying drum in the slasher is related directly to the tendency of a given size formulation to cause sticking of the individual warp ends to the drying drums in the slasher.
- the effectiveness of a release agent added to the size formulation to minimize yarn sticking in the drying section of the slasher can be measured accurately.
- the amount of deposit collected provides a direct measure of a size formulation's performance, namely the greater the amount of drum deposit, the greater the tendency the formulation has to cause drying drum sticking.
- PVA No. 2 a fully hydrolyzed vinyl alcohol/methyl acrylate copolymer having a 4% solution viscosity of 13.5 MPa.s and a saponification number of 40.
- the actual drum deposit value observed and a rating proportionated against the PVA No. 2 value are given.
- a rating of 0.200 or lower is considered necessary for operability under typical mill conditions of a 100% vinyl alcohol polymer size.
- Abrasion resistance of the sized yarn is determined using a laboratory abrasion tester.
- the test method employed consists of stringing 21 ends of sized yarn through a section of conventional weaving loom reed and applying controlled tension to each individual warp end. The reed is made to oscillate against the warp ends at one cycle/second and the number of cycles required to cause the breakage of each end is recorded. A second set of 21 ends is next tested in the same manner. The two sets of data obtained are then statistically averaged so as to give the number of cycles required to cause 50% breakage of the warp ends used in the test. This quantity in cycles is referred to as the F so rating for a given size formulation.
- Abrasion resistance is highly dependent upon size add-on.
- all F so data must be normalized to a given size add-on, namely, 10%. This is preferably done by obtaining F 50 values at six or more add-ons for a given size formulation and subjecting the resulting data to a linear regression analysis. All F so data reported in the characterization of the various examples cited have been treated in this manner. A maximum F 50 value was observed for size formulations prepared with PVA No. 1 (a fully hydrolyzed vinyl alcohol/methyl methacrylate copolymer having a 4% solution viscosity of 28 MPa.s and having a saponification number of 30). In all examples cited the actual F so value observed and a comparison rating with the PVA No.
- Sized yarn to be used in this test is first heat set by passing it through an oven at 200°C with a holdup time of 45 seconds.
- the heat-treated yarn is then desized under mild conditions consisting of soaking the yarn for 15 seconds at 55°C in a 0.5% Alkanol WXN (a modified sodium alkylaryl sulfonate supplied by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company) solution followed by rinsing the yarn for 45 seconds at 75°C three times.
- Alkanol WXN a modified sodium alkylaryl sulfonate supplied by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company
- Examples 1 and 2 which represent embodiments of the present invention, provided yarn having acceptable combinations of the three key performance features, comparative Examples 1 and 2 were unacceptable because in C-1 the drum deposit was too high, and in C-2 the dye receptivity was extremely poor.
- the additive of the present invention provided the same advantages with compositions based on intermediate and partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohols as was observed with the vinyl alcohol polymer compositions described in Examples 1, 2, 3 and 4.
- the additive of the present invention provided beneficial effects when used with 50/50 vinyl alcohol polymer/starch blends in both drum deposit performance as well as in dye receptivity.
- the additive reduced abrasion resistance to approximately the same extent as did the "Synchem" 110 wax additive.
- Size formulations based on PVA No. 2 were prepared with several low ethylene oxide adducts of linear alcohols namely "Tergitol”® 25-L-3, “Alfonic” 1012-40 and “Alfonic” 1412-40 (Ex. C-11 to 13).
- the hydrophobe is a linear alcohol in the "Alfonic” products and in “Tergitol”° 25-L-3 but is secondary alcohol in “Tergitol”® 15-S-3.
- the above Table shows that "Alfonic” 1412-40 and “Tergitol”® 25-L-3 are an almost exact linear counterparts of "Tergitol”® 15-S-3.
- the "Alfonic” products are supplied by Conoco and the "Tergitol”® products are supplied by Union Carbide.
- Table VI shows the composition and properties of size formulations prepared with the above linear alcohol derived ethylene oxide adducts as well as with the additive of the present invention (Ex. 1).
- Size formulations were prepared with PVA No. 2 modified with a range of "Tergitol”® 15-S products containing from 3 to 40 ethylene oxide units (i.e. "Tergitol”® 15-S-3 to "Tergitol”® 15-S-40).
- the level of the "Tergitol”® additive was 0.4 wt.%, and 3.0% "Carbowax”® 600 was also present in the formulation. Included in Table VII are characterization data for these formulations and a formulation containing only the "Carbowax”® 600 additive.
- Fabric samples which have been prepared from yarn sized with the size solution of the present invention have been compared with fabric samples identical in every respect except that the latter were prepared with yarn sized with a commercial PVA/tallow wax formulation. Both sets of samples were desized under mild conditions (e.g. 15 seconds soak at 55°C followed by three water rinses at 65°C).
- the dye receptivity of the fabrics obtained with the size of the present invention exhibited eight times the dye receptivity of those obtained using the conventional wax-containing size. Moreover dye absorption by the former was regular and uniform whereas that exhibited by the latter was highly irregular and nonuniform.
- the fabric used in Examples 11 and 21 consisted of a 65/35 polyester/cotton warp having a 36 singles cotton count, and filled with a 100% polyester weft so as to produce a 92/83 construction (ratio of warp threads to weft threads).
- the warp yarn was sized with a size formulation containing 12.5% solids and contained a size add-on of 15.0%.
- the size solution used in Example 11 corresponded exactly to that used in Example 2.
- the size solution used in Comparative Example 21 was the same as that used in Comparative Example 2 except that it contained 10%. "Synchem" 110 wax instead of 8%.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Description
- This invention relates to size compositions and more specifically it relates to polyvinyl alcohol based size compositions containing low ethylene oxide adduct additives.
- Spun warp yarn must be sized with a water-soluble polymer which provides it with a protective surface coating; the latter is required during the weaving of the yarn into fabric. After weaving the greige fabric produced must be stripped of the protective coating by desizing before it can be subjected to various finishing operations and in particular to dyeing. Sizes based on polyvinyl alcohol or combinations of polyvinyl alcohol and starch must generally be used with a wax additive present in the formulation to minimize drier drum sticking in the slasher during application of the size. These wax additives are difficult to remove from the greige fabric during desizing, often requiring extraction by special solvents as well as higher desize bath temperatures. As a consequence the finishing mill is faced with higher production costs due to greater process complexibility, higher energy costs and a higher percentage of second quality greige fabric.
- The use of polyvinyl alcohol-based sizing solution containing a small amount of quaternary ammonium salt or a quaternary imidazolinium salt is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,383,063; these additives provide good operability in the absence of wax and result in fabric exhibiting improved finishing performance. However, such formulations have the serious deficiency of frequently exhibiting a non- reproducible sizing performance; the latter is due to an erratic and unpredictable removal of the cationic additive by inter-action with anionic contaminants which tend to accumulate in the sizing solution. The primary source of these anionic contaminants is the spun yarn being sized.
- US―A―4251403 discloses a size for monofilament yarns comprising polyvinyl alcohol urea and a mono- or di- saccharide such as sucrose. In Comparative Example C a size comprising polyvinyl alcohol, urea and diethylpropanediol gave fair results with smooth polyester but, when applied to texturized polyester yarn, produced an undesirable quantity of shed when subjected to abrasion in the reciprocating reed test.
- According to the present invention, there is provided a composition consisting essentially of (a) from 45.5 to 99.9% by weight of vinyl alcohol polymer selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, vinyl alcohol/methyl methacrylate copolymer, and polyvinyl alcohol containing solubilizing comonomers other than methyl methacrylate, said vinyl alcohol polymer having a saponification number of from 1 to 160 and a 4 percent solution viscosity of from 3 to 70 MPa - at 20°C;
- (b) from 0.1 to 3 percent by weight of liquid nonionic low ethylene oxide adduct of branched alcohol or mixture of branched alcohols wherein the average ethylene oxide content is from 1 to 7 units and the alcohol has an average carbon content of from 8 to 18 carbon atoms;
- (c) from 0 to 49.9 percent by weight of starch;
- (d) from 0 to 5 percent by weight of ethylene oxide oligomer having a molecular weight (number average) of from 200 to 800 and
- (e) from 0 to 50 percent by weight of carboxymethyl cellulose,
- (f) from 0 to 1 percent by weight of at least one auxiliary ethylene oxide adduct selected from the group consisting of low ethylene oxide adduct (containing an average ethylene oxide content of from 1 to 7 units) of a linear alcohol or of a mixture of linear alcohols (having an average carbon content of from 8 to 18 units) and medium to high ethylene oxide adduct (containing an average ethylene oxide content of from 8 to 40 units) of linear or branched alcohols (having an average carbon content of from 8 to 18 units) provided the combined weight of starch and carboxymethyl cellulose does not exceed the weight of vinyl alcohol polymer.
- Further according to the present invention there is provided a concentrate of the low ethylene oxide adduct blended with vinyl alcohol polymer, a wax-free aqueous size solution comprising the composition of the present invention having a solids content of 2-20% by weight, process for sizing filament yarn with wax-free aqueous solution and sized yarn comprising spun yarn having a wax-free protective surface coating of the composition of the present invention.
- As used herein, the term "consisting essentially of" means that the named ingredients are essential, however, other ingredients which do not prevent the advantages of the present invention from being realized can also be included.
- It has been found that the addition of a liquid, nonionic, low ethylene oxide adduct of a branched alcohol, in the amount of 3 percent or less, to the vinyl alcohol polymer based size composition eliminates sticking of the sized yarn on the drying cans in the slasher, provides excellent weaving efficiency, and easy size removal under mild desize conditions, yielding desized greige fabric that exhibits excellent dye receptivity. Size compositions ofthe present invention are recommended for use in the conventional sizing, heat setting and aqueous desizing operations presently employed by spun yarn textile mills.
- For the purposes of the size compositions of the present invention the vinyl alcohol polymer can have a saponification number (mg KOH to neutralize 1 g polymer) of from 1 to 160 and a 4 percent solution viscosity of from about 3 to about 70 MPa-s.
- Examples of suitable vinyl alcohol polymers include:
- (a) Fully hydrolyzed vinyl alcohol/methyl methacrylate copolymer (containing from 3.5 to 6 mole percent methyl methacrylate) having a viscosity of from 3 to 60 MPa-s (measured at 20°C using a 4 percent aqueous solution). Such copolymers can be produced by the alcoholysis of a vinyl acetate/methyl methacrylate copolymer;
- (b) Partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohol containing from 4 to 12 mole percent of vinyl acetate having a viscosity of from 3 to 60 MPa-s;
- (c) Fully hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohol having a viscosity of from 3 to 70 MPa-s;
- (d) Polyvinyl alcohol containing "solubilizing comonomers" other than methyl methacrylate (such as methylacrylate and methyl hydrogen maleate) having a viscosity of from 3 to 70 MPa ·s.
- (e) Various mixtures of the above vinyl alcohol polymers.
- The nonionic additive is a low ethylene oxide adduct (containing an average ethylene oxide content of from 1 to 7 units) of a branched alcohol or a mixture of branched alcohols (having an average carbon content of from 8 to 18 units). The preferred makeup of this additive is an adduct containing from 2 to 5 ethylene oxide units with a branched alcohol containing an average of from 10 to 15 carbon atoms. The most preferred is one consisting of an average of 3 ethylene oxide units with a branched alcohol containing an average of 13 carbon atoms. "Tergitol" 15-S-3, a product manufactured by Union Carbide, represents this most preferred additive.
- The amount of vinyl alcohol polymer in the composition of the present invention is from 45.5 to 99.9 percent by weight. The preferred range is from 63 to 99.8 percent and the most preferred range is from 72.7 to 99.6 percent. In typical polyvinyl alcohol-based size formulations, the higher the polyvinyl alcohol content of the size, the higher will be the weaving efficiency exhibited by the sized yarn. In general size add-on requirements are reduced progressively as the polyvinyl alcohol content of the size is increased.
- The amount of the nonionic additive of the present invention is from 0.1 to 3 percent by weight. 0.1 weight percent additive is necessary to give significant drier drum release, while greater than 3 weight percent may result in reduced weaving efficiencies. A preferred range of additive is from 0.2 to 1.5 weight percent or, more preferably, 1 wt.% with which most of the benefits of the present invention can be achieved. The most preferred concentration range of additive is from 0.4 to 0.8 weight percent; compositions containing this level of additive give the best balance of drum deposit performance, abrasion resistance and dye receptivity after desizing.
- Optionally, starch can be incorporated in the size compositions of the present invention in an amount of up to 49.9 weight percent. Up to this level of starch the benefits of the no-wax additive of the present invention are clearly evident. The preferred starch limit is up to 33 weight percent, while the most preferred starch limit is up to 25 weight percent. In the most preferred vinyl alcohol polymer/starch blends the effectiveness of the nonionic additive of the present invention approaches that observed with compositions containing vinyl alcohol polymer as the sole polymeric component. A variety of types of starch and derived starch will function as optional additives in the composition of this invention. These include "Kofilm" 50, [an acetylated starch product supplied by National Starch], as well as "Astrogum" 3010 [a medium viscosity sodium carboxymethylated starch] and "Astrogum" 3020 [a low viscosity sodium carboxymethylated starch], which are products supplied by Penick and Ford.
- Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) can also be used as an optional ingredient in the composition of the present invention in an amount of up to 50 wt.%, preferably up to 33 wt.%, and most preferably up to 25 wt.%.
- The combined weight of the starch and CMC ingredients should not exceed the weight of the vinyl alcohol polymer present in the composition.
- Another optional additive is a low to medium molecular weight (200-800 number average) oligomer of ethylene oxide often added to vinyl alcohol polymer as a dedusting agent. U.S. Patent No. 4,389,506 describes the use of 3 weight percent of "Carbowax"@ 600, a product of Union Carbide, as yielding the most preferred dust-free product. Concentrations up to 5 weight percent "Carbowax"° 600 result in only minor reductions in the benefits derived from the presence of the nonionic additive and represents the upper additive level recommended. A preferred upper limit is 3 weight percent while the most preferred upper limit of this type of additive is 1.5 weight percent. At the most preferred upper concentration the benefits derived from the nonionic additive can be almost fully realized.
- Further optional additives can be auxiliary low ethylene oxide adducts (containing an average ethylene oxide content of from 1 to 7 units) of a linear alcohol or of a mixture of linear alcohols (having an average carbon content of from 8 to 18 units) or medium to high ethylene oxide adducts (containing an average ethylene oxide content of from 8 to 40 units) of linear or branched alcohols (having an average carbon content of from 8 to 18 units). These additives can be present in the composition of the present invention in low concentrations, i.e. up to 1 wt. percent.
- The aqueous size solution of the present invention will generally have a solids content of from 2 to 20 weight percent. The preferred size bath solids content is from 5 to 15 weight percent while the most preferred formulation contains from 7 to 12 weight percent since this level of solids in most cases will provide sufficient size add-on to give the sized yarn adequate abrasion resistance. The aqueous polyvinyl alcohol based size solution is considered to be unique because it does not contain a wax additive which must be present under normal mill conditions.
- The aqueous size solution is prepared by slurrying polyvinyl alcohol with water at ambient temperature. The nonionic additive along with any optional additives are then introduced. The subsequent mixture is heated with stirring at about 77°C until complete solution has been achieved.
- The size solution of the present invention can also be prepared directly from a blend of vinyl alcohol polymer with a low amount of the nonionic additive. The polyvinyl alcohol/nonionic additive mixtures are produced by dry blending a variety of polyvinyl alcohol and the additive(s) under high intensity mixing conditions at a temperature at which the additive component(s) will be liquid(s). Moreover if more than one nonionic additive is used, the latter can be preblended and added as a single component. For example, using a Readco Sigma Blade mixer manufactured by the Read Co., York, PA, polyvinyl alcohol and "Tergitol"O 15-S-3 or "Tergitol"@ 15-S-3/"Carbowax"® 600 mixtures were converted into homogeneous blends by mixing for about 30 minutes at a temperature above about 20°C. This mode of preparation is carried out by slurrying in water at ambient temperature the required amount of vinyl alcohol polymer/ nonionic additive blend to give the desired size bath solids. The resulting mixture is then heated with stirring at a temperature of about 77°C until complete solution has been achieved.
- The size solution of the present invention can also be produced by using a concentrate of the nonionic additive of the present invention in a vinyl alcohol polymer. The concentrate consists essentially of from 45 to 90 percent by weight of vinyl alcohol polymer and from 10 to 55 percent by weight of the liquid, nonionic low ethylene oxide adduct additive of the present invention. Optionally, the concentrate can contain up to 45 percent by weight of starch, up to 45 percent by weight of Carbowax°, up to 45 percent by weight of carboxymethyl cellulose and up to 45 percent by weight of low ethylene oxide adduct of a linear alcohol or mixture of linear alcohols or medium to high ethylene oxide adduct of linear or branched alcohols. The concentrate is used to produce the size composition of the present invention by adding it in the required amount to a preformed vinyl alcohol polymer solution. Use of such a concentrate can provide a unique and surprising advantage. Normally when vinyl alcohol polymers are added even with vigorous agitation to hot aqueous solutions, the vinyl alcohol component fuses upon contact with the hot water and becomes very difficultly soluble. In contrast the above described concentrate, if it contains at least 30% by weight of the nonionic additive, is relatively easy to disperse when added directly to hot water. The most preferred nonionic additive level is from 40% to 50%. Above 50% the vinyl alcohol polymer tends not to absorb all of the additive. Use of the above described concentrate provides the highly desirable advantage of permitting rapid readjustments in the level of the nonionic additive in a given hot size bath to match specific mill requirement.
- Preferably, the above referred to concentrate contains from 45 to 70 percent by weight of vinyl alcohol polymer, from 30 to 55 percent by weight of nonionic additive, up to 20 percent by weight of starch, up to 20 percent by weight of Carbowax@, and up to 20 percent by weight of carboxymethyl cellulose. Most preferably the concentrate will contain from 50 to 60 percent by weight of vinyl alcohol polymer, from 40 to 50 percent by weight of nonionic additive, up to 5 percent by weight of starch, up to 5 percent by weight of Carbowax@ and up to 5 percent by weight of carboxymethyl cellulose.
- The size is applied to the yarn web or sley using a slasher. The latter is equipped with a heated size box containing the size formulation. The unsized sley is sized by being drawn through the hot size solution, through squeeze rolls to remove excess size solution, over a series of heated drying drums, through a bust bar assembly to separate the sley into individual warp ends and finally onto a beam for collection. When the required amount of sized sley has been collected on the beam, the latter is installed in a loom where the yarn is woven into greige fabric.
- The sized spun yarn produced using the size composition of the present invention has a wax-free protective surface coating and exhibits the unique property of providing excellent weaving performance despite the absence of wax in the vinyl alcohol polymer based size. Moreover the greige fabric produced being wax-free, is readily desizable under mild desize conditions yielding a desized fabric with excellent dye receptivity. Desizing is carried out by passing the sized greige fabric through an alkaline scour bath followed by several hot water (about 65-85°C) rinses. Fabric prepared with conventional wax-containing sizes requires much more stringent scouring and rinse conditions than are required with the size formulations of the present invention. A high level of removal of the size components from the greige fabric is required prior to its processing in the finishing mill so as to permit efficient and reproducible dyeing as well as other finishing operations on the fabric. Both the no-wax sized yarn and the no-wax greige fabric produced from it are thus considered to be unique.
- The no-wax size composition of the present invention is especially suited for use with polyester/cotton spun yarn blends. It is particularly useful for 65/35, 50/50 and 40/60 polyester/cotton spun yarn blends. The size composition also has utility for 100% cotton spun yarns.
- Incorporation of the no-wax additive into vinyl alcohol polymer based size formulations permits the elimination of wax as an additive, making feasible the preparation of sized yarn exhibiting excellent slashing and weaving characteristics suitable for producing a variety of types of fabrics under typical weaving conditions (e.g. involving shuttle, airjet, rapier looms). The derived fabrics, being wax-free, are characterized by easy size removal and the desized fabric exhibits superior dye receptivity.
- The following examples are given for the purpose of illustrating the present invention. All parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise specified.
- Sizing solutions were prepared in a steam-jacketed kettle by adding the vinyl alcohol polymer to the requisite amount of ambient temperature water to obtain the desired size bath solids. The temperature of the slurry was brought to 77°C with stirring. Any additives to be tested in the formulation were added at this point.
- The resulting size solution was used to size 24 ends of a polyester/cotton spun yarn using a "Callaway Slasher" Model 51 manufactured by West Point Foundry and Machine Co. operated at 10 meters/minute using pressure at the squeeze roll. After the yarn had been sized, the size add-on was measured by weight loss after extraction of the sized yarn with boiling water. Assessment of the performance of the size formulation during slashing as well as characterization of the sized yarn itself was carried out using the following test procedures.
- The extent to which deposits form on the No. 1 drying drum in the slasher is related directly to the tendency of a given size formulation to cause sticking of the individual warp ends to the drying drums in the slasher. Thus the effectiveness of a release agent added to the size formulation to minimize yarn sticking in the drying section of the slasher can be measured accurately. Operating the Callaway slasher under the conditions described above and setting the temperature of the No. 1 drying drum at 190°C and the remaining three drums at 220°C, the amount of deposit accumulating on the No. 1 drum will reach an equilibrium value in about one minute. Once equilibrium is achieved the deposits on this drum are removed quantitatively with a rubber squeegee during one complete revolution of the drum; the deposit is then dried and weighed. The amount of deposit collected provides a direct measure of a size formulation's performance, namely the greater the amount of drum deposit, the greater the tendency the formulation has to cause drying drum sticking. Of the various all vinyl alcohol polymer based size formulations evaluated during the course of this study, the highest drum deposit was observed with unmodified PVA No. 2 (a fully hydrolyzed vinyl alcohol/methyl acrylate copolymer having a 4% solution viscosity of 13.5 MPa.s and a saponification number of 40). In each example cited, the actual drum deposit value observed and a rating proportionated against the PVA No. 2 value (unless noted otherwise) are given. A rating of 0.200 or lower is considered necessary for operability under typical mill conditions of a 100% vinyl alcohol polymer size.
- (b) Abrasion resistance of the sized yarn is determined using a laboratory abrasion tester. The test method employed consists of stringing 21 ends of sized yarn through a section of conventional weaving loom reed and applying controlled tension to each individual warp end. The reed is made to oscillate against the warp ends at one cycle/second and the number of cycles required to cause the breakage of each end is recorded. A second set of 21 ends is next tested in the same manner. The two sets of data obtained are then statistically averaged so as to give the number of cycles required to cause 50% breakage of the warp ends used in the test. This quantity in cycles is referred to as the Fso rating for a given size formulation.
- Abrasion resistance is highly dependent upon size add-on. For comparative purposes all Fso data must be normalized to a given size add-on, namely, 10%. This is preferably done by obtaining F50 values at six or more add-ons for a given size formulation and subjecting the resulting data to a linear regression analysis. All Fso data reported in the characterization of the various examples cited have been treated in this manner. A maximum F50 value was observed for size formulations prepared with PVA No. 1 (a fully hydrolyzed vinyl alcohol/methyl methacrylate copolymer having a 4% solution viscosity of 28 MPa.s and having a saponification number of 30). In all examples cited the actual Fso value observed and a comparison rating with the PVA No. 1 size (unless otherwise noted) are given; the latter was calculated by setting at unity the log F50 value of the PVA No. 1 size at 10% size add-on and proportionating against it the log Fso value observed at 10% size add-on for the size formulation in the example. At 10% add-on a rating of 0.875 or higher is considered to be a requirement for operability under typical mill conditions using a 100% vinyl alcohol polymer size.
- Sized yarn to be used in this test is first heat set by passing it through an oven at 200°C with a holdup time of 45 seconds. The heat-treated yarn is then desized under mild conditions consisting of soaking the yarn for 15 seconds at 55°C in a 0.5% Alkanol WXN (a modified sodium alkylaryl sulfonate supplied by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company) solution followed by rinsing the yarn for 45 seconds at 75°C three times. After passage through a wringer the yarn is dried thoroughly. Using the dried, desized yarn its dye receptivity is determined by measuring the time in seconds for an aqueous solution of Chemurgy green dye to penetrate one inch up a hank of dry yarn. The poorest dye receptivity was observed using PVA No. 1 containing 8% "Synchem" 110 wax (a solid hot water dispersible tallow wax, supplied by Milliken). Setting this value at unity all other dye receptivity values for the examples cited have been proportionated against it. Thus in each example given both the observed dye receptivity as well as a dye receptivity rating are reported. A rating of 3.5 or higher is considered to be necessary to achieve good dye receptivity under normal mill conditions.
- A sizing solution based on PVA No. 2 containing 0.4% "Tergitol"® 15-S-3 (Ex. 1) was tested at 12 size add-on levels ranging from 5-15% (based on yarn weight) and compared with similar formulations prepared with PVA No. 2 alone (Ex. C-1), PVA No. 2 containing 8% "Synchem" 110 wax (typical mill formulation) (Ex. C-2), and PVA No. 2 containing 0.4% Tergitol® 15-S-3 and 1.5% "Carbowax"® 600 (Ex. 2). Results are summarized in Table I.
- As can be seen from the above data, Examples 1 and 2, which represent embodiments of the present invention, provided yarn having acceptable combinations of the three key performance features, comparative Examples 1 and 2 were unacceptable because in C-1 the drum deposit was too high, and in C-2 the dye receptivity was extremely poor.
- A sizing solution based on PVA No. 1 containing 0.4% "Tergitol"® 15-S-3 (Ex. 3) was evaluated at 12 size add-on levels falling in the range of 5-15% (based on yarn weight) and compared with similar formulations based on PVA No. 1 alone (Ex. C-3), PVA No. 1 + 8% "Synchem" 110 wax (typical mill formulation (Ex. C-4) and PVA No. 1 containing 0.4% "Tergitol"® 15-S-3 and 1.5% "Carbowax"® 600 (Ex. 4). Results are summarized in Table II.
- The above data illustrate that the same advantages reported in Examples 1 and 2 could be realized using the additive of the present invention with an alternative grade of vinyl alcohol polymer.
- This set of examples employed a 75/25 blend of "Vinol" 425/"Vinol" 205 polyvinyl alcohols supplied by Air Products. "Vinol" 425 is an intermediate hydrolyzed (94% by weight hydrolysis) and "Vinol" 205 is a partially hydrolyzed (88% by weight hydrolysis) PVA grade. A sizing solution containing this blend of polyvinyl alcohols with 0.4% "Tergitol"@ 15-S-3 present (Ex. 5) was evaluated at 12 size add-on levels ranging from 5-15% (based on yarn weight) and compared with similar formulations prepared with the unmodified blend (Ex. C-5) and with the blend containing 8% "Synchem" 110 wax (Ex. C-6). The results are summarized in Table III.
- As can be seen from the above data, the additive of the present invention provided the same advantages with compositions based on intermediate and partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohols as was observed with the vinyl alcohol polymer compositions described in Examples 1, 2, 3 and 4.
- A size formulation containing a 75/25 PVA No. 2/"Kilofilm" 50 starch blend, 0.4% "Tergitol"® 15-S-3 and 1.5% "Carbowax"® 600, (Ex. 6) was evaluated at 12 add-on levels ranging from 5-15% (based on the yarn weight) and compared with a similar formulation containing no additives (Ex. C-7) as well as one with 8% "Synchem" 110 wax (Ex. C-8) present. The results are summarized in Table IV.
- The above data showed that the additive of the present invention in PVA/starch based systems significantly reduces the drum deposit and increases the dye receptivity of the yarn. The adverse effect of the additive of the present invention on abrasion resistance was observed to be no greater than that of "Synchem" 110 wax.
- A size formulation derived from a 50/50 PVA No. 2/"Kofilm" 50 starch blend and containing 0.4% "Tergitol"® 15-S-3 and 1.5% "Carbowax"@ 600 (Ex. 7) was evaluated at 12 size add-on levels ranging from 5-15% (based on yarn weight) and compared with a similar size formulation containing no additives (Ex. C-9) as well as a formulation with 8% "Synchem" 110 wax (Ex. C-10) present. The results are summarized in Table V.
- As shown by the above data the additive of the present invention provided beneficial effects when used with 50/50 vinyl alcohol polymer/starch blends in both drum deposit performance as well as in dye receptivity. The additive reduced abrasion resistance to approximately the same extent as did the "Synchem" 110 wax additive.
- Size formulations based on PVA No. 2 were prepared with several low ethylene oxide adducts of linear alcohols namely "Tergitol"® 25-L-3, "Alfonic" 1012-40 and "Alfonic" 1412-40 (Ex. C-11 to 13).
- Data characterizing the low ethylene oxide adducts is summarized in the Table below.
-
- As can be seen from the above data, the formulations (Ex. C-11 to 13) containing a linear alcohol-based additive gave significantly inferior drum deposit and abrasion resistance performance than were observed when the additive of the present invention was used.
- Size formulations were prepared with PVA No. 2 modified with a range of "Tergitol"® 15-S products containing from 3 to 40 ethylene oxide units (i.e. "Tergitol"® 15-S-3 to "Tergitol"® 15-S-40). The level of the "Tergitol"® additive was 0.4 wt.%, and 3.0% "Carbowax"® 600 was also present in the formulation. Included in Table VII are characterization data for these formulations and a formulation containing only the "Carbowax"® 600 additive.
- As shown by the data in Table VII, the additives used in the present invention ("Tergitol"@ 15-S-3, 15-S-5 and 15-S-7) gave improved results (Ex. 8-10). "Tergitols"° 15-S-9 to 40 (Ex. C-15 to 20) gave significantly inferior drum deposit performances. Moreover, the abrasion resistance values observed became increasingly lower as the number of ethylene oxide units in the "Tergitot""' additive was increased.
- Fabric samples which have been prepared from yarn sized with the size solution of the present invention have been compared with fabric samples identical in every respect except that the latter were prepared with yarn sized with a commercial PVA/tallow wax formulation. Both sets of samples were desized under mild conditions (e.g. 15 seconds soak at 55°C followed by three water rinses at 65°C). The dye receptivity of the fabrics obtained with the size of the present invention exhibited eight times the dye receptivity of those obtained using the conventional wax-containing size. Moreover dye absorption by the former was regular and uniform whereas that exhibited by the latter was highly irregular and nonuniform.
- The fabric used in Examples 11 and 21 consisted of a 65/35 polyester/cotton warp having a 36 singles cotton count, and filled with a 100% polyester weft so as to produce a 92/83 construction (ratio of warp threads to weft threads). The warp yarn was sized with a size formulation containing 12.5% solids and contained a size add-on of 15.0%. The size solution used in Example 11 corresponded exactly to that used in Example 2. The size solution used in Comparative Example 21 was the same as that used in Comparative Example 2 except that it contained 10%. "Synchem" 110 wax instead of 8%.
Claims (17)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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US64243584A | 1984-08-20 | 1984-08-20 | |
US642435 | 1984-08-20 |
Publications (3)
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EP0173528A2 EP0173528A2 (en) | 1986-03-05 |
EP0173528A3 EP0173528A3 (en) | 1987-12-16 |
EP0173528B1 true EP0173528B1 (en) | 1990-03-14 |
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EP85305877A Expired - Lifetime EP0173528B1 (en) | 1984-08-20 | 1985-08-19 | Polyvinyl alcohol based wax-free size composition |
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EP (1) | EP0173528B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPS6162549A (en) |
KR (1) | KR920009254B1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA1279141C (en) |
DE (1) | DE3576543D1 (en) |
ES (2) | ES8700863A1 (en) |
HK (1) | HK89190A (en) |
MY (1) | MY100153A (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA856278B (en) |
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CA1322825C (en) * | 1986-07-07 | 1993-10-12 | Finn L. Marten | Waxless polyvinyl alcohol size composition |
US4845140A (en) * | 1986-07-07 | 1989-07-04 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Waxless polyvinyl alcohol size composition |
DE69111803T2 (en) * | 1990-04-12 | 1996-04-18 | George Bodnar | METHOD FOR STABILIZING TISSUE. |
EP0498892B1 (en) * | 1990-08-29 | 1995-11-15 | Kuraray Co., Ltd. | Fiber sizing agent |
JP3643485B2 (en) * | 1998-08-03 | 2005-04-27 | 東邦テナックス株式会社 | Carbon fiber for chopping and desizing knitted fabric |
CN105603750B (en) * | 2016-02-26 | 2018-05-15 | 苏州三和开泰花线织造有限公司 | A kind of universal spinning sizing agent of multi-functional environment-protection and preparation method thereof |
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US3689314A (en) * | 1970-02-24 | 1972-09-05 | Kimberly Clark Co | Method for fabricating improved flushable wrappers for absorbent pads and product obtained thereby |
JPS525335B2 (en) * | 1974-03-01 | 1977-02-12 | ||
JPS5488947A (en) * | 1977-12-26 | 1979-07-14 | Sanyo Chem Ind Ltd | Novel w/o type emulsion of water-soluble vinyl polymer |
DE2928307A1 (en) * | 1979-07-13 | 1981-02-12 | Hoechst Ag | ADHESIVES BASED ON POLYVINYL ALCOHOL AND ITS USE |
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1985
- 1985-08-15 CA CA000488802A patent/CA1279141C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1985-08-19 EP EP85305877A patent/EP0173528B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1985-08-19 KR KR1019850005963A patent/KR920009254B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1985-08-19 DE DE8585305877T patent/DE3576543D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1985-08-19 ZA ZA856278A patent/ZA856278B/en unknown
- 1985-08-20 ES ES546293A patent/ES8700863A1/en not_active Expired
- 1985-08-20 JP JP60181160A patent/JPS6162549A/en active Pending
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1986
- 1986-02-17 ES ES552098A patent/ES8702540A1/en not_active Expired
- 1986-10-15 MY MYPI86000019A patent/MY100153A/en unknown
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1990
- 1990-11-01 HK HK891/90A patent/HK89190A/en unknown
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CA1279141C (en) | 1991-01-15 |
EP0173528A2 (en) | 1986-03-05 |
ZA856278B (en) | 1987-03-25 |
KR860001913A (en) | 1986-03-24 |
HK89190A (en) | 1990-11-09 |
ES8700863A1 (en) | 1986-11-16 |
KR920009254B1 (en) | 1992-10-15 |
ES8702540A1 (en) | 1986-12-16 |
DE3576543D1 (en) | 1990-04-19 |
MY100153A (en) | 1990-02-22 |
EP0173528A3 (en) | 1987-12-16 |
ES546293A0 (en) | 1986-11-16 |
JPS6162549A (en) | 1986-03-31 |
ES552098A0 (en) | 1986-12-16 |
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