EP0127316B1 - Flame luminosity improvers for methanol - Google Patents
Flame luminosity improvers for methanol Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0127316B1 EP0127316B1 EP19840302782 EP84302782A EP0127316B1 EP 0127316 B1 EP0127316 B1 EP 0127316B1 EP 19840302782 EP19840302782 EP 19840302782 EP 84302782 A EP84302782 A EP 84302782A EP 0127316 B1 EP0127316 B1 EP 0127316B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- volume
- composition
- methanol
- aromatic
- fraction
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
Definitions
- This invention relates to a methanol fuel composition. More especially, the invention relates to a methanol fuel composition having improved flame luminosity.
- methanol as a fuel for various needs, such as in spark ignition engines, is becoming more and more of interest because of the varying availability of different petroleum fuels and the change in costs of such fuels.
- One of the problems that exists with the use of methanol is that it burns with a light blue flame that is almost invisible under normal light conditions such as daylight or a lighted room. Because it burns with such a nonluminous flame, the use of methanol presents a special safety hazard, especially when used as a fuel. Thus, a methanol spill could be very dangerous since its ignition might not be visible to people in the near vicinity.
- Fuel compositions comprising aromatic and/or aliphatic hydrocarbons and up to 45 wt% of C 1 - 4 alcohol(s) are disclosed in DE - A-2 441 737.
- the alcohol(s) are employed in admixture with water.
- Fuel compositions of 9-45 wt% said alcohols, 90-50 wt% hydrocarbons and 1-5 wt% water are specifically referred to. Flame luminosity is not discussed in this reference.
- a methanol fuel composition with improved flame luminosity which composition comprises at least 80 volume % of methanol, based on the total volume of the composition, and a petroleum hydrocarbon mixture of:
- Another embodiment of this invention relates to the method of operating a spark ignition engine comprising the use of the methanol fuel composition of this invention to provide a luminous flame throughout its burning cycle.
- the aromatic and saturate/olefin fractions which comprise the petroleum hydrocarbon mixture used in the composition of this invention can generally be obtained from any of the commonly available petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures or crude oils.
- Such petroleum materials usually comprise a mixture of paraffinic, cycloparaffinic (naphthenes), olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons.
- the selected fractions are obtained from the starting petroleum materials by refining and separation techniques which are well known in the petroleum art including distillation, cracking, thermal diffusion, reforming etc.
- the saturate/olefin hydrocarbon fraction of the petroleum hydrocarbon mixture will generally include paraffins, straight and branched chained, and cycloparaffins as well as some olefins.
- the cycloparaffins comprise not only the monocyclic compounds, but the polycyclics and the alkyl substituted derivatives thereof. While this fraction will generally be derived from petroleum mixtures and crude oils where the saturate components, i.e., paraffins and cycloparaffins comprise the larger or predominant portion, nevertheless, there may be some olefinic components present.
- the fractions derived from some operations, such as a cracking process can contain amounts of olefins which can vary up to about 20 vol.% or even higher.
- Typical olefins will include the mono and diolefins such as cyclopentadiene.
- the saturate/olefin hydrocarbon fraction will comprise at least 1 volume % and preferably at least 1.4 volume %, such volume based on the total volume of the composition.
- the aromatic hydrocarbon fraction will comprise at least 2% by volume and preferably at least 2.5% by volume, based on the total volume of the composition and will contain a number of different compounds.
- This aromatic hydrocarbon fraction will include at least 1 volume % based on the total volume of the composition of a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons which distil substantially uniformly over a wide boiling range having an initial boiling point of less than 115°C (240°F) and a final boiling point of greater than (190°C (375°F).
- distilling substantially uniformly it is meant that this portion of the aromatic fraction will distil at a fairly uniform rate, i.e., a rate such that the distillation curve (temperature vs.
- this aromatic mixture will comprise a number of different hydrocarbons which distil at different temperatures throughout the desired temperature range and are present in sufficient quantities to provide distillation which is substantially uniform, i.e. the distillation rate is generally smooth or even over the temperature range. What in effect is needed to obtain a generally uniform distillation is a small amount, usually less than about 10 volume %, of a large number of different compounds.
- Typical compounds found in the aromatic fraction are the alkylbenzenes such as toluene, the xylenes and p-cymene, the polycyclic aromatics such as naphthalenes, biphenyl, acenaphthene, fluorenes, phenanthrenes, mononaphthene benzenes and dinaphthene benzenes. It is understood that branched or substituted ring components are also included in the defined aromatic fraction.
- both the aromatic and saturate/olefin fractions will comprise a mixture of compounds containing 5 to 12 carbon atoms per molecule.
- Each fraction will generally contain a variety of branched substituents and may contain small amounts of sulfur and nitrogen content.
- the procedure "Hydrocarbon Types by FIA,” ASTM D-1319 is used.
- a further description of petroleum hydrocarbon fractions of this type and typical compounds in such petroleum compositions is given in Kirk-Othmer, "Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology,” 2nd Edition, Vol. 14, pp. 845-855, 1967.
- the petroleum hydrocarbon mixture comprising the aromatic and saturate/olefin fractions as defined herein will generally comprise at least 3 volume % and preferably at least 4 volume % of the total composition; however greater amounts can be used with cost efficiency being a prime factor in determining the upper limit for the amounts to be used.
- the important thing about this added petroleum hydrocarbon mixture is that it form an azeotropic mixture which includes all of the methanol. While the azeotrope could comprise part of the petroleum hydrocarbon mixture itself, it must include all of the methanol. This makes it possible for the petroleum mixture or luminosity component to be co-distilled with the methanol and to impart luminosity as long as a flame exists.
- the select wide boiling aromatic component which makes up part of the aromatic fraction must distil substantially uniformly over a range having an initial boiling point of less than 115°C 240°F and a final boiling point of greater than 190°C (375°F).
- the petroleum hydrocarbon mixture i.e. combined aromatic and saturate/olefin fractions must have an initial boiling point of less than 65°C (150°F) and a final boiling point of greater than 190°C (375°F).
- ASTM D-86 is a procedure that is generally followed.
- composition of this invention is relatively water insensitive to small amounts of water.
- hydrocarbon components such as gasoline
- problems can develop when water is present.
- problems such as phase separation or increased volatility can develop in such compositions when fairly small amounts of water are present.
- the composition of this invention has been found to be water insensitive even when amounts of water of up to about 3 volume % are present and still retains its ability to maintain flame luminosity.
- flame luminosity as used throughout this application is meant that the flame is clearly visible and distinguishable.
- composition of this invention may be used in several applications but is particularly useful as a fuel for operating a spark ignition engine.
- a primer such as dimethyl ether is a particularly useful additive to the fuel composition of this invention in certain applications since it provides good volatility at low temperatures to help in cold starting.
- the amount of primer will depend on ambient temperatures and the particular engine being used. Typically about 2 to about 7 volume % based on the total volume of the composition will be used.
- minor amounts of other additives generally used with fuel compositions of this type may be included in the composition of this invention, e.g. corrosion and rust inhibitors, antioxidants, etc.
- the total amount of other additives, i.e., besides the petroleum hydrocarbon mixture and primer will be less than about 1 volume % based on the total volume of the composition.
- a fuel composition comprising methanol and optionally dimethyl ether primer was tested for flame luminosity after adding a number of petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures with the following results as shown in the table below.
- composition containing the amounts and the saturate/olefin and aromatic fractions in accordance with this invention as shown by the use of the mixed hydroformate or combinations of toluene and light cat naphtha provide flame luminosity over 100% of the entire burning cycle.
- other additive mixtures did not give the desired flame luminosity at least not over the entire burning cycle.
- the compositions in accordance with this invention were found to hold more than 3 volume % water without phase separation or a change in volatility.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
Description
- This invention relates to a methanol fuel composition. More especially, the invention relates to a methanol fuel composition having improved flame luminosity.
- The use of methanol as a fuel for various needs, such as in spark ignition engines, is becoming more and more of interest because of the varying availability of different petroleum fuels and the change in costs of such fuels. One of the problems that exists with the use of methanol is that it burns with a light blue flame that is almost invisible under normal light conditions such as daylight or a lighted room. Because it burns with such a nonluminous flame, the use of methanol presents a special safety hazard, especially when used as a fuel. Thus, a methanol spill could be very dangerous since its ignition might not be visible to people in the near vicinity.
- The use of co-fuels such as volatile hydrocarbons has been shown to enhance flame luminosity and visibility as disclosed in "Use of Co-Fuels to Increase the Luminosity of Methanol Pool Fires: Some Preliminary Findings" by J. E. Anderson and W. O. Siegl, presented to Division of Petroleum Chemistry, Inc., A. C. S., Kansas City Meeting, September, 1982. As generally shown in this article, such combinations of methanol with a co-fuel did not provide flame luminosity over the entire burning cycle.
- Other teachings showed that flame luminosity could be improved by adding gasoline, toluene or reformate to methanol containing 5 and 10 vol. % pentane. By adding 5% toluene to the pentane containing methanol fuel, the flame was visible until about 50 to 70% of the methanol was consumed. By using 15% gasoline in methanol, a visible light persisted until all the liquid was consumed. See "Environmental Implication of the Use of Alcohol-Fuel Highway Vehicles" by E. E. Ecklund, T. J. Timbario and P. W. McCallum, presented to the 75th Annual Meeting of Air Pollution Control Association, New Orleans, June 20-25,1982 and "Methanol Fuel Modification for Highway Vehicle Use" by J. L. Keller, G. M. Nakaguchi and J. C. Ware, Final Report, U. S. Dept. of Energy EY-76-C-04-3683, published as NTIS document HCPIW3683-18, 1978. While such methanol fuel combinations containing fairly large amounts of gasoline do provide flame luminosity, problems due to water sensitivity have developed.
- Fuel compositions comprising aromatic and/or aliphatic hydrocarbons and up to 45 wt% of C1-4 alcohol(s) are disclosed in DE-A-2 441 737. The alcohol(s) are employed in admixture with water. Fuel compositions of 9-45 wt% said alcohols, 90-50 wt% hydrocarbons and 1-5 wt% water are specifically referred to. Flame luminosity is not discussed in this reference.
- There is the need to develop a methanol fuel system which burns with a luminous flame throughout its burning cycle and additionally does not have any problems related to water contamination and water sensitivity.
- In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a methanol fuel composition with improved flame luminosity, which composition comprises at least 80 volume % of methanol, based on the total volume of the composition, and a petroleum hydrocarbon mixture of:
- (a) at least 2 volume %, based on the total volume of the composition, of an aromatic hydrocarbon fraction, said fraction including at least 1 volume %, based on the total volume of the composition, of aromatic hydrocarbons which distil substantially uniformly over a wide boiling range having an initial boiling point of less than 115°C (240°F) and a final boiling point of greater than 190°C (375°F); and
- (b) at least 1 volume %, based on the total volume of the composition, of a saturate/olefin hydrocarbon fraction,
- Another embodiment of this invention relates to the method of operating a spark ignition engine comprising the use of the methanol fuel composition of this invention to provide a luminous flame throughout its burning cycle.
- The aromatic and saturate/olefin fractions which comprise the petroleum hydrocarbon mixture used in the composition of this invention can generally be obtained from any of the commonly available petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures or crude oils. Such petroleum materials usually comprise a mixture of paraffinic, cycloparaffinic (naphthenes), olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons. The selected fractions are obtained from the starting petroleum materials by refining and separation techniques which are well known in the petroleum art including distillation, cracking, thermal diffusion, reforming etc.
- The saturate/olefin hydrocarbon fraction of the petroleum hydrocarbon mixture will generally include paraffins, straight and branched chained, and cycloparaffins as well as some olefins. The cycloparaffins comprise not only the monocyclic compounds, but the polycyclics and the alkyl substituted derivatives thereof. While this fraction will generally be derived from petroleum mixtures and crude oils where the saturate components, i.e., paraffins and cycloparaffins comprise the larger or predominant portion, nevertheless, there may be some olefinic components present. In fact, the fractions derived from some operations, such as a cracking process, can contain amounts of olefins which can vary up to about 20 vol.% or even higher. Typical olefins will include the mono and diolefins such as cyclopentadiene. The saturate/olefin hydrocarbon fraction will comprise at least 1 volume % and preferably at least 1.4 volume %, such volume based on the total volume of the composition.
- The aromatic hydrocarbon fraction will comprise at least 2% by volume and preferably at least 2.5% by volume, based on the total volume of the composition and will contain a number of different compounds. This aromatic hydrocarbon fraction will include at least 1 volume % based on the total volume of the composition of a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons which distil substantially uniformly over a wide boiling range having an initial boiling point of less than 115°C (240°F) and a final boiling point of greater than (190°C (375°F). By distilling substantially uniformly it is meant that this portion of the aromatic fraction will distil at a fairly uniform rate, i.e., a rate such that the distillation curve (temperature vs. percent distilled) is relatively smooth or even over the entire range and does not sharply increase or decrease at any particular point. In other words, this aromatic mixture will comprise a number of different hydrocarbons which distil at different temperatures throughout the desired temperature range and are present in sufficient quantities to provide distillation which is substantially uniform, i.e. the distillation rate is generally smooth or even over the temperature range. What in effect is needed to obtain a generally uniform distillation is a small amount, usually less than about 10 volume %, of a large number of different compounds. Typical compounds found in the aromatic fraction are the alkylbenzenes such as toluene, the xylenes and p-cymene, the polycyclic aromatics such as naphthalenes, biphenyl, acenaphthene, fluorenes, phenanthrenes, mononaphthene benzenes and dinaphthene benzenes. It is understood that branched or substituted ring components are also included in the defined aromatic fraction.
- Generally, both the aromatic and saturate/olefin fractions will comprise a mixture of compounds containing 5 to 12 carbon atoms per molecule.
- Each fraction will generally contain a variety of branched substituents and may contain small amounts of sulfur and nitrogen content. In determining or defining the aromatic and saturate/olefin fractions as used in this invention, the procedure "Hydrocarbon Types by FIA," ASTM D-1319 is used. A further description of petroleum hydrocarbon fractions of this type and typical compounds in such petroleum compositions is given in Kirk-Othmer, "Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology," 2nd Edition, Vol. 14, pp. 845-855, 1967.
- The petroleum hydrocarbon mixture comprising the aromatic and saturate/olefin fractions as defined herein will generally comprise at least 3 volume % and preferably at least 4 volume % of the total composition; however greater amounts can be used with cost efficiency being a prime factor in determining the upper limit for the amounts to be used. The important thing about this added petroleum hydrocarbon mixture is that it form an azeotropic mixture which includes all of the methanol. While the azeotrope could comprise part of the petroleum hydrocarbon mixture itself, it must include all of the methanol. This makes it possible for the petroleum mixture or luminosity component to be co-distilled with the methanol and to impart luminosity as long as a flame exists. As noted earlier, the select wide boiling aromatic component which makes up part of the aromatic fraction, must distil substantially uniformly over a range having an initial boiling point of less than 115°C 240°F and a final boiling point of greater than 190°C (375°F). The petroleum hydrocarbon mixture, i.e. combined aromatic and saturate/olefin fractions must have an initial boiling point of less than 65°C (150°F) and a final boiling point of greater than 190°C (375°F). In determining the boiling points of various components, ASTM D-86 is a procedure that is generally followed.
- Another important advantage of using the particular composition of this invention is that it is relatively water insensitive to small amounts of water. In using certain hydrocarbon components, such as gasoline, other problems can develop when water is present. Thus problems such as phase separation or increased volatility can develop in such compositions when fairly small amounts of water are present. The composition of this invention has been found to be water insensitive even when amounts of water of up to about 3 volume % are present and still retains its ability to maintain flame luminosity. By the term "flame luminosity" as used throughout this application is meant that the flame is clearly visible and distinguishable.
- The composition of this invention may be used in several applications but is particularly useful as a fuel for operating a spark ignition engine.
- A primer such as dimethyl ether is a particularly useful additive to the fuel composition of this invention in certain applications since it provides good volatility at low temperatures to help in cold starting. The amount of primer will depend on ambient temperatures and the particular engine being used. Typically about 2 to about 7 volume % based on the total volume of the composition will be used.
- Minor amounts of other additives generally used with fuel compositions of this type may be included in the composition of this invention, e.g. corrosion and rust inhibitors, antioxidants, etc. Typically, the total amount of other additives, i.e., besides the petroleum hydrocarbon mixture and primer, will be less than about 1 volume % based on the total volume of the composition.
- Further details and illustrations of this invention will be found in the following examples.
- A fuel composition comprising methanol and optionally dimethyl ether primer was tested for flame luminosity after adding a number of petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures with the following results as shown in the table below.
- These results clearly show that composition containing the amounts and the saturate/olefin and aromatic fractions in accordance with this invention as shown by the use of the mixed hydroformate or combinations of toluene and light cat naphtha provide flame luminosity over 100% of the entire burning cycle. In contrast to this, other additive mixtures did not give the desired flame luminosity at least not over the entire burning cycle. Additionally, the compositions in accordance with this invention were found to hold more than 3 volume % water without phase separation or a change in volatility.
said hydrocarbon mixture having an initial boiling point of less than 65°C (150°F) and a final boiling point of greater than 190°C (375°F) and combines with the methanol to form an azeotropic mixture which includes all of the methanol, said composition being capable of burning with a luminous flame throughout its burning cycle and also capable of tolerating at least 3 volume % water, based upon the total volume of the composition, without phase separation or a significant change in volatility.
Claims (7)
1. A methanol fuel composition with improved flame luminosity, which composition comprises at least 80 volume % of methanol, based on the total volume of the composition, and a petroleum hydrocarbon mixture of:
said hydrocarbon mixture having an initial boiling point of less than 65°C (150°F) and a final boiling point of greater than 190°C (375°F) and combines with the methanol to form an azeotropic mixture which includes all of the methanol, said composition being capable of burning with a luminous flame throughout its burning cycle and also capable of tolerating at least 3 volume % water, based upon the total volume of the composition, without phase separation or a significant change in volatility.
(a) at least 2 volume %, based on the total volume of the composition, of an aromatic hydrocarbon fraction, said fraction including at least 1 volume %, based on the total volume of the composition, of aromatic hydrocarbons which distil substantially uniformly over a wide boiling range having an initial boiling point of less than 115°C (240°F) and a final boiling point of greater than 190°C (375°F); and
(b) at least 1 volume %, based on the total volume of the composition, of a saturate/olefin hydrocarbon fraction,
said hydrocarbon mixture having an initial boiling point of less than 65°C (150°F) and a final boiling point of greater than 190°C (375°F) and combines with the methanol to form an azeotropic mixture which includes all of the methanol, said composition being capable of burning with a luminous flame throughout its burning cycle and also capable of tolerating at least 3 volume % water, based upon the total volume of the composition, without phase separation or a significant change in volatility.
2. A composition according to claim 1, wherein an effective priming amount of dimethyl ether is present.
3. A composition according to either of claims 1 and 2, wherein at least 2.5 volume % of said aromatic fraction is present.
4. A composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least 1.4 volume % of said saturate/olefin fraction is present.
5. A composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein both the aromatic and saturate/olefin fractions comprise a mixture of compounds containing 5 to 12 carbon atoms per molecule.
6. A composition according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the petroleum hydrocarbon mixture comprising the aromatic and saturate/olefin fractions comprises at least 3 volume %, preferably at least 4 volume %, of the total composition.
7. A method of operating a spark ignition engine which comprises using the composition according to any one of the preceding claims as the fuel to provide a luminous flame throughout the burning cycle.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US48973583A | 1983-04-29 | 1983-04-29 | |
| US489735 | 1983-04-29 |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0127316A2 EP0127316A2 (en) | 1984-12-05 |
| EP0127316A3 EP0127316A3 (en) | 1985-12-27 |
| EP0127316B1 true EP0127316B1 (en) | 1988-10-05 |
Family
ID=23945064
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP19840302782 Expired EP0127316B1 (en) | 1983-04-29 | 1984-04-25 | Flame luminosity improvers for methanol |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0127316B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS59207987A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU577528B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1255503A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3474459D1 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK214584A (en) |
| NO (1) | NO841655L (en) |
| NZ (1) | NZ207977A (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4932979A (en) * | 1987-08-27 | 1990-06-12 | Xl, Inc. | Methanol fuel mixture |
| WO1990003421A1 (en) * | 1988-09-21 | 1990-04-05 | Xl, Inc. | Methanol fuel mixture |
| US5147413A (en) * | 1989-07-20 | 1992-09-15 | The Standard Oil Company | Methanol fuel containing flame luminosity agent |
| US5266080A (en) * | 1989-10-11 | 1993-11-30 | The Standard Oil Company | Methanol fuel containing flame luminosity agent |
| JPH0739582B2 (en) * | 1991-11-22 | 1995-05-01 | 吉彦 篠尾 | Low pollution fuel composition |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE2441737A1 (en) | 1974-08-30 | 1976-03-11 | Gerhard Goldmann | Liquid hydrocarbon motor fuels - contg alcohol-water mixts., to reduce combustion residues and save fuel |
-
1984
- 1984-04-13 CA CA000451958A patent/CA1255503A/en not_active Expired
- 1984-04-25 EP EP19840302782 patent/EP0127316B1/en not_active Expired
- 1984-04-25 DE DE8484302782T patent/DE3474459D1/en not_active Expired
- 1984-04-26 NO NO841655A patent/NO841655L/en unknown
- 1984-04-27 DK DK214584A patent/DK214584A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1984-04-27 AU AU27474/84A patent/AU577528B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1984-04-27 NZ NZ20797784A patent/NZ207977A/en unknown
- 1984-04-27 JP JP8422484A patent/JPS59207987A/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU577528B2 (en) | 1988-09-29 |
| EP0127316A2 (en) | 1984-12-05 |
| DK214584D0 (en) | 1984-04-27 |
| DE3474459D1 (en) | 1988-11-10 |
| JPS59207987A (en) | 1984-11-26 |
| AU2747484A (en) | 1984-11-01 |
| NO841655L (en) | 1984-10-30 |
| CA1255503A (en) | 1989-06-13 |
| DK214584A (en) | 1984-10-30 |
| NZ207977A (en) | 1986-09-10 |
| EP0127316A3 (en) | 1985-12-27 |
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