EP0143031A2 - Optisches Umschaltgerät mit elektrischer Steuerung - Google Patents

Optisches Umschaltgerät mit elektrischer Steuerung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0143031A2
EP0143031A2 EP84402076A EP84402076A EP0143031A2 EP 0143031 A2 EP0143031 A2 EP 0143031A2 EP 84402076 A EP84402076 A EP 84402076A EP 84402076 A EP84402076 A EP 84402076A EP 0143031 A2 EP0143031 A2 EP 0143031A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
optical
switching device
electrodes
fluid
optical switching
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP84402076A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0143031A3 (de
Inventor
Jean-Pierre Le Pesant
Michel Hareng
Bruno Mourey
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Thales SA
Original Assignee
Thomson CSF SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Thomson CSF SA filed Critical Thomson CSF SA
Publication of EP0143031A2 publication Critical patent/EP0143031A2/de
Publication of EP0143031A3 publication Critical patent/EP0143031A3/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/3538—Optical coupling means having switching means based on displacement or deformation of a liquid
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B26/00—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
    • G02B26/004—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements based on a displacement or a deformation of a fluid
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/354—Switching arrangements, i.e. number of input/output ports and interconnection types
    • G02B6/3544—2D constellations, i.e. with switching elements and switched beams located in a plane
    • G02B6/3548—1xN switch, i.e. one input and a selectable single output of N possible outputs
    • G02B6/355—1x2 switch, i.e. one input and a selectable single output of two possible outputs
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
    • G02B6/3564—Mechanical details of the actuation mechanism associated with the moving element or mounting mechanism details
    • G02B6/3568—Mechanical details of the actuation mechanism associated with the moving element or mounting mechanism details characterised by the actuating force
    • G02B6/357—Electrostatic force

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to devices for rapidly switching a light beam, in particular when this light beam carries coded information.
  • One of the particular applications of the invention is the switching of light between optical fibers.
  • switching devices comprising means for electrically controlling the displacement of liquid which make it possible to run very small volumes of this liquid in the form of blades or globules of a region to another under the action of motive forces of electrical origin due to local variations in the electric field following application to electrodes for checking voltage steps.
  • the distance between the electric field application electrodes can be, in this use, of the order of ten micrometers:
  • electrodes transparent to the light radiation in question it is possible, for example, to use electrodes made of mixed indium tin oxide (ITO electrodes) deposited on glass and etched by microlithography.
  • ITO electrodes mixed indium tin oxide
  • the disadvantage of this solution is the introduction of additional interfaces, typically glass-transparent electrode and transparent electrode-confined fluid (gas or liquid), and a layer (the transparent electrode) generally more refractive than its support and than the confined fluid.
  • additional interfaces typically glass-transparent electrode and transparent electrode-confined fluid (gas or liquid)
  • the transparent electrode generally more refractive than its support and than the confined fluid.
  • the disparity in the refractive indices of the media traversed by the light rays leads to the existence of parasitic reflections which are troublesome for the detection of signal levels and which deteriorate the crosstalk between channels.
  • the invention proposes to protect the output channels which do not transmit information or which transmit information different from that of the adjacent channels by total reflection.
  • the subject of the invention is therefore an optical switching device for at least one incident light beam by electrically controlled switching means, the switching means consisting in placing on the path of said beam either a first fluid - causing the reflection of the beam, or a second fluid causing its transmission, the device consisting of two elements forming prisms with total reflection placed facing each other according to their hypotenuse and defining a confinement space containing said fluids, the fluids being immiscible and having separate dielectric permittivities, the device also comprising means inducing an electric field gradient converging the fluid having the highest permittivity towards a region of the confinement space subject to the electric field, characterized in that one of said prisms is truncated so as to present a face parallel to the space of confinement and that at least one of the possible optical paths for the beam comprises at least one total reflection on said parallel face, the other prism extracting the switched beam.
  • a device for electrically moving a fluid has a capillary space where at least two immiscible dielectric fluids are made to coexist.
  • the height of the capillary space is chosen equal to or less than a millimeter so that capillarity phenomena take precedence over gravitational forces.
  • Couples of electrodes are arranged on the elements which define the capillary space so as to be able to act on the fluids present in this space.
  • the application of electric fields in the capillary space, via the pairs of electrodes generates emotional forces capable of displacing fluids.
  • the physical origin of the emotional forces is explained by the presence within the material mediums of positive and negative electric charges which can be free or linked.
  • the free charges can move throughout the volume of material subjected to the electric field, which constitutes the phenomenon of electric conduction. This phenomenon is not exploited within the framework of the present invention although a low conductivity of the fluids used can be accepted.
  • the electric charges linked to> atoms and molecules give rise to electric dipole moments.
  • the material medium reacts to an inductive electric field by an electric polarization which leads to the creation of a volume displacement force capable of overcoming the restoring forces such as the surface tension forces.
  • FIGS 1 and 2 are schematic cross-sectional views of an optical switching device according to the prior art.
  • the device comprises two rigid confinement plates 1 and 2, for example made of glass, delimiting the capillary space defined by the shims of thickness 9.
  • the internal faces of the plates 1 and 2 have undergone a preparation which consists of appropriate cleaning and surface deposits which must avoid the formation of capillary films by the liquid whose displacement is to be controlled electrically.
  • the control electrodes consist of the pair of electrodes 5 and 6 and the pair of electrodes 10 and 11. They are connected to a voltage generator, not shown, capable of providing a potential difference between the electrodes of each pair.
  • the device comprises a globule 13 to be displaced in a second fluid which may be air.
  • the globule 13 is chosen from hydrocarbons such as alkanes comprising from 5 to 25 carbon atoms, ketones or nitro derivatives.
  • hydrocarbons such as alkanes comprising from 5 to 25 carbon atoms, ketones or nitro derivatives.
  • On the external faces of the plates 1 and 2 are bonded prisms with total reflection 3 and 4.
  • a light beam 7 is sent under oblique incidence towards the electrode 10.
  • the obliquity of the beam 7 is chosen so as to allow the possibility of total reflection on the internal face of the blade 2.
  • the beam 7 crosses the prism 4 and reaches the internal face of the blade 2. Two cases can then occur depending on the nature of the fluid between the electrodes 10 and 11.
  • the beam 7 is reflected in a beam 12 when the volume controlled by the electrodes 10 and 11 is occupied by a gas such as air whose optical refractive index is of the order of 1, while that of the glass of the blade 2 is of the order of 1.5. This is what is shown in Figure 1.
  • the index of refraction of this region goes to a value which is typically between 1.4 and 1.7. Under these conditions, the total reflection on the internal face of the glass slide 2 is eliminated and the beam 7 is transmitted in a beam 8 as shown in FIG. 2.
  • the electrical control of the device shown in Figures 1 and 2 is done as follows. Without electrical excitation, the globule remains in the position where it is located and the beam 7 is reflected in a beam 12 (this is for example the case in FIG. 1). If a potential difference is applied between the electrodes 10 and 11 and the electric field which is induced there is sufficient, the globule is placed between these electrodes and will remain there after the electric field has been eliminated. The beam 7 is then transmitted into a beam 8. For the globule to start again between the electrodes 5 and 6, the control process must be reversed. It is indeed an optical switching device with electrical control available.
  • This device is formed by the association of several elements which determine interfaces which, as we know, favor parasitic reflections.
  • the number of elements making up the switching device can be reduced by etching the electrodes directly on the prisms.
  • the etching of the electrodes can be thin enough not to introduce too much disturbance. These reflections are particularly harmful when the light beam is transmitted through a globule.
  • the problem of a parasitic beam does not arise. Indeed, if the prisms with total reflection are well produced, the quantity of light transmitted towards a direction 8 is practically zero. The problem to be solved is therefore the elimination of parasitic reflections in the case of a beam transmitted via a fluid.
  • FIG. 3 represents an optical switching device according to the invention.
  • the optical switching device proper is formed by total reflection prisms 26 and 27 whose faces 34 and 35, forming the internal faces of the device, define, by means of shims 28, the capillary space where the globule 29 can be moved within a layer of air.
  • the faces 34 and 35 support transparent electrodes: the electrodes 30 and 31 form a first pair of electrodes, the second pair being formed by the electrodes 32 and 33. These electrodes are connected to a voltage generator (not shown) which will supply the voltages necessary for controlling the movement of the globule 29.
  • a voltage generator not shown
  • the fiber 20 causes the light beam to switch to one of the output fibers 21 or 22.
  • the light beams are collimated by lenses 23, 24 and 25 of the index gradient type, bonded to the prisms with total reflection 26 and 27.
  • the globule 29 has been placed between the electrodes 30 and 31 or occupies this position initially.
  • the globule is constituted by a fluid of the type mentioned above. It has a refractive index close to that of prisms.
  • a light beam 40 conveyed by the fiber 20 to the fiber 22 in the form of a light beam 41 as indicated by the lines drawn in thin arrowed lines.
  • the interface formed by the prism 26, the electrode 30 and the globule 29 causes the existence of parasitic light rays which are reflected in a direction perpendicular to the incident beam.
  • the interface formed by the prism 27, the electrode 31 and the globule 29 can also, to a lesser extent, produce parasitic rays.
  • the light rays reflected by the blade 26-globule 29 interface are represented by dotted and arrowed lines.
  • the face 36, inclined at 45 ° relative to the rays reflected by the interface returns these towards the face 34 which likewise way returns them to the face 37 of the prism 26.
  • the angle formed by the reflected rays and the face 37 being a right angle, they exit the device. A very good decoupling has thus been achieved between the outlet fibers 21 and 22.
  • FIG. 4 shows the optical switching device described above and where the same references represent the same elements.
  • the globule 29 has been brought between the electrodes 32 and 33.
  • a light beam 40 carried by the optical fiber 20 undergoes a total reflection on the face 34 of the prism 26 if it is assumed that the electrode 30 is thin enough not to create significant disturbances.
  • the reflection on the face 34 is all the better achieved when there is an index jump between the prism 26 and the space located between the electrodes 30 and 31.
  • the face 34 therefore reflects the light beam towards the face 36 which also returns it in the direction of the globule 29, which will ensure the transmission of light to the fiber 21 which will convey a light beam 42.
  • the path of the light beam in the switching device is shown in thin arrowed lines.
  • Figure 5 schematically describes a cascaded optical switch structure according to the invention.
  • the structure is formed by the association of two prisms with total reflection arranged so as to satisfy the conditions for propagation of a light beam as defined above.
  • the prism 50 and the prism 51, the apex of which has been truncated and the face 52 of which has been polished, define a capillary space where a fluid is capable of being displaced by electrical control.
  • electrodes arranged in pairs, are etched on the internal faces of the prisms. For a structure with five outputs, it is necessary to have five pairs of electrodes 53, 54, 55, 56 and 57.
  • FIG. 5 shows an example of possible switching for a light beam 59 entering perpendicularly to one face of the prism 51 and whose conditions of total reflection on the internal face of this prism are respected.
  • the light beam undergoes a cascade of reflections on the internal face of the prism 51 and on its face 52 which also satisfies the conditions of total reflection.
  • the light beam is transmitted when the continuity of the refractive indices of the media it meets is guaranteed.
  • FIG. 6 is a practical application of the structure shown diagrammatically in FIG. 5.
  • the incoming light beam 65 is conveyed by an optical fiber 67 and approaches the truncated prism 69 by means of the index gradient lens 68.
  • the beam outgoing light 66 can be carried by one of the fibers 70 to 74 associated respectively with the lenses 75 to 79. bonded to the prism 80.
  • the prism 80 is cut in cascade in order to reduce the length of the optical paths and to avoid dispersions from light. Couples of electrodes 81 to 85 control the movement of the globule 86 in the capillary space located between the prisms 69 and 80 and defined by the shims 87.
  • FIG. 1 In the device represented in FIG.
  • the globule 86 moves from one pair of electrodes to another in successive stages. For example, to move the globule from the pair of electrodes 81 to the pair 85, it must be passed through the pairs 82, 83 and 84.
  • a variant of displacement is that described above for FIG. 5.
  • This switch structure corresponds to distributors with possible splitting of the incoming light energy towards several output fibers.
  • One of the possible ways to split the light energy consists in transmitting only part of an incident light beam via a globule, the other part being reflected towards another echelon of the cascade which in turn transmits part of the incident beam and reflects the other part to the next level of the cascade. This can be achieved by not completely filling the space between a pair of electrodes: the part of the light beam meeting the globule is transmitted, the rest of the beam being reflected.
  • One can for example transmit half of the energy of a light beam towards a fiber and the other half towards another fiber. It is also possible, by playing on the surfaces of the electrodes, to transmit and reflect determined fractions of an incident light beam.
  • optical fibers can access the same optical fiber from several fibers. This case corresponds for example to the service of a subscriber who requests data from a bank among several or a video program in a choice of several programs.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Light Control Or Optical Switches (AREA)
  • Optical Couplings Of Light Guides (AREA)
EP84402076A 1983-10-21 1984-10-16 Optisches Umschaltgerät mit elektrischer Steuerung Withdrawn EP0143031A3 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8316793 1983-10-21
FR8316793A FR2553906B1 (fr) 1983-10-21 1983-10-21 Dispositif de commutation optique a commande electrique

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0143031A2 true EP0143031A2 (de) 1985-05-29
EP0143031A3 EP0143031A3 (de) 1987-01-14

Family

ID=9293388

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP84402076A Withdrawn EP0143031A3 (de) 1983-10-21 1984-10-16 Optisches Umschaltgerät mit elektrischer Steuerung

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US4789228A (de)
EP (1) EP0143031A3 (de)
JP (1) JPS60121422A (de)
FR (1) FR2553906B1 (de)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2608784A1 (fr) * 1986-12-23 1988-06-24 Thomson Csf Dispositif de commutation optique a plusieurs entrees et plusieurs sorties
GB2204710A (en) * 1987-05-12 1988-11-16 Gen Electric Co Plc Optical switch
GB2206977A (en) * 1987-07-14 1989-01-18 Gen Electric Conpany Plc The Integrated optical switch using movable liquid
CN107402415A (zh) * 2016-05-20 2017-11-28 福州高意光学有限公司 一种复合光学楔角片及其制作方法

Families Citing this family (27)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL8104122A (nl) * 1981-09-07 1983-04-05 Philips Nv Optische schakelaar.
US4907881A (en) * 1988-03-10 1990-03-13 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Precision alignment device
US5018842A (en) * 1988-04-07 1991-05-28 Martin Marietta Corporation Optical switch device
US5175780A (en) * 1988-12-29 1992-12-29 Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. Optical fiber switch
US5153870A (en) * 1989-06-29 1992-10-06 Digital Equipment Corporation Rotary head actuator for optical disk
US4932745A (en) * 1989-07-25 1990-06-12 At&T Bell Laboratories Radiation switching arrangement with moving deflecting element
US5098207A (en) * 1990-02-09 1992-03-24 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Optical fiber switch
DE4101791C1 (de) * 1991-01-23 1991-12-05 Ant Nachrichtentechnik Gmbh, 7150 Backnang, De
FR2683918B1 (fr) * 1991-11-19 1994-09-09 Thomson Csf Materiau constitutif d'une lunette de visee et arme utilisant cette lunette.
US5455709A (en) * 1993-03-23 1995-10-03 Martin Marietta Corporation Total internal reflection spatial light modulation apparatus and method of fabrication thereof
US6072924A (en) * 1996-09-02 2000-06-06 Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation Optical switch and method for assembling the same
GB2317710A (en) * 1996-09-27 1998-04-01 Sharp Kk Spatial light modulator and directional display
DE19711564C2 (de) * 1997-03-20 1999-07-08 Inst Mikrotechnik Mainz Gmbh Optisches Schaltelement und Schaltanordnung
DE19711559C2 (de) * 1997-03-20 2000-11-02 Inst Mikrotechnik Mainz Gmbh Optischer Mehrfachschalter
JP2002514785A (ja) * 1998-05-13 2002-05-21 ライカ ミクロズュステムス アーゲー 手術顕微鏡用照明装置
JP4001436B2 (ja) * 1998-07-23 2007-10-31 三菱電機株式会社 光スイッチ及び光スイッチを用いた光路切換装置
US6175667B1 (en) * 1998-09-22 2001-01-16 Nz Applied Technologies Corporation High-speed polarization-insensitive electro-optic modulator
US6400885B1 (en) * 2000-08-18 2002-06-04 Agilent Technologies, Inc. Controllable optical attenuator
US6470106B2 (en) * 2001-01-05 2002-10-22 Hewlett-Packard Company Thermally induced pressure pulse operated bi-stable optical switch
WO2002069016A2 (en) * 2001-02-28 2002-09-06 Lightwave Microsystems Corporation Microfluid control for waveguide optical switches, variable attenuators, and other optical devices
US7016560B2 (en) * 2001-02-28 2006-03-21 Lightwave Microsystems Corporation Microfluidic control for waveguide optical switches, variable attenuators, and other optical devices
US6974517B2 (en) * 2001-06-13 2005-12-13 Raytheon Company Lid with window hermetically sealed to frame, and a method of making it
DE10129923C1 (de) * 2001-06-21 2003-02-27 Inst Mikrotechnik Mainz Gmbh Optische Schalteinrichtung
US6745449B2 (en) 2001-11-06 2004-06-08 Raytheon Company Method and apparatus for making a lid with an optically transmissive window
DE10162816A1 (de) * 2001-12-19 2003-07-03 Sunyx Surface Nanotechnologies Optischer Schalter
US6795604B2 (en) * 2002-09-03 2004-09-21 Hon Hai Precision Ind. Co., Ltd. Optical switch
US6988338B1 (en) 2002-10-10 2006-01-24 Raytheon Company Lid with a thermally protected window

Citations (5)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2088077A (en) * 1980-11-26 1982-06-03 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Display device
DE3124488A1 (de) * 1980-06-26 1982-08-05 Sperry Corp., 10104 New York, N.Y. Elektrooptisches schaltgeraet mit fluessigkeitskristallschichten zwischen lichtleitern aus faserbuendeln
EP0075704A2 (de) * 1981-09-30 1983-04-06 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Optische Steuervorrichtung zum Steuern der in einem optischen Wellenleiter geführten Strahlung, insbesondere optischer Schalter
EP0090723A1 (de) * 1982-03-30 1983-10-05 Socapex Optischer Schalter und Schaltmatrix mit einem solchen Schalter
FR2543320A1 (fr) * 1983-03-23 1984-09-28 Thomson Csf Dispositif indicateur a commande electrique de deplacement d'un fluide

Family Cites Families (2)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4516837A (en) * 1983-02-22 1985-05-14 Sperry Corporation Electro-optical switch for unpolarized optical signals
FR2548795B1 (fr) * 1983-07-04 1986-11-21 Thomson Csf Dispositif de commutation optique a deplacement de fluide et dispositif de composition d'une ligne de points

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3124488A1 (de) * 1980-06-26 1982-08-05 Sperry Corp., 10104 New York, N.Y. Elektrooptisches schaltgeraet mit fluessigkeitskristallschichten zwischen lichtleitern aus faserbuendeln
GB2088077A (en) * 1980-11-26 1982-06-03 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Display device
EP0075704A2 (de) * 1981-09-30 1983-04-06 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Optische Steuervorrichtung zum Steuern der in einem optischen Wellenleiter geführten Strahlung, insbesondere optischer Schalter
EP0090723A1 (de) * 1982-03-30 1983-10-05 Socapex Optischer Schalter und Schaltmatrix mit einem solchen Schalter
FR2543320A1 (fr) * 1983-03-23 1984-09-28 Thomson Csf Dispositif indicateur a commande electrique de deplacement d'un fluide

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
APPLIED OPTICS, vol. 19, no. 7, 1 avril 1980, pages 1127-1138, Optical Society of America, New York, US; W.J. TOMLINSON: "Applications of GRIN-rod lenses in optical fiber communication systems" *

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2608784A1 (fr) * 1986-12-23 1988-06-24 Thomson Csf Dispositif de commutation optique a plusieurs entrees et plusieurs sorties
GB2204710A (en) * 1987-05-12 1988-11-16 Gen Electric Co Plc Optical switch
GB2206977A (en) * 1987-07-14 1989-01-18 Gen Electric Conpany Plc The Integrated optical switch using movable liquid
CN107402415A (zh) * 2016-05-20 2017-11-28 福州高意光学有限公司 一种复合光学楔角片及其制作方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0143031A3 (de) 1987-01-14
JPS60121422A (ja) 1985-06-28
FR2553906A1 (fr) 1985-04-26
US4789228A (en) 1988-12-06
FR2553906B1 (fr) 1986-10-17

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