EP0136039A2 - Grounding devices - Google Patents
Grounding devices Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0136039A2 EP0136039A2 EP84305590A EP84305590A EP0136039A2 EP 0136039 A2 EP0136039 A2 EP 0136039A2 EP 84305590 A EP84305590 A EP 84305590A EP 84305590 A EP84305590 A EP 84305590A EP 0136039 A2 EP0136039 A2 EP 0136039A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- ground
- electrically conductive
- grounding
- polymer
- pin
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011231 conductive filler Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000620 organic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 abstract description 13
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000412 polyarylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012744 reinforcing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R4/00—Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one another; Means for effecting or maintaining such contact; Electrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation
- H01R4/58—Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one another; Means for effecting or maintaining such contact; Electrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation characterised by the form or material of the contacting members
- H01R4/66—Connections with the terrestrial mass, e.g. earth plate, earth pin
Definitions
- ground pins and other grounding devices have been extensively used.
- the grounding device is buried in, or driven into the ground adjacent or under the building, and the electrical system is connected thereto. Because the grounding device is exposed to moisture and other electrolytes in the ground, it is liable to corrosion, and for this reason, is preferably made of copper rather than steel or aluminum, which are substantially cheaper than copper but which are much more'rapidly corroded by moist soil.
- the grounding device used in the invention is often a ground pin which is driven into the ground.
- an open mesh mat which is buried beneath the building containing the electrical system.
- the invention provides an electrical system which is grounded through a grounding device buried in the ground, the device comprising
- the first member of the grounding device is composed of a metal, e.g. steel or aluminum.
- the first member has an upper bearing surface against which force can be applied to drive the ground pin into the soil and is sufficiently strong for this purpose.
- the metal for a ground pin is preferably steel, which is both cheap and strong, and the first member is typically a steel rod of diameter 0.2 to 1 inch (0.5 to 2.5 cm), preferably 0.25 to 0.5 inch (0.6 to 1.25 cm).
- the second member is composed of a conductive polymer, and electrically surrounds and is in electrical contact with the first member, preferably so that little, if any, of the first member is exposed to corrosive action from the soil in which the grounding device is buried.
- the second member is in the form of a coating of thickness at least 0.1 inch (0.25 cm), preferably 0.2 to 0.5 inch (0.5 to 1.25 cm), around the first member.
- Contact between the first member and the soil can be prevented by means of one or more other members (e.g. of an insulating polymeric composition or of a metal which is less rapidly corroded than the first member) in addition to the second member.
- the conductive filler in the conductive polymer is preferably one which is resistant to corrosion, and for this reason preferably consists essentially of carbonaceous material such as carbon or graphite or both, e.g. carbon black, carbon fibers, graphite flake or graphite fibers. Acetylene black is a preferred conductive filler. Especially when the filler is fibrous, it can also serve as a reinforcing agent.
- the conductive polymer can contain conventional additives for polymeric compositions, e.g. antioxidants, flame retardants, and non-conductive fillers. The amount of the conductive filler should be sufficient to ensure that the grounding pin will perform its grounding function.
- the resistivity of the conductive polymer at 25°C is preferably 10 to 10- 2 ohm.cm, particularly 5 to 0.1 ohm.cm. If the amount of filler is insufficient, the second member has too high a resistance, but if the amount is too high, the resistance of the second member to physical abuse is too low and the composition is difficult to shape.
- the conductive polymer increases in resistivity when it is heated by passage of a grounding current therethrough, since this tends to equalize the current density over the surface of the grounding device when a grounding current is passed through it. A large increase in resistivity is not necessary.
- the resistivity increases by a factor of at least 2 between 25°C and 75°C.
- the polymer in the conductive polymer can be a single polymer or a blend of polymers.
- a factor which needs to be considered in choosing the polymer is the physical abuse to which the second member will be subjected, e.g. when a ground pin is driven into the soil. As explained below, measures can be taken to reduce or eliminate frictional forces on the second member as a ground pin is driven into the soil, but if such measures are not taken, the polymer should be one having sufficient strength to allow the ground pin to be driven into the soil without substantial damage to the second member, e.g. a polyarylene polymer.
- the ground pin has a pointed lower end portion which (i) is composed of an insulating material, e.g. a hard polymer, or (ii) is composed of a conductive material and is separated from the first member by the second member or by an insulating member.
- the lower portion can be enlarged so that, when the ground pin is driven into the soil, the lower portion makes a hole sufficiently large to prevent substant.ial frictional forces from acting on the second member.
- the lower end portion is part of a third member which
- Figures 1 and 2 are vertical cross-sections through ground pins for use in the invention comprising a first metal member 1 having an upper bearing surface 11, and a second conductive polymer member 2 surrounding the first member.
- the first member has a pointed and enlarged lower portion 12 which is composed of a hard insulating polymer and which protects the conductive polymer when the ground pin is driven into the soil.
- the ground pin includes a third member 3 which is made of metal and which surrounds the conductive polymer member.
- a clamp 4 is shown for securing a ground wire to the first member.
Landscapes
- Discharging, Photosensitive Material Shape In Electrophotography (AREA)
- Elimination Of Static Electricity (AREA)
Abstract
Grounding devices comprise a metallic central member and a conductive polymer member which surrounds that part of the metallic member which is buried within the ground. The conductive polymer member retards corrosion of the central member by moist soils, and thus increases the life of the device and/or makes it possible to use steel or other relatively cheap metals in place of copper. Preferably the conductive polymer increases in resistivity when its temperature is raised by passage of a grounding current therethrough, so that current density tends to be equalized over the surface of the device.
Description
- It is essential to ground almost all electrical systems, e.g. in homes, offices, factories, power stations, and other buildings. For this purpose, ground pins and other grounding devices have been extensively used. The grounding device is buried in, or driven into the ground adjacent or under the building, and the electrical system is connected thereto. Because the grounding device is exposed to moisture and other electrolytes in the ground, it is liable to corrosion, and for this reason, is preferably made of copper rather than steel or aluminum, which are substantially cheaper than copper but which are much more'rapidly corroded by moist soil.
- We have now discovered that by using a conductive polymer member to prevent contact between the metal component of a grounding device and the soil in which the device is buried, corrosion of the metal can be prevented or greatly retarded, without adverse effect on the electrical performance of the device. We have found that this discovery makes it possible to use steel, aluminum or another relatively cheap metal in place of copper.
- The grounding device used in the invention is often a ground pin which is driven into the ground. However, especially for the grounding of power stations and the like, it may be preferable to use an open mesh mat which is buried beneath the building containing the electrical system.
- Accordingly, in one aspect, the invention provides an electrical system which is grounded through a grounding device buried in the ground, the device comprising
- (1) a first member which is composed of a metal, and which is at least partially buried in the ground; and
- (2) a second member which
- (a) is composed of an electrically conductive composition comprising
- (i) an organic polymer, and
- (ii) a particulate electrically conductive filler dispersed in said polymer, and
- (b) is in electrical contact with the first member and the ground, and
- (c) electrically surrounds the first member so that substantially all electrical connection between the ground and the first member passes through the second member.
- (a) is composed of an electrically conductive composition comprising
- The invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawing, in which
- Figures 1 and 2 are longitudinal cross-sections through ground pins used in the invention.
- The first member of the grounding device is composed of a metal, e.g. steel or aluminum. In the case of a ground pin, the first member has an upper bearing surface against which force can be applied to drive the ground pin into the soil and is sufficiently strong for this purpose. The metal for a ground pin is preferably steel, which is both cheap and strong, and the first member is typically a steel rod of diameter 0.2 to 1 inch (0.5 to 2.5 cm), preferably 0.25 to 0.5 inch (0.6 to 1.25 cm).
- The second member is composed of a conductive polymer, and electrically surrounds and is in electrical contact with the first member, preferably so that little, if any, of the first member is exposed to corrosive action from the soil in which the grounding device is buried. Typically the second member is in the form of a coating of thickness at least 0.1 inch (0.25 cm), preferably 0.2 to 0.5 inch (0.5 to 1.25 cm), around the first member. Contact between the first member and the soil can be prevented by means of one or more other members (e.g. of an insulating polymeric composition or of a metal which is less rapidly corroded than the first member) in addition to the second member. The conductive filler in the conductive polymer is preferably one which is resistant to corrosion, and for this reason preferably consists essentially of carbonaceous material such as carbon or graphite or both, e.g. carbon black, carbon fibers, graphite flake or graphite fibers. Acetylene black is a preferred conductive filler. Especially when the filler is fibrous, it can also serve as a reinforcing agent. The conductive polymer can contain conventional additives for polymeric compositions, e.g. antioxidants, flame retardants, and non-conductive fillers. The amount of the conductive filler should be sufficient to ensure that the grounding pin will perform its grounding function. The resistivity of the conductive polymer at 25°C is preferably 10 to 10-2 ohm.cm, particularly 5 to 0.1 ohm.cm. If the amount of filler is insufficient, the second member has too high a resistance, but if the amount is too high, the resistance of the second member to physical abuse is too low and the composition is difficult to shape. Preferably the conductive polymer increases in resistivity when it is heated by passage of a grounding current therethrough, since this tends to equalize the current density over the surface of the grounding device when a grounding current is passed through it. A large increase in resistivity is not necessary. Preferably the resistivity increases by a factor of at least 2 between 25°C and 75°C.
- The polymer in the conductive polymer can be a single polymer or a blend of polymers. A factor which needs to be considered in choosing the polymer is the physical abuse to which the second member will be subjected, e.g. when a ground pin is driven into the soil. As explained below, measures can be taken to reduce or eliminate frictional forces on the second member as a ground pin is driven into the soil, but if such measures are not taken, the polymer should be one having sufficient strength to allow the ground pin to be driven into the soil without substantial damage to the second member, e.g. a polyarylene polymer.
- As just noted, measures can be taken to reduce or eliminate frictional forces on the second member as a ground pin is driven into the ground. Thus in one embodiment, the ground pin has a pointed lower end portion which (i) is composed of an insulating material, e.g. a hard polymer, or (ii) is composed of a conductive material and is separated from the first member by the second member or by an insulating member. The lower portion can be enlarged so that, when the ground pin is driven into the soil, the lower portion makes a hole sufficiently large to prevent substant.ial frictional forces from acting on the second member. In another - embodiment, the lower end portion is part of a third member which
- (a) is composed of a metal; and
- (b) surrounds the second member so as to prevent substantial frictional forces from acting on the second member as the pin is driven into soil.
- Referring now to the drawing, Figures 1 and 2 are vertical cross-sections through ground pins for use in the invention comprising a
first metal member 1 having an upper bearing surface 11, and a secondconductive polymer member 2 surrounding the first member. In Figure 1, the first member has a pointed and enlargedlower portion 12 which is composed of a hard insulating polymer and which protects the conductive polymer when the ground pin is driven into the soil. In Figure 2, the ground pin includes a third member 3 which is made of metal and which surrounds the conductive polymer member. In Figure 2, aclamp 4 is shown for securing a ground wire to the first member.
After a ground pin having an outer metal member has been inserted, the outer member, having served its function of protecting the second member while the pin is inserted, can corrode rapidly without adverse effect on the electrical efficiency of the ground pin.
Claims (10)
1. An electrical system which is grounded through a grounding device buried in the ground, the device comprising
(1) a first member which is composed of a metal, and which is at least partially buried in the ground; and
(2) a second member which
(a) is composed of an electrically conductive composition comprising
(i) an organic polymer, and
(ii) a particulate electrically conductive filler dispersed in said polymer,
(b) is in electrical contact with the first member and the ground, and
(c) electrically surrounds the first member so that substantially all electrical connection between the ground and the first member passes through the second member.
2. A system according to claim 1 wherein the grounding device is a ground pin which has been driven into the soil by applying force against an upper bearing surface of the first member.
3. A system according to claim 2 wherein the ground pin has a pointed lower end portion whch is composed of an insulating material.
4. A system according to claim 2 wherein the ground pin has a pointed lower end portion which is composed of a conductive material and which is separated from the first member by the second member or by an insulating member.
5. A system according to claim 1 wherein the grounding device is in the form of an open mesh mat.
6. A system according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the second member is composed of an electrically conductive composition having a resistivity at 25°C of 10 ohm.cm to 10-2 ohm.cm.
7. A system according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the resistivity of the electrically conductive composition increases by a factor of at least 2 between 25°C and 75°C.
8. A system according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the electrically conductive filler consists essentially of carbonaceous material.
9. A ground pin which is adapted to be driven into the ground and which comprises
(1) a first member which is a rigid metal rod having an upper portion for connection to an electrical system which requires grounding and a lower portion to be buried in the ground, and
(2) a second member which
(a) is composed of an electrically conductive composition comprising a polymer and a carbonaceous, particulate, electrically conductive filler dispersed in the polymer, and
(b) surrounds and is in electrical contact with the lower portion of the first member so that, when the grounding pin is driven into the ground, substantially all electrical connection between the ground and the first member passes through the second member.
10. A ground pin according to claim 9 wherein the second member is at least 0.1 inch (0.25 cm) thick and is composed of a material having a resistivity at 25°C of 10 to 10 ohm.cm.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US52495883A | 1983-08-19 | 1983-08-19 | |
| US524958 | 1983-08-19 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0136039A2 true EP0136039A2 (en) | 1985-04-03 |
Family
ID=24091341
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP84305590A Withdrawn EP0136039A2 (en) | 1983-08-19 | 1984-08-17 | Grounding devices |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0136039A2 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS6062070A (en) |
Cited By (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0415950A4 (en) * | 1988-04-14 | 1993-06-30 | Charles A. Sykes | Anti-corrosive battery terminal |
| RU2153027C2 (en) * | 1995-10-09 | 2000-07-20 | Н.В. Рейкем С.А. | Method of cathode protection against corrosion, method of electric grounding and set of parts |
| FR2871953A1 (en) * | 2004-06-21 | 2005-12-23 | Sankosha Co Ltd | GROUNDING DRIVER |
| RU2276825C2 (en) * | 2004-06-01 | 2006-05-20 | Институт физико-технических проблем Севера Сибирского отделения Российской Академии Наук | Method of installing aground in permafrost |
| CN102420358A (en) * | 2011-11-14 | 2012-04-18 | 江苏金合益复合新材料有限公司 | Grounding body with nanomaterial anti-corrosion conductive layer and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN105514629A (en) * | 2016-01-28 | 2016-04-20 | 国家电网公司 | Compound ground electrode |
| CN105655738A (en) * | 2016-03-14 | 2016-06-08 | 云南宇恬防雷材料有限公司 | Anti-lighting grounding module stable in performance |
| CN106356651A (en) * | 2016-10-12 | 2017-01-25 | 国网江苏省电力公司盱眙县供电公司 | Pre-buried ground stud |
| CN106785509A (en) * | 2016-12-23 | 2017-05-31 | 国网山东省电力公司临沂供电公司 | Multifunctional grounded device and preparation method thereof |
| US10181362B2 (en) | 2014-11-07 | 2019-01-15 | Nkt Cables Group A/S | Grounding conductor, electrical power system and use of grounding conductor |
| EP3428932A1 (en) * | 2017-07-10 | 2019-01-16 | NKT Cables Group A/S | Electrical power cable |
| CN109616786A (en) * | 2018-12-14 | 2019-04-12 | 国网山东省电力公司济南供电公司 | A transmission line surge diversion grounding device |
| CN110854557A (en) * | 2019-11-08 | 2020-02-28 | 河南四达电力设备股份有限公司 | Combined complete grounding equipment and grounding construction method |
| CN112079637A (en) * | 2020-09-10 | 2020-12-15 | 大连法伏安电器有限公司 | Composite grounding module and preparation method thereof |
| CN112688091A (en) * | 2020-12-24 | 2021-04-20 | 国网山东省电力公司烟台市牟平区供电公司 | 10 kilovolt overhead line overhauls intelligent interim earthing device |
| CN117673780A (en) * | 2024-02-01 | 2024-03-08 | 任丘市召明电力设备有限公司 | Transformer grounding electrode and embedded equipment thereof |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2717207B2 (en) * | 1988-03-22 | 1998-02-18 | 日本電信電話株式会社 | Ground electrode |
| JP2886779B2 (en) * | 1994-02-25 | 1999-04-26 | 昌一金属株式会社 | Ground rod for surge arrester |
| JP2008081169A (en) * | 2006-09-28 | 2008-04-10 | Shinko Chemical Co Ltd | Plastic container |
-
1984
- 1984-08-17 JP JP17233084A patent/JPS6062070A/en active Pending
- 1984-08-17 EP EP84305590A patent/EP0136039A2/en not_active Withdrawn
Cited By (21)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0415950A4 (en) * | 1988-04-14 | 1993-06-30 | Charles A. Sykes | Anti-corrosive battery terminal |
| RU2153027C2 (en) * | 1995-10-09 | 2000-07-20 | Н.В. Рейкем С.А. | Method of cathode protection against corrosion, method of electric grounding and set of parts |
| RU2276825C2 (en) * | 2004-06-01 | 2006-05-20 | Институт физико-технических проблем Севера Сибирского отделения Российской Академии Наук | Method of installing aground in permafrost |
| FR2871953A1 (en) * | 2004-06-21 | 2005-12-23 | Sankosha Co Ltd | GROUNDING DRIVER |
| CN1713454B (en) * | 2004-06-21 | 2010-10-13 | 株式会社山光社 | ground conductor |
| CN102420358A (en) * | 2011-11-14 | 2012-04-18 | 江苏金合益复合新材料有限公司 | Grounding body with nanomaterial anti-corrosion conductive layer and manufacturing method thereof |
| US10181362B2 (en) | 2014-11-07 | 2019-01-15 | Nkt Cables Group A/S | Grounding conductor, electrical power system and use of grounding conductor |
| CN105514629B (en) * | 2016-01-28 | 2017-10-13 | 国家电网公司 | A kind of compound earthing pole |
| CN105514629A (en) * | 2016-01-28 | 2016-04-20 | 国家电网公司 | Compound ground electrode |
| CN105655738A (en) * | 2016-03-14 | 2016-06-08 | 云南宇恬防雷材料有限公司 | Anti-lighting grounding module stable in performance |
| CN106356651A (en) * | 2016-10-12 | 2017-01-25 | 国网江苏省电力公司盱眙县供电公司 | Pre-buried ground stud |
| CN106785509A (en) * | 2016-12-23 | 2017-05-31 | 国网山东省电力公司临沂供电公司 | Multifunctional grounded device and preparation method thereof |
| CN106785509B (en) * | 2016-12-23 | 2018-10-02 | 国网山东省电力公司临沂供电公司 | Multifunctional grounded device and preparation method thereof |
| EP3428932A1 (en) * | 2017-07-10 | 2019-01-16 | NKT Cables Group A/S | Electrical power cable |
| CN109616786A (en) * | 2018-12-14 | 2019-04-12 | 国网山东省电力公司济南供电公司 | A transmission line surge diversion grounding device |
| CN110854557A (en) * | 2019-11-08 | 2020-02-28 | 河南四达电力设备股份有限公司 | Combined complete grounding equipment and grounding construction method |
| CN112079637A (en) * | 2020-09-10 | 2020-12-15 | 大连法伏安电器有限公司 | Composite grounding module and preparation method thereof |
| CN112079637B (en) * | 2020-09-10 | 2022-06-07 | 大连法伏安电器有限公司 | Composite grounding module and preparation method thereof |
| CN112688091A (en) * | 2020-12-24 | 2021-04-20 | 国网山东省电力公司烟台市牟平区供电公司 | 10 kilovolt overhead line overhauls intelligent interim earthing device |
| CN117673780A (en) * | 2024-02-01 | 2024-03-08 | 任丘市召明电力设备有限公司 | Transformer grounding electrode and embedded equipment thereof |
| CN117673780B (en) * | 2024-02-01 | 2024-04-30 | 任丘市召明电力设备有限公司 | Transformer grounding electrode and embedded equipment thereof |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS6062070A (en) | 1985-04-10 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
| 17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 19840901 |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE FR GB IT LI NL SE |
|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION IS DEEMED TO BE WITHDRAWN |
|
| 18D | Application deemed to be withdrawn |
Effective date: 19870302 |
|
| RIN1 | Information on inventor provided before grant (corrected) |
Inventor name: SIDEN, DENNIS CARL Inventor name: RATZLAFF, THOMAS DEAN |