EP0151071B1 - Tip-sealing device for the blading of an axial compressor - Google Patents

Tip-sealing device for the blading of an axial compressor Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0151071B1
EP0151071B1 EP19850400112 EP85400112A EP0151071B1 EP 0151071 B1 EP0151071 B1 EP 0151071B1 EP 19850400112 EP19850400112 EP 19850400112 EP 85400112 A EP85400112 A EP 85400112A EP 0151071 B1 EP0151071 B1 EP 0151071B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
grooves
blades
tip
sealing device
blading
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP19850400112
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0151071A2 (en
EP0151071A3 (en
Inventor
Robert Gustave Holz
Georges Karadimas
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Safran Aircraft Engines SAS
Original Assignee
Societe Nationale dEtude et de Construction de Moteurs dAviation SNECMA
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Publication of EP0151071A2 publication Critical patent/EP0151071A2/en
Publication of EP0151071A3 publication Critical patent/EP0151071A3/en
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Publication of EP0151071B1 publication Critical patent/EP0151071B1/en
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/08—Sealings
    • F04D29/16—Sealings between pressure and suction sides
    • F04D29/161—Sealings between pressure and suction sides especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
    • F04D29/164—Sealings between pressure and suction sides especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps of an axial flow wheel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D11/00—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages
    • F01D11/08—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages for sealing space between rotor blade tips and stator
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/40—Casings; Connections of working fluid
    • F04D29/52—Casings; Connections of working fluid for axial pumps
    • F04D29/522—Casings; Connections of working fluid for axial pumps especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
    • F04D29/526—Details of the casing section radially opposing blade tips
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
    • F04D29/66—Combating cavitation, whirls, noise, vibration or the like; Balancing
    • F04D29/68—Combating cavitation, whirls, noise, vibration or the like; Balancing by influencing boundary layers
    • F04D29/681—Combating cavitation, whirls, noise, vibration or the like; Balancing by influencing boundary layers especially adapted for elastic fluid pumps
    • F04D29/685—Inducing localised fluid recirculation in the stator-rotor interface

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a peripheral sealing device for blading an axial compressor, the fixed ring or the wall of the casing surrounding the blading comprising circumferential grooves.
  • This device has the disadvantage of requiring a combined cutting of the blade heads and steps, resulting in delicate machining and a high cost price.
  • French patent 2,432,105 retains the principle of the formation of discontinuities on the inner wall of the compressor casing facing the blading but no longer requires cutting of the blade heads.
  • the discontinuities consist of circumferential grooves and / or axially extending cavities. These discontinuities are machined in the bottom of a larger circumferential cavity provided in the envelope. Under the effect of expansions and centrifugal elongation, the ends of the blade heads penetrate into the cavity and rotate with a slight clearance in front of the grooves.
  • the device described would allow an appreciable increase in the yield, but experience seems to indicate a contrary result, due to the separation of the flow which occurs on the descending step of the peripheral corridor in which the blade heads emerge.
  • French patent 2,440,467 includes, like the previous patent, grooves but these open out at the inside wall of the casing and consequently the ends of the blade heads are no longer embedded.
  • the aim is to thicken the boundary layer which forms and which has the effect of thwarting the leakage flow at the tips of the blades and to direct this boundary layer in the direction of the leak which prevails at the tips of the blades.
  • the increase in the thickness of the boundary layer leads to a greater susceptibility to dropping, which is undesirable.
  • the device according to the invention proceeds from the systems described above and in order to overcome the drawbacks mentioned, it comprises a plurality of circumferential grooves whose profile in section is that of a right triangle of which one side of the right angle is perpendicular to the axis of the compressor and the other side of the right angle of which is parallel to the said axis, the hypotenuse of the right triangle forms a divergent face to the flow of the fluid.
  • FIG. 1 shows a partial perspective view of a compressor stage.
  • the vane 1 consists in a known manner of vanes 2 held at the periphery of a rotor disc 3.
  • the vanes 2 move in front of a ring 4 held in the wall of the compressor housing (not shown).
  • This ring has circumferential grooves 5, the shape and distribution of which will be specified later.
  • the ring is made of an abradable or non-abradable material in front of which the rectilinear heads 6 of the blades move with very little play.
  • the flow of the fluid stream is indicated by the arrows 7.
  • the purpose of the circumferential grooves, constituting the sealing device according to the invention, is to create a succession of mini divergent and radial projections, these projections being oriented facing the flow.
  • the general sectional profile of a groove is that of a right triangle, one side of the right angle of which is perpendicular to the axis of the ring and the other of which is parallel to said axis.
  • the grooves are of the same dimensions and uniformly distributed over the width of the ring.
  • the grooving width separating the start 8 of the first groove (or upstream groove) of the projection 9 of the last groove (or downstream groove) must be slightly greater than the depth p of the blade, this depth being measured between two radial planes tangent to the top of the leading and trailing edges.
  • the depth of the successive diverging points is variable and increases from upstream to downstream, the axial width of the groove retaining the same dimension.
  • Figures 3 and 4 show des.applications in which the divergents are not uniformly distributed on the ring and whose depth and possibly the width of the grooves vary according to their position, in fact the influence of the radial clearance is more or less sensitive at determined locations in the ring and it is then necessary to compensate for these anomalies by an irregular arrangement of the divergents whose action is controlled by their depth.
  • Figure 5 is an example of application in which similar grooves are arranged symmetrically with respect to the radial plane of symmetry of the blade.
  • the grooves forming the divergent parts and the projections consist of one or more helical grooves. These helical grooves help to deflect the radial component of the velocity in the normal direction of flow and to oppose the reverse flow.
  • the ring 4 When the ring 4 is made of an abradable material, this can be molded or machined in the form of removable cartridges as described in French patent 2,452,601. This embodiment has greater ease of maintenance and offers a effective damping of crankcase vibrations.

Description

L'invention concerne un dispositif d'étanchéité périphérique d'aubage de compresseur axial, l'anneau fixe ou la paroi du carter entourant l'aubage comportant des rainures circonférentielles.The invention relates to a peripheral sealing device for blading an axial compressor, the fixed ring or the wall of the casing surrounding the blading comprising circumferential grooves.

L'étanchéité périphérique des aubages en général a toujours été considérée comme primordiale à l'obtention et au maintien de rendements élevés, mais de récentes recherches expérimentales semblent prouver que les fuites et écoulements inverses sont beaucoup plus néfastes que ne permettaient de le prévoir les évaluations théoriques jusqu'ici disponibles.The peripheral tightness of blading in general has always been considered essential to obtain and maintain high yields, but recent experimental research seems to prove that leaks and reverse flows are much more harmful than predicted by the evaluations. theoretical data so far available.

Si dans les turbines les conséquences des fuites se limitent à une perte de rendement qui n'affecte pratiquement que la consommation spécifique, il n'en est pas de même dans les compresseurs qui présentent alors des phénomènes secondaires affectant fortement la stabilité de l'écoulement et au-delà la stabilité du compresseur.If in the turbines the consequences of leaks are limited to a loss of efficiency which practically affects only the specific consumption, it is not the same in the compressors which then present secondary phenomena strongly affecting the stability of the flow and beyond the stability of the compressor.

Le recours généralisé au rodage d'aubages mobiles de compresseur dans une enveloppe fixe en un matériau abradable, permettant son usure par abrasion par les extrémités des aubes lors de leur allongement centrifuge présente deux inconvénients majeurs:

  • - un décollement de l'écoulement sur la marche descendante du couloir périphérique formé dans l'abradable, décollement qui peut être aussi préjudiciable qu'un manque d'étanchéité,
  • - une introduction aléatoire d'énergie de frottement dans les saubes, qui en cas decoïncidence périodique, entraîne des contraintes vibratoires critiques.
The widespread use of lapping of mobile compressor blades in a fixed casing made of an abradable material, allowing its wear by abrasion by the ends of the blades during their centrifugal elongation has two major drawbacks:
  • - a separation of the flow on the downward step of the peripheral corridor formed in the abradable, separation which can be as harmful as a lack of sealing,
  • - a random introduction of friction energy into the sauces, which in the event of periodic coincidence, causes critical vibrational stresses.

On a développé des dispositifs d'étanchéité ne faisant pas appel à un auto-rodage pour la formation du joint mais à un taillage en gradins de la tête des aubes et de la paroi correspondante du canal. Un tel système est proposé dans le brevet français 1 218 301. La surface interne de la paroi est convergente dans la direction de l'écoulement. Le flux de fuite, venant buter contre la paroi verticale des gradins, est dévié dans une direction tangentielle.Sealing devices have been developed which do not require self-running in for the formation of the seal but a step cut of the blade head and of the corresponding wall of the channel. Such a system is proposed in French patent 1,218,301. The internal surface of the wall converges in the direction of flow. The leakage flow, coming up against the vertical wall of the steps, is deflected in a tangential direction.

Ce dispositif présente l'inconvénient de nécessiter un taillage conjugué des têtes d'aubes et des gradins, d'où un usinage délicat et d'un prix de revient élevé.This device has the disadvantage of requiring a combined cutting of the blade heads and steps, resulting in delicate machining and a high cost price.

Le brevet français 2 432 105 conserve le principe de la formation de discontinuités sur la paroi intérieure de l'enveloppe du compresseur faisant face à l'aubage mais ne nécessite plus un taillage des têtes d'aubes. Les discontinuités sont constituées de gorges circonférentielles et/ou de cavités s'étendant axialement. Ces discontinuités sont usinées dans le fond d'une cavité circonférentielle plus large prévue dans l'enveloppe. Sous l'effet des dilatations et de l'allongement centrifuge, les extrémités des têtes d'aubes pénètrent dans la cavité et tournent avec un jeu faible devant les gorges.French patent 2,432,105 retains the principle of the formation of discontinuities on the inner wall of the compressor casing facing the blading but no longer requires cutting of the blade heads. The discontinuities consist of circumferential grooves and / or axially extending cavities. These discontinuities are machined in the bottom of a larger circumferential cavity provided in the envelope. Under the effect of expansions and centrifugal elongation, the ends of the blade heads penetrate into the cavity and rotate with a slight clearance in front of the grooves.

Le dispositif décrit permettrait une augmentation appréciable du rendement, mais l'expérience semble indiquer un résultat contraire, dû au décollement de l'écoulement qui se produit sur la marche descendante du couloir périphérique dans lequel émergent les têtes d'aubes.The device described would allow an appreciable increase in the yield, but experience seems to indicate a contrary result, due to the separation of the flow which occurs on the descending step of the peripheral corridor in which the blade heads emerge.

De plus, l'amélioration de l'étanchéité par encastrement des têtes d'aubes pose toujours des problèmes mécaniques délicats dus aux déplacements axiaux susceptibles de se produire en bout d'aubes.In addition, improving the sealing by embedding of the blade heads always poses delicate mechanical problems due to the axial displacements likely to occur at the tip of the blades.

Le brevet français 2 440 467 comporte comme le brevet précédent des rainures mais celles-ci débouchent au niveau de la paroi intérieure du carter et par conséquence les extrémités des têtes d'aubes ne sont plus encastrées. Le but recherché est d'épaissir la couche limite qui se forme et qui a pour effet de contrecarrer l'écoulement de fuite aux bouts des aubes et de diriger cette couche limite dans la direction de la fuite qui prévaut au bout des aubes.French patent 2,440,467 includes, like the previous patent, grooves but these open out at the inside wall of the casing and consequently the ends of the blade heads are no longer embedded. The aim is to thicken the boundary layer which forms and which has the effect of thwarting the leakage flow at the tips of the blades and to direct this boundary layer in the direction of the leak which prevails at the tips of the blades.

L'augmentation de l'épaisseur de la couche limite entraîne une plus grande susceptibilité au décrochage, ce qui n'est pas souhaitable.The increase in the thickness of the boundary layer leads to a greater susceptibility to dropping, which is undesirable.

Le dispositif, selon l'invention, procède des systèmes précédemment décrits et afin de pallier aux inconvénients cités, il comporte une pluralité de rainures circonférentielles dont le profil en coupe est celui d'un triangle rectangle dont un côté de l'angle droit est perpendiculaire à l'axe du compresseur et dont l'autre côté de l'angle droit est parallèle au dit axe, l'hypotenuse du triangle rectangle forme un divergent face à l'écoulement du fluide.The device according to the invention proceeds from the systems described above and in order to overcome the drawbacks mentioned, it comprises a plurality of circumferential grooves whose profile in section is that of a right triangle of which one side of the right angle is perpendicular to the axis of the compressor and the other side of the right angle of which is parallel to the said axis, the hypotenuse of the right triangle forms a divergent face to the flow of the fluid.

Les explications et figures données ci-après à titre d'exemple permettront de comprendre comment l'invention peut être réalisée.

  • - la figure 1 représente une vue perspective partielle d'un étage de compresseur comportant un dispositif d'étanchéité conforme à l'invention,
  • - les figures 2 à 5 montrent différents exemples du dispositif d'étanchéité conforme à l'invention,
  • - les figures 2 - 5 montrent différents exemples du dispositif d'étanchéité selon l'invention.
The explanations and figures given below by way of example will make it possible to understand how the invention can be implemented.
  • FIG. 1 represents a partial perspective view of a compressor stage comprising a sealing device according to the invention,
  • FIGS. 2 to 5 show different examples of the sealing device according to the invention,
  • - Figures 2 - 5 show different examples of the sealing device according to the invention.

La figure 1 montre une vue perspective partielle d'un étage de compresseur. L'aubage 1 est constitué de façon connue d'aubes 2 maintenues à la périphérie d'un disque de rotor 3. Les aubes 2 se déplacent devant un anneau 4 maintenu dans la paroi du carter de compresseur (non réprésenté). Cet anneau comporte des rainures circonférentielles 5 dont la forme et la répartition seront ultérieurement précisées. L'anneau est constitué d'un matériau abradable ou non devant lequel se déplacent avec un très faible jeu les têtes rectilignes 6 des aubes. Dans le cas de la figure 1 l'écoulement de la veine de fluide est indiqué par les flèches 7.Figure 1 shows a partial perspective view of a compressor stage. The vane 1 consists in a known manner of vanes 2 held at the periphery of a rotor disc 3. The vanes 2 move in front of a ring 4 held in the wall of the compressor housing (not shown). This ring has circumferential grooves 5, the shape and distribution of which will be specified later. The ring is made of an abradable or non-abradable material in front of which the rectilinear heads 6 of the blades move with very little play. In the case of FIG. 1 the flow of the fluid stream is indicated by the arrows 7.

Les rainures circonférentielles, constituant le dispositif d'étanchéité selon l'invention, ont pour but de créer une succession de mini divergents et de ressauts radiaux, ces ressauts étant orientés face à l'écoulement.The purpose of the circumferential grooves, constituting the sealing device according to the invention, is to create a succession of mini divergent and radial projections, these projections being oriented facing the flow.

Le profil général en coupe d'une rainure est celui d'un triangle rectangle dont un côté de l'angle droit est perpendiculaire à l'axe de l'anneau et dont l'autre est parallèle audit axe.The general sectional profile of a groove is that of a right triangle, one side of the right angle of which is perpendicular to the axis of the ring and the other of which is parallel to said axis.

Selon l'exemple de la figure 1, les rainures sont de mêmes dimensions et uniformément réparties sur la largeur de l'anneau. La largeur de rainurage séparant le début 8 de la première rainure (ou rainure amont) du ressaut 9 de la dernière rainure (ou rainure aval) doit être légèrement supérieure à la profondeur p de l'aube, cette profondeur étant mesurée entre deux plans radiaux tangents au sommet des bords d'attaque et de fuite.According to the example of Figure 1, the grooves are of the same dimensions and uniformly distributed over the width of the ring. The grooving width separating the start 8 of the first groove (or upstream groove) of the projection 9 of the last groove (or downstream groove) must be slightly greater than the depth p of the blade, this depth being measured between two radial planes tangent to the top of the leading and trailing edges.

Selon l'exemple de la figure 2 la profondeur des divergents successifs est variable et croît d'amont en aval, la largeur axiale de la rainure conservant la même dimension.According to the example of FIG. 2, the depth of the successive diverging points is variable and increases from upstream to downstream, the axial width of the groove retaining the same dimension.

Les figures 3 et 4 montrent des.applications dans lesquelles les divergents ne sont pas uniformément répartis sur l'anneau et dont la profondeur et éventuellement la largeur des rainures varient selon leur position, en effet l'influence du jeu radial est plus ou moins sensible à des endroits déterminés de l'anneau et il est alors nécessaires de compenser ces anomalies par une disposition irrégulière des divergents dont l'action est contrôlée par leur profondeur.Figures 3 and 4 show des.applications in which the divergents are not uniformly distributed on the ring and whose depth and possibly the width of the grooves vary according to their position, in fact the influence of the radial clearance is more or less sensitive at determined locations in the ring and it is then necessary to compensate for these anomalies by an irregular arrangement of the divergents whose action is controlled by their depth.

La figure 5 est un exemple d'application dans lequel des rainures semblables sont disposées symétriquement par rapport au plan de symétrie radial de l'aube.Figure 5 is an example of application in which similar grooves are arranged symmetrically with respect to the radial plane of symmetry of the blade.

Les rainures formant les divergents et les ressauts sont constituées par une ou plusieurs gorges hélicoïdales. Ces gorges hélicoïdales contribuent à dévier la composante radiale de la vitesse dans le sens normal de l'écoulement et à s'opposer au débit inverse.The grooves forming the divergent parts and the projections consist of one or more helical grooves. These helical grooves help to deflect the radial component of the velocity in the normal direction of flow and to oppose the reverse flow.

Lorsque l'anneau 4 est constitué d'un matériau abradable celui-ci peut être moulé ou usiné sous forme de cartouches amovibles tels que décrits dans le brevet français 2 452 601. Ce mode de réalisation présente une plus grande facilité de maintenance et offre un amortissement efficace des vibrations du carter.When the ring 4 is made of an abradable material, this can be molded or machined in the form of removable cartridges as described in French patent 2,452,601. This embodiment has greater ease of maintenance and offers a effective damping of crankcase vibrations.

Le choix des différents types de dispositif d'étanchéité périphérique est motivé par les considérations suivantes:

  • - le ressaut remontant d'une évolution de veine ne décolle pas, comme c'est le cas pour une marche descendante et on évitera ainsi de provoquer par rodage et pénétration des sommets d'aubes dans le matériau abradable, la mauvaise disposition du jeu «enterré»;
  • - la conception du domaine d'action des tourbillons qui se forment à l'attaque et à la fuite des profils, montre que l'influence du jeu radial est beaucoup plus sensible à des endroits déterminés le long de la corde joignant le bord d'attaque et le bord de fuite des sommets d'aubes et les plans d'étanchéité optimale pourront être positionnés suivant cette conception;
  • - la présence d'un volume compressible au-dessus de l'aubage mobile améliore la réserve au décrochage;
  • - la surface de frottement des sommets des aubes, et par suite la quantité d'énergie introduite dans les aubes sont considérablement réduites.
The choice of the different types of peripheral sealing device is motivated by the following considerations:
  • - the upward projection of an evolution of the vein does not take off, as is the case for a descending step and we will thus avoid causing, by running-in and penetration of the tips of the blades in the abradable material, the poor arrangement of the play “ buried";
  • - the conception of the field of action of the vortices which form at the attack and the flight of the profiles, shows that the influence of the radial clearance is much more sensitive at determined places along the cord joining the edge of attack and the trailing edge of the blade tips and the optimal sealing planes can be positioned according to this design;
  • - the presence of a compressible volume above the mobile vane improves the stall reserve;
  • - The friction surface of the tips of the blades, and consequently the amount of energy introduced into the blades is considerably reduced.

Claims (6)

1. Device for the peripheral sealing of axial compressor blades, the said device being formed in the ring or the wall of the housing surrounding the blades and having circumferential grooves, characterized in that the cross-sectional profile of a groove (5) is that of a right triangle, of which one side (9) of the right angle is perpendicular to the axis of the compressor and of which the other side of the right angle is parallel to the said axis, the hypotenuse of the right triangle forming a divergent facing the flow of the fluid.
2. Device according to Claim 1, characterized in that the grooves are distributed over a width at least slightly greater than the depth (p) of the blade, this depth being measured between two radial planes tangent to the tip of the leading and trailing edges.
3. Device according to one of Claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the successive divergents have depths variable from upstream in the downstream direction.
4. Device according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that successive divergents have depths which increase from upstream in the downstream direction.
5. Device according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the grooves are distributed uniformly.
6. Device according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the grooves consist of at least one helical channel.
EP19850400112 1984-02-01 1985-01-24 Tip-sealing device for the blading of an axial compressor Expired EP0151071B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8401530A FR2558900B1 (en) 1984-02-01 1984-02-01 DEVICE FOR PERIPHERAL SEALING OF AXIAL COMPRESSOR BLADES
FR8401530 1984-02-01

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0151071A2 EP0151071A2 (en) 1985-08-07
EP0151071A3 EP0151071A3 (en) 1985-09-25
EP0151071B1 true EP0151071B1 (en) 1988-08-03

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EP19850400112 Expired EP0151071B1 (en) 1984-02-01 1985-01-24 Tip-sealing device for the blading of an axial compressor

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US (1) US4767266A (en)
EP (1) EP0151071B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS60243400A (en)
DE (1) DE3564147D1 (en)
FR (1) FR2558900B1 (en)

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EP0151071A2 (en) 1985-08-07
US4767266A (en) 1988-08-30
DE3564147D1 (en) 1988-09-08
FR2558900B1 (en) 1988-05-27
FR2558900A1 (en) 1985-08-02
JPS60243400A (en) 1985-12-03
JPH0250320B2 (en) 1990-11-01
EP0151071A3 (en) 1985-09-25

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